A new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eurycletodes</Emphasis> Sars, 1909 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Argestidae) from the southern hemisphere including remarks on the phylogeny of the genus and its subgenera

This paper deals with taxonomy and phylogenetics of the genus Eurycletodes Sars, 1909 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida: Argestidae). Samples, collected from the southeast Atlantic on board RV “Meteor” during the cruises DIVA-1 (M48/1) and DIVA-2 (M63/2), contain specimens of Eurycletodes. Eurycletodes is characterized as a monophylum by A1 segments III + IV fused, basal seta of md palp lost, exp of md palp reduced to 1 seta or completely lost. Similarly, the subgenera Eurycletodes (Eurycletodes) and Eurycletodes (Oligocletodes) are characterized as monophyletic by the loss of the inner seta on P1 exp2 (apomorphic to E. (E.)) and the absence of the inner seta on P5 endopodal lobe (apomorphic to E. (O.)). Eurycletodes profundus is renamed as E. (O.) profundus. Eurycletodes ephippiger is the only species of the genus without subgeneric designation. Eurycletodes (O.) diva sp. nov. is described. The new species differs from described species of the genus by a larger body size, P5 endopodal lobe only slightly protruding, last segment of A1 with 2 outer setae, furcal rami elongated between setae VII and IV. The occurrence of 2 specimens of Eurycletodes (O.) diva sp. nov. at 2 sites separated by the Walvis Ridge supports the hypothesis that geographic obstacles do not prevent harpacticoid copepods from spreading in the deep sea.     

New Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the North Atlantic Ocean. VI. Eight New Species of the Genera Paranannopus Lang and Cylindronannopus Coull (Cletodidae)

Paranannopus trisetosus sp.n., P. singulosetosus sp.n., P. denticulatus sp.n., P. uniarticulatus sp.n., P. variabilis sp.n., P. kunzi sp.n. and Cylindronunnopus bispinosus sp.n. are described and classified to the three evolutionary groups within the genus Paranannopus. P. variabilis, P. kunzi and P. hicksi belong to the first evolutionary group with Enp P2-P4 3:3:2-segmented. All three species differ from each other and the closely related species in the setation of the swimming legs P1-P5 and to some extent in the segmentation of the Al. P. trisetosus belongs to the second group with Enp P2-P4 2-segmented, and it differs from the closely related P. atlanticus Coull in the setation of the segment 2 Exp P1, P4 and of the P5. P. singulosetosus, P. uniarticulatus and P. denriculutus represent the third evolutionary group with at most I-segmented Enp P2-P4. They differ from each other in the segmentation of the Enp P2-P4 and the setation of the swimming legs P2-P4 and to some extent in the segmentation of the Exp A2. Cylindronunnopus bispinosus differs from the closely related species C. elongatus (Becker et al. ) comb.n. in the setation of the P5. Updated keys are given for both genera. All species were collected at the Iceland-Faroe Ridge from depths between 435 and 2500 m.     

New Harpacticoida (Crustacea, Copepoda) from the North Atlantic Ocean. V. Three New Species of Metahuntemannia Smirnov (Cletodidae)

Metahuntemannia triarticulata sp.n., M. arctica sp.n. and M. bifida sp.n. arc described. M. triurficulata and M. arctica belong to the 'spinosa' group within the genus Metahuntemannia Smirnov. From the closely related species, M. triarticulata differs in the possession of 3-segmented Enp P3, M. arctica in the segmentation of the Al, and both new species in the setation of their swimming legs P1–P5. M. hifida belongs to the 'talpa' group within Metahuntemannia and differs from the closely related species in the setation of the swimming legs P2–P4. The species relationships and the phylogeny within the genus are discussed. All species were collected at the Iceland-Faroe Ridge from depths between 435 and 2500 m.     

A new species of Copepoda Harpacticoida, Xylora calyptogenae spec. n., with a carnivorous life-style from a hydrothermally active submarine volcano in the New Ireland Fore-Arc system (Papua New Guinea) with notes on the systematics of the Donsiellinae Lang, 1948

A new species of harpacticoid copepods, Xylora calyptogenae spec. n., from Edison Seamount, a hydrothermally active submarine volcano in the New Ireland Fore-Arc system (Papua New Guinea) is described. The new species belongs to the Donsiellinae Lang, 1944, a highly specialised taxon, the members of which have previously been encountered only in association with decaying wood and/or wood-boring isopods. A closer relationship of the Donsiellinae with the Pseudotachidiidae Lang, 1936, can be stated on the basis of characteristics concerning the setation and/or segmentation of A1, A2, Mxl, Mxp, the shape of the female P5, anal somite, sexual dimorphisms on P2 and P3 and missing caudal seta I. Within the Pseudotachidiidae, the Donsiellinae again can be well characterized, e.g. by the setation and segmentation of A2, Mxl, swimming-legs, the shape of P1, female P5, male P2, sexual dimorphism and male P5. The Donsiellinae share some apomorphies with the pseudotachidiid subtaxon Paranannopinae Por, 1986: setation/segmentation of Mx, P1, A1. X. calyptogenae spec. n. is more closely related to Xylora bathyalis Hicks 1988 living in the deep sea wood substrata in New Zealand waters. Some traits of the evolutionary history of the Donsiellinae become evident, probably starting from the more primitive deep sea taxa X .calyptogenae spec. n., which lives in the hydrothermal seafloor in the absence of decaying wood, and X. bathyalis, which is found in decaying wood but not necessarily associated with the wood-boring isopod Limnoria Leach, 1814, towards the more advanced genera such as Donsiella Stephensen, 1936, which invades shallow waters and, further, clings to Limnoria, forming a close and, for the copepod, probably obligatory association. The specialised mouthparts of X. calyptogenae spec. n. seem to facilitate the grabbing and fixing of larger and/or active food items. This is confirmed by the presence of a large prey organism, presumably a copepod, consumed either alive or dead, in the gut of one of the available specimens. This morphology of the mouthparts is also shared by the closely related X. bathyalis.     

Some harpacticoid copepods (Crustacea) of the family Tachidiidae from sublittoral soft sediments in Norway, the Celtic Sea and Gulf of Mexico

From an examination of the original material of G. O. Sars and new material from Björnehodebukta, Oslofjord, Psammis longisetosa Sars is redescribed, noting in particular the presence of 2 inner setae on P2 endopod 2 and 1 inner seta on P4 exopod 1. A new species is described from the Celtic Sea, Paradanielssenia biclavata , characterized by the presence of club-shaped appendages on the mouthparts and differing from P. kunzi Soyer in mouthpart structure and limb setation. Specimens from the Gulf of Mexico have been assigned to a new subspecies, Thompsonula hyaenae elongata , after careful comparison with specimens of the nominate T. hyaenae (I. C. Thompson) from Europe and South Carolina.     

A review of the genus Eodiaptomus Kiefer, 1932, with the description of E. sanuamuangae n.sp. from Thailand, and a redescription of E. lumholtzi (Sars, 1889) from Australia (Copepoda, Calanoida)

The genus Eodiaptomus Kiefer contains six species, five of which are distributed in Asia, and one in Australia and New Guinea. A seventh species, E. sanuamuangae n.sp., is now added from Thailand. It has hitherto been misidentified as E. sinensis (Burckhardt), but can be recognized by various morphologic criteria. In the female, both spines on either wing of the fifth pediger are laterally placed. The third endopodite-segment of P2–P4 has seven, instead of six, setae. The sensory seta on the basis of P5 is extraordinarily long. On the male right antennule, the spine on segment 8 is much reduced, whereas that on segment 15 is relatively strong; the spinous process on the antepenultimate segment is slender, straight, with a hooked tip and as long as the next segment. Morphologically and geographically, E. sanuamuangae n.sp. links the Asian to the Australian forms. The Australian E. lumholtzi (Sars) is redescribed. A detailed morphological comparison is made of all Eodiaptomus spp. Their taxonomic characters, interspecies relationship, and biogeography are discussed.     

The Genus Peristylus Blume (Orchidaceae) in China

Peristylus is a genus of over 60 species, mainly distributed in the Old World tropics, with many species extending northwards to central China. In the present paper, the taxa of the genus hitherto recorded in China are taxonomically and phytogeographically discussed and revised, and, as a result, 20 species are recognized, including one new species, P. jinchuanicus K. Y. Lang, and four new combinations, P. bulleyi (Rolfe) K. Y. Lang, P. forrestii (Schltr.) K. Y. Lang, P. longiracemus (Fukuyama) K. Y. Lang and P. neotineoides (Ames et Schltr.) K. Y. Lang. A full list of synonyms is given, a key to the species is provided and the distribution areas in China of all the taxa are mapped.     

The relationship of the genus Schizopera Sars within the family Diosaccidae (Copepoda: Harpacticoida)

A review of Schizopera Sars indicates that four species are so much more primitive in the antenna and leg setation that they should be removed to a new genus, Eoschizopera, which can be considered as a direct and immediate ancestor of Schizopera. A further, new, species is described in this new genus. The relationships within this branch of the family Diosaccidae are discussed and the scheme of family evolution proposed by Lang is modified to include Eoschizopera and other genera not considered by him (Goffinella, Protopsammotopa, Psammotopa, Actopsyllus, Balucopsylla, Schizoperoides). Actopsyllus hartmannorum Kunz is removed to a further new genus- Helmutkunzia.     

Description of Eucyclops tziscao sp. n., E. angeli sp. n., and a new record of E. festivus Lindberg, 1955 (Cyclopoida,Cyclopidae, Eucyclopinae) in Chiapas,Mexico

Two new species of the freshwater cyclopoid genera Eucyclops are described, Eucyclops tziscao sp. n. and E. angeli sp. n. Both species belong to the serrulatus-group defined by morphological features such as: the presence of distal spinules or hair-like setae (groups N1 and N2) on frontal surface of antennal basis; the fourth leg coxa with a strong inner spine that bears dense setules on inner side, yet proximally naked (large gap) on outer side; and a 12-segmented antennule with smooth hyaline membrane on the three distalmost segments. Eucyclops tziscao sp. n. is morphologically similar to E. bondi and E. conrowae but differs from these species in having a unique combination of characters, including a caudal ramus 4.05±0.25 times as long as wide, lateral seta of Enp3P4 modified as a strong, sclerotized blunt seta, coxal spine of fourth leg with inner spinule-like setules distally, and sixth leg of males bearing a strong and long inner spine 2.3 times longer than median seta. Eucyclops angeli sp. n. can be distinguished by an unique combination of morphological features: the short caudal ramus; the long spine on the sixth antennular segment of A1; the presence of one additional group of spinules (N12’) on the caudal surface of A2; the presence of long setae in females, or short spinules in males on the lateral margin of fourth prosomite; the strong ornamentation of the intercoxal sclerite of P4, specially group I modified as long denticles; the distal modified setae of Exp3P3 and Exp3P4 in females and males; and the short lateral seta of P5. Finally, we report on a new record of E. festivus in México, and add data on morphology of the species.     

Nectonema zealandica n. sp. (Nematomorpha: Nectonematoidea) parasitising the purple rock crab Hemigrapsus edwardsi (Brachyura: Decapoda) in New Zealand,with notes on the prevalence of infection and host defence reactions

A new species of Acusicola is described based on adults of both sexes taken from plankton samples collected in the upper reaches of the Piauí River estuary, in the northeast of Brazil. Ovigerous females were present in the plankton. The new species, Acusicola minuta n. sp., can be distinguished from its congeners by its small body size, female antennal morphology and leg setation. The male described here as A. minuta n. sp. is the first known male attributed to the genus.     

Eodiaptomus phuphanensis n. sp., a New Freshwater Copepod (Calanoida: Diaptomidae) from the Phu Phan National Park,Thailand

Eodiaptomus phuphanensis n. sp. is described from two localities in the Phu Phan National Park, northeast Thailand. The new species is the eighth member of the genus Eodiaptomus and the third species recorded from Thailand. It belongs to the lumholtzi‐group, and is most closely related to E. sanoamuangae Reddy and Dumont , 1998. The third endopodite‐segment of P2‐P4 in both sexes of E. phuphanensis n. sp. bears seven setae as in E. sanoamuangae, instead of six as in the remaining species of the genus. Nevertheless, the new species can be distinguished from the other congeners by the distinct shape of the endopodite of the male right P5 and the absence of hairs on lateral margins of the female caudal rami.     

Loureirophonte psammophila,a new species of Laophontidae T. Scott, 1904 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from Baja California,Mexico

Loureirophonte psammophila n. sp. was collected from coarse sediments of a beach near La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. The species belongs to the subterranea-group as defined by Fiers (1993). It differs from the other representative of the group, L. subterranea (Lang, 1965) in the presence of an outer dentiform process on 2nd segment of the antennula, the chaetotaxy of P.2–P.5 and the 1-segmented male endopodite P.4. A map with the distribution of the eleven species known so far is provided.     

Two new species of harpacticoid copepod from the South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, and a redescription of Idyellopsis typica Lang (Tisbidae)

Two new species of harpacticoid copepod belonging to the families Ameiridae and Ancorabolidae are fully described and illustrated. Pseudameria signyensis sp. nov. is very similar to P. crassicomis Sars but is distinguished from it by the presence of an extra seta on the inner border of the terminal segment of the endopodite of the fourth swimming leg. Laophontodes macropodia sp. nov. is distinguishable from all other species in the genus by the setal formula of the first four swimming legs but more particularly by the unique shape of the fifth leg. Idyellopsis typica Lang is by far the most abundant harpacticoid inhabiting sublittoral fine sand in Borg Bay, Signy Island, Antarctica. The female of this species is redescribed and the male described and illustrated for the first time.     

A new species of Taeniastrotos Cressey (Copepoda: Poecilostomatoida) from southern Brazil

A new species of Taeniastrotos is described from an ariid host, Cathrops spixii, caught in southern Brazil. It is the first member of the genus to be recorded from the Atlantic Ocean and can be distinguished from its four known congeners by the setation of the terminal endopodal segment of the fourth leg.     

Achilaophonte maxima gen.n., spec.n., a new taxon of the Laophontidae (Copepoda,harpacticoida) from the high Antartic (Weddell Sea)

Male and female of a new genus and species of the family Laophontidae, Archilaophonte maxima, are described. The specimen was found in the high Antartic (Weddell Sea) and apprears to be the most primitive genus up to now within the superfamily Laophontoidea as defined by Huys (1990). Based on its setation of legs and mouth parts, however, it can be placed unequivocally into the family Laophontidae. Archilaophonte maxima gen. n. shows close affinities to the laophontid genus Esola Edwards 1891. Both genera form a monophyletic group which is interpreted here as the first and most primitive offshot in the evolution of the Laophontidae. The synapomorphies of the former lineage are the shape of the protopodite of the P1 and shape and setation of the female P5.     

A new species of Hemicyclops (Copepoda, Poecilostomatoida) from burrows of the ocypodid crab Macrophthalmus japonicus in an estuarine mud-flat in Tokyo Bay, Japan

A new species of poecilostomatoid copepod, Hemicyclops spinulosus, is described from burrows of the ocypodid crab Macrophthalmus japonicus in an estuarine mud-flat in Tokyo Bay. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the segmentation and setation of first antenna, the ornamentation of maxilliped and the modified seta on the first segment of the endopod of legs 1–4. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A revision of Danielssenia perezi Monard, D. paraperezi Soyer, D. eastwardae Coull (Harpacticoida; Paranannopidae) and their transfer to a new genus

The harpacticoid copepod Danielssenia perezi Monard, 1935 is redescribed on the basis of the only available material from the Scilly Isles off south-west Britain. Sentirenia gen. nov is erected because this species exhibits significant differences from the type species Danielssenia typica Boeck, 1872 in the structure of the antennule; the presence of sensory aesthetascs on, and structure of, the mandible, maxillula and maxilla; the form of the female P5; the setation of the swimming legs and details of the sexual dimorphism on the endopod of the male P2. Further, it is shown that the characters by which D. paraperezi Soyer, 1970 was originally distinguished from D. perezi are no longer valid and D. paraperezi is a junior synonym of S. perezi which now assumes a boreo-mediterranean distribution. A re-examination of the type material of D , eastwardae Coull, 1971 shows that this species is identical to S. perezi in the structure of the mouthparts (including the presence of aesthetascs on the mandible, maxillula and maxilla) and setation of P1–P5. However, within the genus Sentirenia, its specific status is maintained by virtue of a 5-segmented female antennule; a difference in the shape of the endopodal lobe of the female P5; the sexually dimorphic characters of the male P2 endopod; and variation in the ornamentation of some appendages.