8种轻型屋顶绿化植物种间竞争性研究

以8种常见的轻型屋顶绿化植物为试材,在不同厚度基质上采用随机混植模式配置,通过观测植物覆盖度和植被景观变化,分析不同植物种间竞争性。结果表明,松叶牡丹Portulaca grandiflora具有较强的侵占性,在构建多植物混植景观中宜慎用;垂盆草Sedum sarmentosum和黄花景天S.mexicanum具有较强竞争力和抗逆性,随着基质层厚度降低覆盖度占比增大;万点星S.acre和凹叶景天S.emarginatum竞争能力次之,在不同厚度基质层中覆盖度占比差异不大;玉吊钟Kalanchoe fedtschenkoi‘Rosy Dawn’、高景天S.kamtschaticum‘ellacombeanum’和棒槌玉莲S.nussbaumerianum匍匐竞争能力弱,适宜做竖向景观营建。综合考虑植被稳定性和建设成本,营建多样性轻型屋顶绿化植物景观选择基质层厚度10 cm为宜。     

基于主成分分析的多肉植物营养液配方筛选

目的：研究不同营养液配方对姬胧月、黄丽两种多肉植物生长量、叶绿素含量、水肥利用效率的影响,筛选适宜的营养液配方。方法：选用改良Hoagland配方（A）、日本山崎配方（B）、低氮配方（C）、斯泰纳配方（D）4种营养液进行水培实验,处理2个月后测定两种多肉植物生长量、叶绿素含量、水分及营养元素利用效率,并进行方差分析和主成分分析。结果：营养液配方对两种多肉植物根数、根体积及根长有显著影响,配方B中新根数最多、根体积最大、根长最短,配方C新根数及根体积最小、根长最长。营养液配方对黄丽叶绿素含量有显著影响,配方A中叶绿素a、叶绿素b及总叶绿素含量均最高,姬胧月叶绿素含量在不同营养配方中无显著变化。营养液配方对两种多肉植物水分及营养元素利用率影响显著,B配方和A配方处理下N、P、K及水分利用效率较高,配方D和配方C较低。根据主成分分析综合评价,两种植物4种营养液得分由高到低是B>A>D>C。结论：B配方在生长表现及营养元素利用效率方面均最优,适合作为景天科姬胧月和黄丽水培的最佳营养液配方。     

石蒜绵粉蚧在七种多肉植物上的生物学特性

【目的】石蒜绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solani是近年来新入侵我国并严重为害多肉类植物且具检疫重要性的害虫。本研究旨在明确石蒜绵粉蚧在不同多肉植物上生存和繁殖的差异,了解其在我国的潜在危害性。【方法】选取景天科、番杏科、马齿苋科和百合科4科7属7种不同多肉植物(长生草Sempervivumtecrum、黑法师Aeonium arboreum、熊童子Cotyledon tomentosa、姬胧月Graptopetalumparaguayuense、曲玉Lithops pseudotruncatella、松锦之吹雪Anacampseros telephiastrum、姬玉露Haworthia cooperi var. truncata)于人工气候箱中(25±1℃,RH 70%±5%,光周期14L∶10D)饲养石蒜绵粉蚧,观察记录其生长发育、存活、繁殖等生物学特性,并构建了实验种群生命表。同时,在浙江杭州、嘉兴、湖州和金华的多肉植物种植大棚调查了石蒜绵粉蚧的发生情况。【结果】石蒜绵粉蚧在松锦之吹雪和姬玉露这2种多肉植物上不能完成发育周期,在其他5种多肉植物上能完成世代发育,其中1龄和2龄若虫死亡率较高,3龄若虫后大都能发育至成虫并繁殖产卵。该虫在姬胧月和黑法师上死亡率最低,产卵量和F₁代卵孵化率最高,在熊童子和曲玉上的死亡率最高,产卵量和F₁代卵孵化率最低。实验种群生命表参数中,取食姬胧月和黑法师的石蒜绵粉蚧净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率最高,种群加倍时间最短,而在曲玉和熊童子上取食的净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率最低,种群加倍时间最长。大棚调查发现,石蒜绵粉蚧在景天、番杏、仙人掌、百合和马齿苋5科24属87种多肉植物上均有不同程度的发生。【结论】测试的7种多肉植物中,姬胧月和黑法师最适于石蒜绵粉蚧的生长、发育和繁殖,长生草次之;石蒜绵粉蚧1龄和2龄若虫期抵抗力弱是其防治的关键时期。石蒜绵粉蚧可取食的多肉植物种类繁多,流通性大,容易造成该虫害的传播蔓延,因此在多肉植物引种时需高度重视其潜在风险和危害。     

基于AHP法的涟源龙山国家森林公园彩叶植物综合评价

以涟源龙山国家森林公园67种彩叶植物为研究材料,采用AHP法(层次分析法)从叶片观赏特性、其他观赏特性、生态适应性三个层面设置10个具体的评价指标进行综合评价.结果表明,67种彩叶植物通过综合评价分为3个等级,Ⅰ级(即优秀级,综合评价值>3.5)的彩叶植物有21种;Ⅱ级(即良好级,2.5≤综合评价值≤3.5)的彩叶植物...     

引进盆栽小菊品种观赏价值及园林应用的综合评价

为更好地指导盆栽小菊的引种和栽培,筛选适宜粤港澳大湾区产业化生产应用的优良品种,该文以荷兰引进的30个盆栽小菊品种为研究对象,从观赏性和适应性两个方面选取22个评价指标,基于层次分析法(AHP)构建了一套盆栽小菊园林应用综合评价体系。结果表明:(1)花色、花径、冠幅和观花期等4个评价指标权重值居前,是影响盆栽小菊观赏价值的关键因子。(2)利用该评价体系对30个盆栽小菊品种进行综合评价,将其划分为优秀、良好、一般和较差等4个等级,各等级品种数所占比例分别为16.67%、26.67%、43.33%和13.33%。从中筛选出‘西奥’‘马里奥’‘红粉佳人’‘绿色心情’和‘卡斯蒂赫’等5个优秀品种,这些品种普遍具有花色艳丽、花径大、花期长和抗旱性强等优点,可在粤港澳大湾区规模化生产。同时筛选出‘德里粉’‘朝阳繁华’‘粉草莓’‘小乒糖心’‘夏之恋’‘迪迪’‘红日’和‘小行星’等8个优良品种,这些品种整体性状表现优良,可作为园林应用的补充材料进行小规模栽培。采用AHP法可有效进行盆栽小菊品种综合评价与分级,并筛选观赏价值高、适应性强的优良品种供园林生产应用。     

草莓种苗壮苗指数模型的构建与质量评价

随着我国草莓栽培面积逐年增加,草莓种苗需求量越来越大,为了确保种苗育苗质量,亟需开展壮苗评价的研究。本研究以生长40 d的‘红颜’穴盘苗为对象,在测定地上部和地下部生长、鲜重、干重等16项指标的基础上,分别构建单项指标隶属函数,使用加权模糊评判法计算种苗综合评价指数;利用主成分分析筛选的关键指标组成多个壮苗指数模型,与种苗综合评价指数进行相关性分析后,确定最佳草莓壮苗指数模型并进行验证。结果表明: 随机选取的320株草莓种苗16项指标存在显著差异,综合评价指数为0.165～0.817,可作为壮苗指数模型构建和种苗质量评价的依据。主成分分析将16项指标划分为地上部相关指标、地下部相关指标和色素指标3个主成分,累计贡献率达到79.7%;从每个主成分中选择贡献值最大的3个指标随机组成27种壮苗指数模型,通过相关性分析筛选出与综合评价指数相关性最大的5个壮苗指数模型,其中“地上干重×根系表面积×叶绿素a”的相关性最高,用‘红颜’、‘香野’和‘甜查理’种苗验证相关系数均最大,分别为0.879、0.924和0.975,确定可作为草莓壮苗指数计算模型。以综合评价指数为种苗质量分级依据,可将种苗健壮程度分为3个等级:等级Ⅰ(综合评价指数≥0.5,壮苗指数≥4.0)为优质苗,等级Ⅱ(综合评价指数0.3～0.5,壮苗指数0.5～4.0)为合格苗,等级Ⅲ(综合评价指数≤0.3,壮苗指数≤0.5)为弱苗。研究结果可为草莓或其他种苗壮苗指数计算和种苗健壮程度评价提供理论依据与科学方法。     

轻型屋顶绿化中景天属植物栽培基质配比研究

以国产泥炭、椰糠、珍珠岩、陶粒等为原料,进行不同配比的轻型屋顶绿化栽培基质配方研究,依据其理化性质,筛选出2种较适配方。以金叶佛甲草Sedum lineare ‘Aurea’等5种景天属植物为试材,对2种配比基质中扦插植株的生长效果进行比较,以筛选适于景天属植物屋顶绿化栽培基质。结果表明,除松塔景天S. nicaeense在2种栽培基质上生长差异不显著外,其余4种景天属植物均在配比为国产泥炭∶椰糠∶珍珠岩= 2∶3∶1的基质(F3)中生长旺盛,覆盖迅速,地上及地下部分生物量积累较大。因此,初步确定基质F3为适宜景天属植物生长的轻型屋顶绿化基质。     

17份蔷薇属植物的亲缘关系的形态学和ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记结合形态学指标对17份蔷薇属植物进行亲缘关系研究,采用NTSYS2.1进行聚类分析。结果表明：13个引物共扩增出479 条带,其中有221条多态带,多态性比例为46.1%;根据形态学聚类分析,在相似系数为0.12时17份蔷薇属植物可分为三类,第一类包括‘宝岛玫瑰’ 、‘索菲之常花种’、‘凯拉伯爵夫人’ 、‘索菲的玫瑰’、 ‘藤神奇’、 ‘大富贵’、‘美人鱼’、‘金瓯泛绿’、‘金粉莲’和‘一季粉’;第二类包括‘绿萼’、 ‘湖中月’、 ‘羽士妆’、 ‘杨基歌’、‘四面镜’和‘匍匐红’; ‘法国变色蔷薇’为第三类。根据ISSR聚类分析,在相似系数为0.66时可分为四类,第一类为‘宝岛玫瑰’;第二类为‘绿萼’、‘匍匐红’、‘凯拉伯爵夫人’、 ‘美人鱼’、‘四面镜’、‘湖中月’和‘羽士妆’;第三类为‘索菲的玫瑰’和 ‘杨基歌’;第四类为‘法国变色蔷薇’、‘金瓯泛绿’、 ‘藤神奇’、‘索菲之常花种’、‘一季粉’、 ‘大富贵’和‘金粉莲’。形态学聚类与ISSR聚类结果基本一致。     

蜡梅‘美人醉’花色变化过程中生理生化特性研究

该研究以成年乔种蜡梅‘美人醉’[Chimonanthus praecox(L.)Link‘Meirenzui’]5个时期(蕾期、萌动期、初花期、盛花期和末花期)的花瓣内被片为材料,考察开花过程中花瓣色度值、花色素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、可溶性糖含量及其超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性的变化,并探讨各指标之间的相关性,以揭示蜡梅花色变化过程中生理生化指标的变化特征。结果显示:(1)‘美人醉’花瓣的色度值从蕾期到末花期,花瓣红度a^(*)值急剧减小,亮度L^(*)值、黄度b^(*)值和彩度C^(*)值、色相角h°值逐渐增大。(2)在‘美人醉’开花过程中,花瓣类黄酮、花色苷、叶绿素含量逐渐减少,类胡萝卜素含量先增加后减少。(3)‘美人醉’花瓣可溶性蛋白含量在萌动期和盛花期显著下降,而可溶性糖含量在初花期降到最低值。(4)‘美人醉’花瓣PAL活性随着开花进程呈先下降后上升的趋势,而SOD活性先显著上升,后保持平稳。(5)‘美人醉’花瓣色度值与其类黄酮、叶绿素、花色苷、可溶性蛋白含量以及PAL活性均具有显著相关关系。研究表明,蜡梅‘美人醉’花色变化是花色苷、类黄酮、叶绿素共同作用的结果,但花色苷含量的变化起着最直接的作用;花瓣可溶性蛋白、SOD、PAL通过一定的生理代谢途径对花色变化起着间接的影响。     

低温胁迫对不同百合主要生理指标的影响

本文以12个市场流行的商业品种与2个野生种百合作为实验材料,研究其幼苗在低温胁迫下的生理机制。通过方差分析与隶属函数分析对低温胁迫后的幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、脯氨酸(Pro)、相对电导率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)的变化规律进行研究,并对14个品种(种)及百合各系列抗寒能力进行综合评价。分析结果表明,植物的抗寒机制是一个复杂的生理生化过程,其抗寒能力的强弱是由多种复杂的因素控制的结果,而非单纯的单一因素所决定。14个百合品种(种)的抗寒能力大小依次为:‘佳娜’>‘洛宾娜’>‘西伯利亚’>‘黄丝带’>‘蒙特马什’>兰州百合>岷江百合>‘白狐狸’>‘雪皇后’>‘王室落日’>‘王室之歌’>‘发光’>‘里昂’>‘布鲁勒’。百合品种(种)间抗寒性差异较大,而系列内差异较小。     

A molecular phylogenetic study of Graptopetalum (Crassulaceae) based on ETS, ITS, RPL16, and TRNL-F nucleotide sequences

Nuclear ETS and ITS, as well as plastid rpl16 and trnL-F DNA sequences were used to determine relationships among species of Graptopetalum (Crassulaceae) and closely related genera. Graptopetalum is member of a group of taxa restricted to North America, one of the centers of diversity of Crassulaceae; however, their phylogenetic relationships are not yet understood. Nineteen species of Graptopetalum and 24 species from nine other genera of Crassulaceae were sampled for use in three separate parsimony analyses: ITS alone, ETS alone, and a combined nuclear + plastid DNA analysis using all four gene regions. The ETS data set had the highest number of parsimony-informative sites, about 30% more than in ITS, but the most fully resolved tree resulted when the four DNA regions were combined. Only four subclades of the tree received moderate to strong bootstrap support, one of which includes all species of Graptopetalum having a single whorl of stamens. However, Graptopetalum is not monophyletic. Instead, Tacitus bellus and select species of Cremnophila, Sedum, and Echeveria are interspersed among species of Graptopetalum and show evidence of grouping according to geographical range of distribution more so than habit or floral morphology.     

Plate 450. Echeveria Compressicaulis Crassulaceae

Based on material collected in the Venezuelan state of Mérida, Echeveria compressicaulis ( Crassulaceae ) is described as a new species. Its stem sculpturing is similar to that of the Mexican E. multicaulis and E. nodulosa , but its exact position in the genus remains enigmatic. Its cultivation and propagation is discussed.     

The Role of Direct Cellular Contact in the Formation of Compatible Autografts inSedum telephoides

In order to determine the importance of direct cellular contactfor the formation of a compatible graft, I have monitored thedevelopment of compatible autografts in Sedum telephoides inwhich porous membrane filters were inserted between the graftingsurfaces. The tensile strengths of these grafts levelled offat approximately 10 g breaking weight per square millimetregraft area baween 2 and 5 d after grafting. Callus proliferationoccurd at both grafting surface by 5 d after grafting. By 21d after grafting, vascular redifferentiation across the graftinterface was complete. These results indicate that direct cellularcontact is not necessary for the (I) cohesion of the stock andscion, (2) callus proliferation or (3) vascular redifferentiationthat occur during the formation of a compatible graft. Sedum telephoides, Crassulaceae, grafting, vascular redifferentiation, compatibility     

Chromosomes of villadia and altamiranoa (crassulaceae)

Villadia, ranging from Texas to Peru with some 25 species, has a rather distinctive thyrsoid to spicate inflorescence, and we keep it as a genus separate from Sedum. Twenty species show every gametic chromosome number from 9 to 17 and also 20-22 and higher. Chromosome pairing in hybrids shows that the species differ by many translocations and that species with 21 or lower are effectively diploid. More specialized species tend to have fewer and larger chromosomes, suggesting that through time translocations have rearranged the ancestral genome into fewer units. We suspect that relocated genes may be programmed differently, affecting phenotype. Thus Villadia is like Echeveria in having a remarkably long descending series of evidently diploid chromosome numbers. Altamiranoa, often included in Villadia, with about 15 species from Mexico south, more closely resembles Sedum in its broadly cymose inflorescence. It appears polyphyletic, with no clear boundary from Sedum, and we disperse its species in Sedum. The ten species studied have gametic numbers from 20 to 29 that probably are effectively diploid, with a few higher and probably polyploid. Again, chromosome pairing in hybrids shows that the species differ by many translocations. Putative relatives in Sedum section Leptosedum have n = 26 to 31. Thus cytologically as well as morphologically Altamiranoa has remained more similar than Villadia to its Sedum relatives.     

Comparative studies on immunological and molecular properties of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in species of Sedum and Kalanchoë performing crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

Abstract. PEP-carboxylase was extracted and partially purified from nine species of the genus Sedum and three species of the genus Kalanchoe, all performing CAM. Immunological and molecular properties of these enzymes were compared. Molecular weight estimation with gradient slab gels showed identical molecular weights of about 232,000 for all PEP-carboxylases. Ouchlerlony double-diffusion analysis, immunotitralion and SDS polyacrylamide clectrophoresis indicated the presence of PEP-c dimers consisting of monomers of MW 105,000 and 115,000. A model of PEP-c substructure is proposed. The results are discussed in the context of CAM performance in the genus Sedum     

Insecticidal compounds from Kalanchoe daigremontiana x tubiflora

Methyl daigremonate, an insecticidal bufadienolide, was isolated from the leaves of Kalanchoe daigremontianaxtubiflora (Crassulaceae) along with four known bufadienolides. Its structure was established by spectroscopic analysis, and insecticidal activities were assessed against the third instar larvae of silkworm (Bombyx mori). The results suggest that the orthoester and alpha-pyrone moieties played an important role in the activity.     

POLYPLOIDY,DYSPLOIDY, AND CHROMOSOME PAIRING IN ECHEVERIA (CRASSULACEAE) AND ITS HYBRIDS

The 140+ species of Echeveria have more than 50 gametic chromosome numbers, including every number from 12 through 34 and polyploids to n = ca. 260. With related genera, they comprise an immense comparium of 200+ species that have been interconnected in cultivation by hybrids. Some species with as many as 34 gametic chromosomes include none that can pair with each other, indicating that they are effectively diploid, but other species with fewer chromosomes test as tetraploids. Most diploid hybrids form multivalents, indicating that many translocations have rearranged segments of the chromosomes. Small, nonessential chromosomal remnants can be lost, lowering the number and suggesting that higher diploid numbers (n = 30–34) in the long dysploid series are older. These same numbers are basic to most other genera in the comparium (Pachyphytum, Graptopetalum, Sedum section Pachysedum), and many diploid intergeneric hybrids show very substantial chromosome pairing. Most polyploid hybrids here are fertile, even where the parents belong to different genera and have very different chromosome numbers. This seems possible only if corresponding chromosomes from a polyploid parent pair with each other preferentially, strong evidence for autopolyploidy. High diploid numbers here may represent old polyploids that have become diploidized by loss, mutation, or suppression of duplicate genes, but other evidence for this is lacking. Most species occur as small populations in unstable habitats in an area with a history of many rapid climatic and geological changes, presenting a model for rapid evolution.     

贵州4个蓝莓品种的海拔适应性研究

为了探讨蓝莓对贵州山林环境的适应特性,选择贵州低海拔(800 m)、中海拔(1100 m)和高海拔(2000 m) 3个区域栽培的兔眼蓝莓Vaccinium ashei‘灿烂’、‘圆蓝’和高丛蓝莓V. corymbosum‘蓝雨’、‘莱克西’等4 个品种,测定分析其叶片和果实的相关生理指标。结果表明,4 个品种的丙二醛(MDA)含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均随海拔升高呈显著下降趋势,叶片相对电导率、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总叶绿素含量则随海拔上升呈显著增加趋势;而在相同海拔区域中,‘灿烂’的叶片相对电导率和MDA 含量是4 个品种中最低的;其SOD 活性则在各海拔区域中是最高。在蓝莓果实品质方面,高海拔地区的VC 含量以‘莱克西’为最高,‘灿烂’最低,低海拔和中海拔地区则以‘圆蓝’为最高,‘蓝雨’最低;花青素含量依次为‘圆蓝’＞‘灿烂’＞‘莱克西’＞‘蓝雨’,蓝莓果实单重表现为‘莱克西’＞‘灿烂’＞‘圆蓝’＞‘蓝雨’,均具有一定的规律性;‘圆蓝’的糖酸比在低、中海拔区均为最高,在高海拔区则以‘灿烂’为最高。以上说明4 个蓝莓品种在贵州不同海拔地区中抗性指标和叶绿素的变化表现出一定的抗逆境能力,是对环境的适应性表现;其中,‘灿烂’的适应性最好,果粒较大,在高海拔区糖酸比最高;‘圆蓝’的适应性弱于‘灿烂’和‘莱克西’,果粒较小,糖酸比在中低海拔区域最高,适口性最好,VC 和花青素含量最高。     

瓦松(Orostachys fimbriatus)的形态解剖学研究

利用光学显微镜及扫描电子显微镜,全面观察了一种传统的东方药草——瓦松的茎内部结构、气孔器类型、大小、气孔指数、角质膜纹饰等叶表皮特征及花粉形态和外壁超微结构,并将瓦松的上述结构与景天属植物进行了比较。研究结果表明：瓦松的茎与景天属植物的茎构造基本一致,均由表皮(一层)、皮层(数层)及维管柱三部分组成,但两者在皮层薄壁细胞腔的大小、异细胞含量及维管柱中木质部有无间隔等方面差异明显。叶表皮方面,两者在气孔器类型及分布等方面是一致的,区别在于表皮细胞形状及垂周壁式样、气孔凹陷的程度,以及瓦松的角质层纹饰为十分致密的细小块(片)状,而景天属植物为较典型的条网纹饰等。孢粉学方面,瓦松与景天属植物各项特征亦基本一致,如均为近球形—长球形花粉,角萌发孔,三孔沟明显,外壁2层互内、外层几乎等厚,不同之处在于花粉粒的大小及外壁厚度上。建议将一些差异显著的特征,如角质层纹饰等,作为景天科属、种划分的重要依据。综合瓦松的形态解剖学研究结果,我们认为在系统发育方面,瓦松比景天属植物进化。