我国福建柏天然林地理分布初报

一、以往记载福建柏(Fokienia hodginsii(Dunn.)Henry et Thomas)属柏科,福建柏属,只一种,为我国特有珍贵树种。树形婆娑,干枝挺拔,材质细密,色泽淡黄,天然纹美,易加工,耐腐,不虫蛀,硬而不脆,材面不漆而光泽;为高级用材。据传,1911年有一英人船长,船在福建马尾登陆后,他深入代云山采集标本时发现此树,定名福建柏,又称建柏。实际即为当地早已俗称的杜树,杜杉。湘赣南部称水杉,阴沉木;云     

城市森林建设四种乔木树种蒸腾耗水特征

城市树木与森林作为城市生态系统的重要组成部分,充分发挥其生态环境服务、景观美化和休闲娱乐等功能得到了社会各界越来越广泛的重视.配置合理的城市树木与森林,建设节水型城市森林是水资源短缺地区城市生态建设必须重视的问题之一.以大连市劳动公园4种主要乔木树种雪松(Cedrus deodara)、榉树(Zelkova serrata)、丝棉木(Euonymus bungeanus)及水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)为研究对象,应用TDP(Thermal Dissipation Probe)技术分别对每个树种3个径阶的单株树木蒸腾耗水进行了研究,并测定同期气候环境因子及0～25cm,25～50cm,50～75cm,75～100cm土壤含水量的动态变化.研究结果表明:不同树种生长季内蒸腾耗水具有明显的昼夜变化规律,3个径阶雪松夜间蒸腾量占全天的6.3%～33.9%;榉树占 12.4%～30.8%;丝棉木占6.5%～27.6%;水杉占6.0%～21.1%.受气候环境因子、土壤含水量以及树木生长节律的影响,各树种日蒸腾耗水量从9月以后表现为递减的变化.晴天、雨天与阴天3种典型天气条件下树木液流速率表现出不同的变化特征:晴天液流速率曲线较平缓且峰值范围较宽,液流开始升高时间最早,开始降低时间最晚,液流通量最大;雨天,峰值陡且窄,液流开始升高时间最晚,开始降低时间最早,液流通量最小;阴天表现居中.对各树种在整个生长季内蒸腾量从大到小的排序,径阶为10cm的树种为:丝棉木>榉树;径阶为14cm的树种为:丝棉木>榉树>雪松>水杉;径阶为18cm的树种为:雪松>丝棉木>榉树>水杉;径阶为24cm的树种为:雪松>水杉.     

川南天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后土壤碳库与肥力的变化

对川南天然常绿阔叶林及其人工更新成檫木林、柳杉林和水杉林后土壤不同形态碳素含量、碳库管理指数、养分含量和酶活性进行研究,并探讨了土壤不同形态碳素及碳库管理指数与土壤肥力之间的关系.结果表明:各季节土壤有机碳、水溶性有机碳、微生物量碳、活性有机碳、稳定态碳、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量及蔗糖酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性均为天然常绿阔叶林＞檫木林＞水杉林＞柳杉林,土壤碳库管理指数也为天然常绿阔叶林＞檫木林＞水杉林＞柳杉林,且土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数与土壤养分含量及酶活性之间存在显著的相关关系.这说明了天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后土壤不同形态碳素含量、碳库管理指数和土壤肥力下降,且各人工林下降程度不同,而且土壤不同形态碳素含量和碳库管理指数的变化能够较好地表征土壤肥力的变化.研究结果为保护天然常绿阔叶林、选择适宜的更新树种和天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后林地土壤的科学管理提供依据,也为退耕还林中树种的选择提供参考.     

水杉引种及迁地保护进展

对1947年以来发表的有关活化石——水杉(MetasequoiaglyptostrobodiesHu&Cheng)在世界范围内的引种及迁地保护文献进行了系统评述。从1947年开始,水杉已在我国以及亚洲、欧洲、大洋洲、非洲、北美洲、南美洲六大洲的53个国家引种和得到迁地保护,已成为其中一些国家重要的植物研究材料和著名的风景观赏树种和造林绿化树种,并且成为一种国际关系的纽带。国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)已在1999年选出水杉等9个针叶树作为世界范围内保护的植物,同时由于水杉对酸沉降污染的敏感性和在世界范围内的广泛适应性,因此可作为世界范围内酸沉降污染共同的生物监测指示种和重要研究材料。引种为水杉的保护提供了有效的途径,但引种的质量已成为一个今后值得研究和解决的重要问题。     

水杉在中国北方城市中的应用研究

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)是世界上珍稀的孑遗植物,仅产于中国四川、湖北及湖南三省交界的局部地区。沈阳是中国水杉引种栽植的最北界,本文对水杉在沈阳生长的生存条件进行研究,为水杉在沈阳园林树种中的进一步应用提供理论依据。     

川南天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后土壤氮库与微生物的季节变化

对川南天然常绿阔叶林及其人工更新成檫木林、柳杉林和水杉林后土壤不同形态氮素含量、微生物数量和脲酶活性进行研究,并探讨了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明：土壤全氮、微生物量氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量、细菌、真菌和放线菌数量及脲酶活性,各林分均为秋季＞春季＞冬季＞夏季,各季节均为天然常绿阔叶林＞檫木林＞水杉林＞柳杉林。这说明天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后土壤不同形态氮素含量、微生物数量和脲酶活性下降,土壤保肥和供肥能力降低,而各人工林下降程度不同。土壤不同形态氮素含量与微生物数量和脲酶活性之间呈显著正相关,说明微生物数量及脲酶活性的变化能够表征土壤氮素含量变化。研究结果为保护天然常绿阔叶林、选择适宜的更新树种和天然常绿阔叶林人工更新后林地土壤的科学管理提供依据,也为退耕还林中树种的选择提供参考。     

水杉（属）系统位置的研究

1948年,胡先啸、郑万钧发现了化石属Metasequoia Miki唯一的现存活化石水杉M. glyptostroboides Hu et cheng,当时被认为是植物学界的重大事件而引起轰动。但水杉(属)的分类地位从一开始就陷入歧见:胡、郑(1948)认为水杉叶及球果鳞片的交互对生特性足以把它提升为水杉科Metasequoiaceae;但邓叔群(1948)、     

水杉的未尽事宜

主要阐述与水杉有关的三个问题：首先是水杉研究的教训,特别是从编辑、作者和学者的角度;其次讨论水杉研究的不明之处,包括王战的标本是如何到达吴仲伦之手而转送给郑万钧的,薛纪如和华敬灿谁先打听到小河的原产地,三木茂的论文是如何到达中国而胡先辅又是如何得到的;并讨论了水杉的栽培及栽培品种的注册以及水杉原产地的资源保护、旅游开发及宣传;最后建议成立水杉博物馆,编写中国植物采集史,编写东亚植物分类学文献目录新续编。     

水杉的未尽事宜

主要阐述与水杉有关的三个问题: 首先是水杉研究的教训, 特别是从编辑、作者和学者的角度; 其次讨论水杉研究的不明之处, 包括王战的标本是如何到达吴仲伦之手而转送给郑万钧的, 薛纪如和华敬灿谁先打听到小河的原产地, 三木茂的论文是如何到达中国而胡先骕又是如何得到的; 并讨论了水杉的栽培及栽培品种的注册以及水杉原产地的资源保护、旅游开发及宣传; 最后建议成立水杉博物馆, 编写中国植物采集史, 编写东亚植物分类学文献目录新续编。     

吸附法提取分离水杉总黄酮的研究

研究了我国重要经济植物水杉总黄酮的提取工艺,实验证明用70％的乙醇渗漉提取水杉总黄酮的工艺是经济实用的。正交实验显示用吸附法分离水杉总黄酮的影响因素依次为吸附剂选择,洗脱剂乙醇浓度,吸附剂用量及洗脱剂乙醇用量。将D140树脂用于水杉总黄酮的分离,具有收率高、操作简单、成本低、环境污染小等优点,适用于工业化生产。     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Monovalent Cation Permeation through the Connexin40 Gap Junction Channel : Cs,Rb, K,Na, Li,TEA, TMA,TBA, and Effects of Anions Br,Cl, F,Acetate, Aspartate,Glutamate, and NO3

The unitary conductances and permeability sequences of the rat connexin40 (rCx40) gap junction channels to seven monovalent cations and anions were studied in rCx40-transfected neuroblastoma 2A (N2A) cell pairs using the dual whole cell recording technique. Chloride salt cation substitutions (115 mM principal salt) resulted in the following junctional maximal single channel current-voltage relationship slope conductances (γ_j in pS): CsCl (153), RbCl (148), KCl (142), NaCl (115), LiCl (86), TMACl (71), TEACl (63). Reversible block of the rCx40 channel was observed with TBA. Potassium anion salt γ_j are: Kglutamate (160), Kacetate (160), Kaspartate (158), KNO₃ (157), KF (148), KCl (142), and KBr (132). Ion selectivity was verified by measuring reversal potentials for current in rCx40 gap junction channels with asymmetric salt solutions in the two electrodes and using the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation to calculate relative permeabilities. The permeabilities relative to Li⁺ are: Cs⁺ (1.38), Rb⁺ (1.32), K⁺ (1.31), Na⁺ (1.16), TMA⁺ (0.53), TEA⁺ (0.45), TBA⁺ (0.03), Cl⁻ (0.19), glutamate⁻ (0.04), and NO₃− (0.14), assuming that the monovalent anions permeate the channel by forming ion pairs with permeant monovalent cations within the pore thereby causing proportionate decreases in the channel conductance. This hypothesis can account for why the predicted increasing conductances with increasing ion mobilities in an essentially aqueous channel were not observed for anions in the rCx40 channel. The rCx40 effective channel radius is estimated to be 6.6 Å from a theoretical fit of the relationship of relative permeability and cation radius.     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Competitive inhibition and selectivity enhancement by Ca in the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, Hf) by carrot (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun)

We investigated the uptake of inorganic elements (Be, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Sc, Mn, Co, Zn, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ce, Pm, Gd, and Hf) and the effect of Ca on their uptake in carrots (Daucus carota cv. U.S. harumakigosun) by the radioactive multitracer technique. The experimental results suggested that Na, Mg, K, and Rb competed for the functional groups outside the cells in roots with Ca but not for the transporter-binding sites on the plasma membrrane of the root cortex cells. In contrast, Y, Ce, Pm, and Gd competed with Ca for the transporters on the plasma membrane. The selectivity, which was defined as the value obtained by dividing the concentration ratio of an elemental pair, K/Na, Rb/Na, Be/Sr, and Mg/Sr, in the presence of 0.2 and 2 ppm Ca by that of the corresponding elemental pair in the absence of Ca in the solution was estimated. The selectivity of K and Rb in roots was increased in the presence of Ca. The selectivity of Be in roots was not affected, whereas the selectivity of Mg was increased by Ca. These observations suggest that the presence of Ca in the uptake solution enhances the selectivity in the uptake of metabolically important elements against unwanted elements.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.