异双聚体电泳及其在遗传学差异筛选中的应用

介绍了一种灵敏、简便、快速测定双链PCR产物或DNA片断单个碱基差异的方法。该法借助常规PAGE电泳,能区分出有单个碱基错配而发生构型改变的异双聚体与碱基互补配对的同源双聚体双链DNA分子;并判断出序列中碱基错配的百分率。     

DNA错配修复基因mutS的高效表达及表达产物活性鉴定

将DNA错配修复基因mutS(2.56kb)克隆于分泌型原核表达载体pET32a( )上,以N端融合6个组氨酸的形式在E.col AD494(DE3)中进行了IPTG诱导表达。SDS－PAGE分析证实有一与预期分子量相应的诱导表达条带,其表达量占全菌蛋白质的35％左右,且表达蛋白以可溶形式存在。利用固定化金属离子（Ni^2 )配体亲和层析柱纯化目的蛋白,其纯度为90％以上。与含有错配碱基DNA双链的结合反应证明该蛋白具有特异性识别,结合含有错配碱基DNA双链的生物活性。     

CELⅠ酶的粗提取及其活性检测

CEL I酶是第一个从真核生物中提取的用于高效特异切割DNA双链碱基错配和DNA扭曲的内切酶, 因而也是TILLING技术中用到的一种关键酶。文章对CELI酶的粗提取及其活性检测进行了研究。错配切割实验表明, CELI酶在包含有G→A点突变的杂合双链中, 能有效地在错配位点进行切割, 并可以通过ABI377测序仪获得直观的检测结果, 从而可以用于TILLING分析。     

一种用于优化PCR引物设计的短链DNA熔点分析方法

目前,PCR引物设计主要依赖于软件对引物熔点的模拟计算,而PCR退火条件的优化需进行不同条件下的扩增实验。为开发一种可高效、精确评价引物和确定退火条件的方法,本研究采用高分辨率熔解曲线（high resolution melting,HRM）测定技术直接分析短链DNA的熔点,用于引物优劣性的评价,并为退火条件的优化提供参考。本文用HRM法直接测定了非完全互补的双链DNA以及DNA发卡结构的熔点,结果显示：（1）与完全互补的双链DNA相比,较为稳定的单碱基错配A?G、G?G和T?G的熔点只降低2℃ ~ 3℃,部分双碱基错配的熔点只降低4℃ ~ 6℃,单碱基突出熔点只降低4℃~ 5℃。因此,如果采用的退火温度不当,部分错配的非目的模板可能会被扩增。（2）即使发卡结构的茎干区只有6 bp,当其环区碱基少于10 nt时,其熔点也可达到60℃以上。此外,环区的长度对发卡熔点也有较大影响。根据本研究结果发现,引物设计时应尽量避免模板引物结合区同其邻近的30 nt碱基有6 bp以上的互补部分。综上所述,本研究证明HRM熔点法是一种高效评价引物及确定退火温度的方法。     

梳型阳离子共聚物辅助构建DNA生物传感体系用于检测单碱基错配

为了快速准确的检测出体系中单碱基错配,利用氧化石墨烯优异的荧光淬灭能力、对单双链DNA吸附能力的差异,搭配与之相配合出现较高的核酸伴侣活性的梳型阳离子共聚物PLL-g-Dex,构建了一个无酶、准确且高效的分析体系。通过荧光检测手段,首先确定了实验设计的可行性。之后依次检测过程中各组分的最优浓度,发现在T-DNA浓度为20 nmol/L的情况下,当GO浓度9μg/mL,cDNA浓度90 nmol/L,PLL-g-Dex浓度96 nmol/L时为最佳实验点。最后检测体系对单碱基错配的选择性,发现不同碱基错配体系所呈现出的荧光强度不同。而且相比其他碱基,PLL-g-Dex对C-C碱基错配的选择性较强。     

DNA错配修复基因mutS的高效表达及表达产物活性鉴定

将DNA错配修复基因mutS（2.56kb）克隆于分泌型原核表达载体pET32a（+）上,以N端融合6个组氨酸的形式在E.coliAD494(DE3) 中进行了IPTG诱导表达。SDSPAGE分析证实有一与预期分子量相应的诱导表达条带,其表达量占全菌蛋白质的35％左右,且表达蛋白以可溶形式存在。利用固定化金属离子（Ni²⁺）配体亲和层析柱纯化目的蛋白,其纯度为90％以上。与含有错配碱基DNA双链的结合反应证明该蛋白具有特异性识别、结合含有错配碱基DNA双链的生物活性。     

核酸分子中碱基含量的计算

关于核酸分子中碱基含量的计算,在遗传学和高中生物教学中相当重要,但在教科书中通常没有专门讲述。我们根据碱基互补配对规律及中心法则进行归纳总结,从DNA结构、DNA复制、转录、翻译等方面探讨了DNA、RNA、蛋白质3者之间的关系,分析了核酸分子中碱基的含量。互核酸分子中碱基含量的计算1．且已知双链DNA分子中一种碱基的含量,推断其他碱基的含量：例1：一双链‘DNA分子中,（A－C）占碱基总量的Zo％。求A、T、G、C各占多少？解：在双链DNA分子中,据规律知,1．2由碱基含量推断核酸分子的结构——单链或双链、DNA或RNA…     

例析有关"中心法则"中的计算

在高中生物学《遗传与进化》教学中常会出现计算,如关于DNA中某含氮碱基的含量,复制时需某碱基多少、转录时需某碱基多少,翻译时基因中某碱基的含量等。这类问题涉及到DNA双链（没有特殊声明与暗示时,DNA分子视为双链）和RNA单链,五种含氮碱基、八种核苷酸以及碱基互补配对原则等知识,常使学生感到千头万绪,无从下手     

关于计算DNA中各种碱基比例试题类型分析

不论是国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛还是国内生物学奥赛乃至各个省区生物学奥赛的试题中 ,遗传学部分占的比例越来越大 ,其中涉及利用查格夫定则计算DNA结构中各种碱基比值方面的试题几乎每年的试卷中都有 ,出题的角度不同 ,类型各异 ,但是认真分析可以归纳为以下 1 1种类型 :1　知道DNA分子中碱基比值关系 ,推断该DNA分子是双链还是单链　　例如 :在 1个DNA分子中 (A +G) /(T +C) =1 ,A =T ,G =C。此DNA是双链还是单链 ?根据查格夫定则认为该DNA分子可能是双链 ,而不能认为一定是双链。在双链DNA分子中一定是 (A +G) /(T +C) =1 ,…     

生物工程技术讲座(九)

双链的DNA分子是由一条单链上的碱基与另一条单链上碱基相配对组成。分子中的碱基腺嘌呤(A)和胸腺嘧啶(T)间有两处,鸟嘌呤(G)和胞嘧啶(C)间有三处通过氢(H)结合配对,形成双链间的对应互补。由H在双链分子间形成的结合虽稳定,但是可逆的即经加热或碱     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.