台湾香檬果皮川陈皮素分离制备及其抗肿瘤活性研究

以台湾香檬(Citrus depressa)果皮为原料,采用超声波提取川陈皮素并用高效液相分离鉴定,探讨台湾香檬果皮川陈皮素的抗肿瘤活性。采用MTT法检测川陈皮素对肺癌、肝癌、卵巢癌细胞株增殖的影响,通过流式细胞仪采用双染法检测川陈皮素对肝癌细胞凋亡的作用。结果表明,台湾香檬果皮川陈皮素对肿瘤细胞有一定的广谱抑制作用,并能有效促进肝癌细胞凋亡。     

用分子标记研究禾本科赖草属植物可溶性碳水化合物、色素积累和生长特性之间的遗传相关性

在低温条件下 ,冷季草的可溶性碳水化合物通常与紫色素的积累、生长的缓慢性及对寒冷的适应性具有相关性。Vrn_1基因对一年生冬性禾本科物种的春化、生长和可溶性碳水化合物的积累有重要作用。本研究以Ley muscinereus×L .triticoides的杂种F1开放授粉获得的F2 群体为材料 ,用 2 0 4个未定位的AFLP分子标记和几个基因组特定的与vrn_1相连锁的DNA标记检测了控制可溶性碳水化合物的积累、紫色素的积累和生长特性等几个数量性状的QTL。根据生长特性和适应性可将Leymuscinereus和L .triticoides区分开来。研究表明可溶性碳水化合物与紫色素的积累呈正相关 ,而且有关基因对这两种性状具有多效性。与之相类似 ,分蘖、叶发育、叶生长、草被剪后的再生长和地下茎的蔓延性这些性状之间也呈正相关 ,控制这些性状的基因具有多效性。但是可溶性碳水化合物的积累与生长的缓慢性无相关性。有几个分子标记包括与vrn_Xm1邻近的一个分子标记对叶可溶性碳水化合物的浓度和低温生长具有正效应。而与vrn_Ns1邻近的一个DNA标记对分蘖具有更加特别的效应。我们推测vrn_1对多年生赖草低温下叶可溶性碳水化合物的积累及生长习性具有数量效应。发现几个DNA标记对可溶性碳水化合物的积累及多个生长特性有较强的作用。研究结果暗示     

极小种群濒危植物盐桦迁地保护研究

盐桦（Betula halophila Ching ex P.C.Li）是我国120个极小种群野生植物之一,仅分布于我国新疆阿勒泰地区。为了解其在迁地保护过程中对环境的适应性和沿海强风环境等对幼苗生长的影响,以山东烟台迁地保护基地内两个盐桦居群为材料,对其3年的生长量、果实性状、叶性状以及叶片生态化学计量等进行研究,利用独立样本t检验和贝叶斯方差分析对山东迁地保护两个居群和新疆迁地保护居群进行比较分析。结果显示,经过3年的生长,盐桦在烟台地区适应性良好,能在一个生长周期结出果实,设置风障以后盐桦生长速度显著升高,表明在幼苗敏感期设置风障可以为幼苗越冬提供保障,同时风障营造的相对稳定的环境提高了盐桦对资源环境的利用能力。     

用分子标记研究禾本科赖草属植物可溶性碳水化合物、色素积累和生长特性之间的遗传相关性

在低温条件下,冷季草的可溶性碳水化合物通常与紫色素的积累、生长的缓慢性及对寒冷的适应性具有相关性.Vrn-1基因对一年生冬性禾本科物种的春化、生长和可溶性碳水化合物的积累有重要作用.本研究以Leymus cinereus×L. triticoides的杂种F1开放授粉获得的F2群体为材料,用204个未定位的AFLP分子标记和几个基因组特定的与 vrn-1相连锁的DNA标记检测了控制可溶性碳水化合物的积累、紫色素的积累和生长特性等几个数量性状的QTL.根据生长特性和适应性可将 Leymus cinereus和L. triticoides区分开来.研究表明可溶性碳水化合物与紫色素的积累呈正相关,而且有关基因对这两种性状具有多效性.与之相类似,分蘖、叶发育、叶生长、草被剪后的再生长和地下茎的蔓延性这些性状之间也呈正相关,控制这些性状的基因具有多效性.但是可溶性碳水化合物的积累与生长的缓慢性无相关性.有几个分子标记包括与vrn-Xm1 邻近的一个分子标记对叶可溶性碳水化合物的浓度和低温生长具有正效应.而与vrn-Ns1邻近的一个DNA标记对分蘖具有更加特别的效应.我们推测vrn-1对多年生赖草低温下叶可溶性碳水化合物的积累及生长习性具有数量效应.发现几个DNA标记对可溶性碳水化合物的积累及多个生长特性有较强的作用.研究结果暗示在赖草中紫色素的积累可作为可溶性碳水化合物积累的形态标记.     

基于不同变异果型比较酸枣仁药材内在品质差异

目的：研究不同果型酸枣仁药材质量差异，分析酸枣仁药材主要成分与其果实表型性状的相关性。方法：以山西省内8个主产区的野生酸枣果实为研究材料，对其果实的纵横径、单果重、果型指数、种子的长宽、单粒重、种子长宽比进行测定和统计分析；采用HPLC-UV/ELSD方法测定不同果型酸枣仁中木兰花碱、斯皮诺素、6’’’-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、酸枣仁皂苷A、酸枣仁皂苷B等5种成分含量并进行比较；利用Pearson相关性分析和灰度关联分析其表型性状与主要成分的相关性。结果：酸枣果实表型多样性丰富，其变异系数为3.81%～27.06%；不同果型酸枣仁含量测定结果表明，圆型和椭圆型酸枣中的木兰花碱、斯皮诺素、6’’’-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、酸枣仁皂苷A含量均高于苹果型、纺锤型、梨型，酸枣仁皂苷B含量在不同果型之间差异较小。通过Pearson相关性分析和灰度关联分析，结果显示酸枣果实及其种子的表型性状与主要成分间具有一定关联度，且化学成分与酸枣仁的表型性状具有更高的关联度。结论：依据酸枣果实的表型性状可初步评价酸枣仁药材的质量，该研究为酸枣仁品种选育、质量评价、商品等级划分提供理论依据。     

蔷薇——含有多种维生素的植物

一些蔷薇屬植物的果实,如茨梨(Rosa Roxburghii Tratt. f. normalis Rehd, et wils.)、刺蔷薇(R. acicularis Lindl.)、玫瑰(R. rugosa Thunb.)、达烏里蔷薇(R. davurica Pallus.)及其他同屬的植物,含有丰富的維生素C(抗坏血酸)和多种其他的維生素,像:維生素P(檸檬素)、維生素A元(胡蘿卜素)、維生素B_2(核黄素)、維生素K和維生素E等。此外,还含有多量的糖、果胶质、檸檬酸和無机盐。由     

南方主要鲜食葡萄生长结实特性与温度关系的研究

对南方鲜食葡萄品种生长结实特性与温度关系的研究表明,各品种春梢生长与气温,尤其是有效积温的关系符合Y=aX³+bX²+cX三次方程.依据拟合方程得:生长速率最快的是巨峰,当有效积温达190.68℃时,温度每增加10℃新梢生长0.43433cm;生长速率最慢且对温度不敏感的是蜜香宝,有效积温高达367.19℃时,新梢生长速率仅为0.17150cm.对果实经济性状综合评价和品种优良特性的模糊评判表明,值得推广的品种有巨峰、京亚、藤稔、蜜香宝、龙宝;限制发展的品种有紫珍香;淘汰早生高墨、黑丰.     

黑琥珀李引种试验及栽培技术要点

从生长结果特性、果实经济性状、花果生长物候期及抗逆性等方面,简要介绍黑琥珀李的生物学特性,并总结黑琥珀李的栽培技术。     

枇杷良种"白茂木"引种试验初报

探讨从日本引入优良白肉枇杷品种“白茂木”在福建莆田的适应性,结果表明,“白茂木”在莆田试验点适应性良好,平均单果重50.1g,可溶性固形物含量12.2％－14.5％,可滴定酸含量0.26％,果实耐贮运;果实单果重、品质、外观、贮藏性等方面的综合性状明显优于国内现有栽培的白肉枇杷品种,具有较强的市场竞争力和生产发展潜力。     

苦瓜良种──台湾苦瓜引种栽培研究

本文报道苦瓜良种──台湾苦瓜引种栽培结果。台湾苦瓜在桂林地区种植具有生长快、长势好、瓜大、瓜期长、产量高、质优等综合优良性状,引种栽培获得成功。适时播种、施足基肥、适量追肥是台湾苦瓜获得丰产的技术措施。     

Karyotypes and C-values of Two Plantago Species from the Qinghai Tibet Plateau,China

The chromosome numbers, karyotypes and C values of 18 populations of Plantago depressa and 2 populations of Plantago major from the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, China, were reported in the present study. The results were as follows: the chromosome numbers of P. depressa populations from Yadong County and Nyingchi County of Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR) were 2n=4x=24, other populations of Pdepressa and Pmajor were 2n=2x=12, and the basic chromosome number of all populations was x=6. All karyotype types were 1A, and the karyotype constitutions were not completely consistent with previous reported results. The 2C value of Pdepressa was reported for the first time, and the 1Cx vaule tended to decrease with increasing ploidy levels. Meanwhile, the 2C value of Pmajor was not identical with previous existing results. The results showed that the variation of 2C value occurred at the inter population level of Pdepressa and Pmajor, also flow cytometry couldn′t be used to estimate the ploidy of the genus Plantago Linn.     

Studies in Annonaceae. XXVIII. Macromorphological variation of recent invaders in northern Central America: the case of Malmea (Annonaceae)

Cluster analysis is used to reveal patterns of macromorphological variation in a species complex of Malmea (Annonaceae) distributed in eastern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and Honduras. Of 53 characters, 24 are important for the clustering of 238 herbarium specimens into 12 clusters. No cluster is exclusively specified by any character or combination of characters. Neither can any geographical pattern be detected, except for the clustering of specimens from Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biological Station, Veracruz. A new subspecies from this area, M. depressa subsp. abscondita, is described. Malmea gaumeri and M. leiophylla are brought into synonymy with M. depressa. Distribution patterns of Mexican and Central American taxa of Malmea are largely concordant with those of South American taxa, which spread into Cental America after the Pliocene closure of the Isthmus of Panama. A phytogeographical novelty is presented, however, as the distribution of M. depressa subsp. abscondita within the Sierra de los Tuxtlas shows an hitherto unknown pattern: the new subspecies is distributed only on the northeastern slopes of this mountain range, and is geographically separated from M. depressa subsp. depressa, which occurs only on the southwestern slopes.     

Reproduction of river and lake populations of Hyridella depressa (Unionacea: Hyriidae) in New South Wales: implications for their conservation

The freshwater mussel Hyridella depressa is an important component of the macrobiota of freshwater systems of south-eastern Australia. This species has declined in river habitats but is abundant in impounded water storages. Reproduction of river and lake populations of H. depressa was investigated to document details of their gametogenic cycle and to determine when the females incubate embryos in their gill marsupia. Four populations in Lake Burragorang and two populations in the Hawkesbury-Nepean River were studied over two breeding seasons. Reproduction was documented by anatomical and histological examination of the gonads. The study sites differed in anthropogenic influence and trophic status and the influence of these factors on reproduction in H. depressa was assessed. A skewed sex ratio in favour of females was common in the populations and histology revealed that some of these females were microhermaphrodites. It appears that sexuality in H. depressa is labile with the potential for self-fertilisation by individuals that largely function as females. H. depressa is a long-term brooder with progeny present in the marsupia for up to eight months of the year from mid-winter to late summer. Across all sites brooding started in July or August and finished in January or February of the following year. In parallel with the prolonged spawning pattern, gametogenesis in H. depressa was continuous. At the eutrophic sites the gonads contained advanced gametes throughout the year. H. depressa at these sites had a high annual reproductive output with the females producing several clutches each year. In contrast, gametogenesis in mussels at the oligotrophic sites was more seasonal. At one of the oligotrophic sites reproductive failure was common and in 1996 most females failed to brood a single clutch. Implications of this research for conservation of H. depressa are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

核桃扁叶甲的发育起点温度和有效积温

室内观察测定5个恒温条件下,核桃扁叶甲Gastrolina depressa Baly各虫态的发育历期及起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在16～32℃温度范围内,核桃扁叶甲均能完成发育,其发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.4,12.2,14.3和11.1℃,有效积温分别为43.2,77.2,36.0和104.7日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为12.0℃,有效积温为260.5日.度。持续过高温度不适合核桃扁叶甲的生长发育。     

Predicting impacts of climate-induced range expansion: an experimental framework and a test involving key grazers on temperate rocky shores

Climate change has strong potential to modify the structure and functioning of ecosystems, but experimental field studies into its effects are rare. On rocky shores, grazing limpets strongly affect ecosystem structure and their distribution in NW Europe is changing in response to climate change. Three limpet species co-occur in SW Britain ( Patella vulgata, Patella ulyssiponensis and Patella depressa ) on open rock and in pools. Shores in Ireland are similar, but currently lack P. depressa . It is anticipated that P. depressa will expand its range into Ireland as the climate warms, but we currently lack an empirical basis to predict the consequences of this change. Recent studies show that increasing abundance of P. depressa on British shores has been accompanied by a decline of P. vulgata suggesting interspecific competition. In this study, a new experimental framework was used to examine the potential for P. depressa to affect P. vulgata on Irish shores. P. vulgata was experimentally transplanted into enclosures on open rock and in pools in both Ireland and Britain. In pools, treatments also included transplanted P. ulyssiponensis to mimic natural assemblages. Growth and mortality of P. vulgata were measured over 6 months with no differences between Ireland and Britain. In Britain, P. vulgata caged in pools with transplanted P. depressa and P. ulyssiponensis showed reduced growth, compared with when caged in pools with P. ulyssiponensis alone. There was no effect of P. depressa on the growth rate of P. vulgata on open rock. Results indicate that if the range of P. depressa extends into Ireland, it would reduce the growth of P. vulgata where it co-occurs with P. ulyssiponensis in pools. The framework used here provides a field-based approach that could be used to examine the impacts of climate-induced range expansions on the structure and functioning of other ecosystems.     

Experimental measurements of leaf carbon isotope discrimination and gas exchange in the progenies of Plantago depressa and Setaria viridis collected from a wide altitudinal range

Significant correlations between leaf carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) and altitude and between gas exchange and altitude have been reported in previous studies, raising the question of whether the altitudinal variations in discrimination and gas exchange can be attributed to genetic differences among populations from different altitudes. Studies that focus on in situ analysis cannot distinguish the effects of genetic variation from environmental variation. This article describes an experiment in which seeds of Plantago depressa (C3 species) and Setaria viridis (C4 species) collected from a wide altitudinal range were grown in the same environment. Carbon isotopic ratios (δ¹³C) and gas exchange of the seedlings were measured. The progenies of P.   depressa and S.   viridis no longer display any significant Δ decreases with the altitude of origin as seen in situ. Furthermore, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO₂ and intrinsic water use efficiency for P.   depressa and S.   viridis grown in the greenhouse are also not significantly related to the altitude of origin. The observations suggest that altitudinal variations in Δ and gas exchange are not because of genotypic differences, independent of photosynthetic type.     

Phenological variation in fruit characteristics in vertebrate-dispersed plants

Summary We investigated inter-specific variation in fruit characteristics — fruit size, seed number per fruit, seed weight, nutritional content, fruit persistence, and fruit synchronization — in relation to flowering and fruiting phenology in 34 species of fleshy fruited plants. Except for aspects of fruit synchrony and persistence, the results in general were inconsistent with previous suggestions about adaptive variation in phenologically related fruit traits. The main results were as follows: (1) Late flowering, late fruiting, lengthy development time from flower to fruit, and highly persistent fruits constitute a complex of correlated characteristics among the species. (2) Synchronization of fruiting within individuals increased from early ripening fruits to late ripening fruits. Fruiting synchrony was more pronounced in species with a small crop size than in species with a large fruit crop, whereas synchrony was not significantly related to flowering synchronization, nor to life form. (3) Nitrogen and carbohydrate content of fruit pulp did not vary in relation to phenology, whereas lipid content decreased from early to late ripening fruits. (4) No seasonal trends were found for variation in seed size or seed number per fruit. (5) Interactions with flowering phenology and developmental constraints are important in phenological fruiting patterns. Temporal variation in start of fruiting was partly (36%) explained by variation in flowering time. Seed weight variation explained 17% of variation in development time from flower to fruit. (6) Despite constraints from flowering and seed development, some adaptive adjustment in fruiting phenology is likely to be allowed for among the investigated species. Such an adaptive variation in fruiting phenology was suggested by intra-generic comparisons of Prunus and Vaccinium species.     

不同整枝方式对棉花源库关系的调节效应

以去叶枝留早果枝的正常整枝方式为对照,于2005—2006年研究了整枝对大田棉花源库关系的调节效应.结果表明：去叶枝去早果枝（Ⅰ）、留叶枝去早果枝（Ⅱ）和留叶枝留早果枝（Ⅲ）3种整枝方式都显著促进了棉花叶面积扩展,最大叶面积系数分别比对照平均提高了10.3%、28.3%和9.5%,导致叶面积载荷量减少,源库比降低.Ⅰ和Ⅱ处理显著提高了叶片叶绿素含量,降低了始絮期的黄叶率和功能叶的C/N,表现出显著地延缓衰老的作用,但Ⅱ处理易导致贪青晚熟;而Ⅲ处理对衰老的延缓作用不大.Ⅰ处理的籽棉产量与对照相当,Ⅱ处理比对照降低了6.4%~15.6%,Ⅲ处理比对照增产6.3%.表明去早果枝和留叶枝皆是调节棉花源库关系、碳氮代谢和延缓棉花早衰的有效手段.     

四种植物粘液繁殖体粘液的比较研究

对百里香(Thymus serpyllum)、平车前(Plantago depressa)、盐生车前(P．maritima)、野亚麻(Linum stelleroides)进行了粘液繁殖体粘液情况比较．以在水浸和浇水条件下植物种子粘沙量的多少衡量粘液量．结果表明,对于不同浸水时间处理,野亚麻和平车前未表现明显差异,盐生车前和百里香有随浸泡时间加长而粘液溶出量增多的趋势．对于不同浇水量处理,4种植物均有随浇水量增多而粘液增多的倾向．浸泡80min后,盐生车前种子的粘液粘沙使重量达原重的60多倍,平车前种子达原重的10倍左右,百里香和野亚麻种子达原重的4～6倍左右．浇水8mm后,盐生车前种子的粘液粘沙使重量达原重的20多倍,平车前种子达原重的6～10倍左右,百里香和野亚麻种子达原重的2～7倍左右．将各种处理平均,得到各种植物粘沙种子百分率为：野亚麻67．7％,百里香94．5％,平车前97．7％,盐生车前99．5％．     

大车前与平车前营养器官的比较解剖学研究

利用光学显微镜和石蜡切片技术对生长在盐碱地的大车前和平车前的营养器官进行了比较解剖学研究。结果表明二者的解剖结构存在差异:平车前根的木栓层较大车前的狭窄,栓内层细胞层数较少;平车前叶表皮的细胞角质膜较薄,孔下室较小,构成维管束鞘的薄壁细胞较大车前小,束鞘细胞两层。二者都具有适应盐渍环境的结构特征:营养器官中通气组织发达;根结构中薄壁组织和木栓发达;叶表皮角质层发达。