中国水杉引种研究

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostrobodies Hu & Cheng)是国家一级保护植物。水杉的发现是中国近代植物学界最值得自豪的一件大事,为中国植物学走向世界开辟了道路,被公认为是我国乃至世界二十世纪植物界的重大发现,它不仅对于中国有重要价值,也具有世界意义。水杉引种过程可以说是新中国植物引种过程的一个缩影,在发现50年后成功引种至26个省、市、区和特别行政区以及世界50多个国家和地区,成为我国重要的用材林树种、沿海防护林树种、农田防护林树种、城市绿化树种以及世界上著名的风景景观树种。水杉既为新中国林业的发展提供了重要实证,又是科学技术在林业及社会发展中的重要体现,同时水杉的发展也是我国林学界最值得骄傲的一件大事,是我国科技工作者集体智慧的结晶。该文仅对我国水杉引种学进行系统的论述,对水杉的引种阶段进行了划分,简述26个省、市、区和特别行政区的引种现状,分析了水杉在中国引种区的适生状况和原因。有关在国外的引种及迁地保护情况将另文发表。     

中国红花种质资源的种类与分布

红花(Carthamus tinctorius L.)在我国栽培历史悠久,具有重要的油用、药用、食用价值。我国的红花栽培历史和药用记载可以追溯到2 000多年前。本文详细阐述了红花在中国的引种历史、种植概况及其地理分布。目前,我国红花的商业化种植主要集中在新疆维吾尔自治区、云南省和甘肃省。河南省、四川省、浙江省等地区曾有较大规模的红花种植,并分别培育出延津红花、简阳红花、淮红花等优良品种,现在这些地区的红花种植都是零星分布。本文对红花种质资源管理、引种选育中存在的问题进行了讨论,旨在为我国红花种质资源的进一步收集、保存和选育提供参考。     

Genetic diversity of Alternanthera philoxeroides in China

Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Grisb was introduced into China in the 1930s, and today occurs in most regions of southern China. Techniques using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers were applied to analyze genetic diversity of this invasive, weedy species. The fragments amplified by both 28 RAPD primers and 23 ISSR primers showed no polymorphic bands within and among the seven populations sampled. These results might be a consequence of the short introduction history in China and the clonal propagation of this aquatic plant. Although A. philoxeroides is widely distributed in China, the molecular data indicated its genetic diversity is extremely low, which implies that the low genetic diversity did not affect the success of its expansion in China. The rapid range expansion of A. philoxeroides is most likely the result of a massive clonal propagation since its introduction.     

莫古礼(Floyd Alonzo McClure)在华采集和引种竹类植物的历史及其影响

竹类植物是美国采集者在我国采集和引种的一类主要植物。在众多的竹类植物采集者中, 莫古礼(Floyd Alonzo McClure)是最具代表性的一位, 他于1919-1940年在岭南大学开展竹类植物研究, 在此期间多次采集竹类植物标本并引种竹类植物到美国。本研究通过大量文献研究、档案查阅以及实地调研, 整理了莫古礼采集竹类植物的路线和采集地, 并对竹类植物学名进行校对, 分析了莫古礼在华研究、采集和引种竹类植物的历史及其影响。经统计, 莫古礼在华期间竹类植物标本采集地涉及12个省级行政区39个地级市, 主要集中在广东、海南、香港等地; 引种地涉及9个省级行政区的25个地级市; 共采集竹类植物标本727号1,840份, 隶属20属93种(含种下单位, 下同), 分别占我国竹类植物属和种的58.8%和17.4%; 共引种竹类植物255份, 隶属于17属77种, 分别占我国竹类植物属和种的50.0%和14.4%。莫古礼在华采集和引种竹类植物极大地发展了竹类植物分类学, 所采集的竹类植物标本为后人竹类植物研究提供了极大的帮助, 所引种的竹类植物极大丰富了美国竹类植物种类, 也促进了竹类植物在美国的应用。     

红火蚁的危害及其防治

一种非常危险的入侵性害虫——红火蚁近年在我国台湾和香港登陆,对中国大陆和亚洲其他地区构成严重威胁。本文介绍了红火蚁的危害以及对红火蚁的防治方法。     

Sequential loss of genetic variation in flea beetle Agasicles hygrophila (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) following introduction into China

The flea beetle (Agasicles hygrophila) was imported to Florida, USA and then introduced from Florida into China in 1987 as a biological control agent for the invasive plant alligator weed (Alternanthera philoxeroides). The initial beetle population was subsequently used for sequential introductions in other areas of China, but little is known about the genetic consequences of the introductions. In this study, the genetic diversity and population structure of five beetle populations, the source Florida population, three intentionally introduced China populations and one accidentally dispersed China population, were examined using amplified fragment length polymorphisms. The results showed a clear pattern of decreasing genetic diversity with the sequential introductions. The diversity was highest in the Florida population followed by the first introduction to Chongqing and then in Kunming and Fuzhou. The lowest diversity was found in the accidentally dispersed Guangzhou population that was first recorded in 1996. Both loci parameters and Nei's genetic diversity showed a high variation among these populations. Genetic differentiation among populations was further verified by the G_ST statistic (0.136–0.432). Beetles in Kunming had the highest gene flow with those in Guangzhou, and therefore lowest differentiation and closest genetic distance. These data show that sequential introduction influenced the genetic diversity of populations in China. Genetic diversity should be considered in planning introduction and long‐term maintenance of populations.     

Assessing the occurrence and status of wheat in late Neolithic central China: the importance of direct AMS radiocarbon dates from Xiazhai

Vegetation History and Archaeobotany - The introduction of wheat into central China is thought to have been one of the significant contributions of interactions between China and Central Asia which...     

中国孢粉学发展的契机与抉择(兼论文集后记)

回顾中国孢粉学的发展历程,认为孢粉学在中国的兴起和发展是与国家的经济建设,以及改革开放政策和知识创新工程的先后实施所带来的契机紧密相联系.呼吁中国孢粉工作者能正面抉择,不断创新,共同促成学科的理论发展和学科间的联合.简要介绍论文集内容,除本文外,含回顾性文章2篇、地层孢粉论文8篇、表土花粉的陆地植被覆盖度模拟和孢粉通量论文各1篇、现代花粉形态论文3篇.     

中国燕麦种质资源国外引种与利用

综述了中国从国外引进燕麦种质资源及其利用情况。经过长期努力,中国从28个国家引进29个物种的燕麦种质资源共计2099份,大大增加了中国燕麦种质资源的数量,丰富了中国保存燕麦种质资源的物种和遗传多样性。与此同时,利用国外燕麦种质资源改良和培育出了一批优良品种,极大地提高了中国燕麦生产水平。利用引进的燕麦野生资源,开展了燕麦种质创新、起源进化和遗传学研究,取得了显著进展。建议继续加强国外燕麦种质资源的引进,对野生燕麦进行深入鉴定评价和利用,同时加强燕麦种质资源国际合作研究。     

严防危险性害虫红火蚁入侵

原产南美洲的红火蚁SolenopsisinvictaBuren,先后入侵美国和澳洲,最近又入侵中国台湾,对人类健康和环境安全构成重大威胁。该文介绍了红火蚁的形态特征、与近源种的形态区别、生物学特性、入侵特性、危害以及预防、控制等方面的知识,最后提出我国大陆需要高度警惕,严防红火蚁入侵。     

Spatial Genetic Heterogeneity in Populations of a Newly Invasive Whitefly in China Revealed by a Nation-Wide Field Survey

Background

Even though introductions of exotic species provide ready-made experiments of rapid evolution, few studies have examined the genetic structure of an exotic species shortly after its initial introduction and subsequent spread. To determine the genetic structure of its populations during the initial introduction, we investigated the invasive sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Q, commonly known as B. tabaci biotype Q) in China, which was introduced in approximately 2003. A total of 619 B. tabaci Q individuals in 20 provinces throughout China were collected and analyzed using five microsatellite loci.

Results

The introduced populations of B. tabaci Q in China represent eight genetic clusters with different geographic distributions. The populations in Yunnan Province, where B. tabaci Q was first detected, are genetically different from the other populations in China.

Conclusion

The introduced populations of B. tabaci Q in China have high spatial genetic heterogeneity. Additional research is required to determine whether the heterogeneity results from multiple introductions, rapid evolution following one or few introductions, or some combination of multiple introductions and rapid evolution. The heterogeneity, however, is inconsistent with a single introduction at Yunnan Province, where B. tabaci Q was first detected, followed by spread.     

The effect estimation and channel testing of the technological progress on China’s regional environmental performance

To study the effects of and approaches to technological progress on China’s regional environmental performance, this study first estimates China’s regional environmental performance and its variation indexes by applying a slack-based model (SBM) and an entropy-based model (EBM). The results indicate that the environmental performance in different regions of China has improved, but the rate of improvement differs greatly. This may be attributed to heterogeneous characteristics and changes in the green technology innovation level in different regions. Considering the overflow effect of environmental pollution among different regions, we study the impact of various technological progress patterns on China’s regional environmental performance using spatial econometrics, and we find that there are significant spatial effects of technology innovation, technology transfer, and imitative innovation on China’s regional environmental performance. Also, different technological progress patterns have different effects. Specifically, independent innovation has failed to effectively improve regional environmental performance, whereas the introduction of technology and imitative innovation have significantly improved this performance. Moreover, after the cross-items of independent innovation and human capital are introduced, the effects of technology introduction and imitative innovation on China’s regional environmental performance through the absorptive capacity of human capital remain significant, whereas the effect of independent innovation on regional environmental performance via the absorptive capacity of human capital becomes more obvious. Based on this and from the perspective of environmental enhancement, we believe that China should strengthen human capital accumulation and give consideration to imitative innovation and technology introduction while emphasizing independent innovation.     

819. ILLICIUM SIMONSII

Illicium simonsii Maxim. a shrub or small tree, from western China, Burma and northeast India is illustrated; the circumstances of its introduction and its cultivation are described. It is related to the star anise, Illicium verum Hook. f., an important spice, which originated in southeastern China.     

Genetic diversity and colony breeding structure in native and introduced ranges of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus is recognized as one of the most important invasive pest species. Originating from China, C. formosanus has spread to many tropical and subtropical regions around the globe in the last 400 years, including Japan, Hawaii and the continental USA. Although the current distribution is well documented, information about the patterns of invasion and effects of introduction on the population genetics of this species is largely lacking. We analyzed the genetic structure of populations from two native populations (Guangdong and Hunan provinces, China) and two introduced populations (Maui and Kauai, Hawaii) using microsatellite genotyping. We also reanalyzed published data of additional populations from China, Japan, Hawaii, and the continental USA. The population from Hunan, the earliest introduction outside of China (Japan) and the first introduction to the continental USA (South Carolina) showed little genetic similarity with any of the native or introduced populations investigated. However, populations from Oahu (HI), New Orleans (LA) and Rutherford County (NC) showed close similarity. In general, genetic patterns suggest multiple introductions to the USA, with, for example, two separate introductions to the island of Maui. Bottleneck effects were detected in almost all recent introductions (after 1940). All populations in the introduced range showed lower genetic diversity than those in the native range. However, this low genetic diversity did not result in the formation of polygynous supercolonies as has been described for other invasive termite and ant species.     

红树林湿地恢复技术的研究进展

本文从红树林育苗造林技术、次生林改造技术和红树植物引种试种与种源选择的研究等方面试述红树林湿地恢复技术的研究进展,并针对我国的目前现状,提出今后亟待加强研究的如下几个方面:加强红树植物引种扩种,恢复植被,提高红树林生态工程质量的原理研究;监测外来引进种对我国红树林湿地的生态影响;研究半红树植物在沿海防护林体系工程建设中的作用;加强红树植物对潮汐水位适应能力的研究;开展红树人工林生态恢复过程中的综合定位观测等。     

北美刺龙葵在中国的适生区预测

【背景】北美刺龙葵是一种全球广泛分布的恶性杂草,已被列入我国进境检疫性有害生物名单。近年来北美刺龙葵不断随进口货物传入我国,明确其传入途径和适生区对控制其入侵具有重要意义。【方法】采用GIS、空间统计学、Maxent生态位模型等方法分析了北美刺龙葵的传入途径与潜在分布区,并通过ROC分析法对模型进行检验。【结果】跨区域农产品贸易是北美刺龙葵全球扩散的驱动力与传入我国的主要途径。生态模型预测结果表明,北美刺龙葵在我国具有广阔的适生区,除黑龙江、吉林、内蒙古、青海、甘肃、西藏、四川西北部以外的区域都是其在我国的适生区,其中高风险区主要集中在东部和南部沿海、西南边境和新疆的部分地区。AUC值为0.789,表明本研究建立的Maxent模型的预测能力较强,能够很好地拟合物种已知分布的环境生态位。【结论与意义】北美刺龙葵在我国的传入风险极高。基于北美刺龙葵在我国的主要传入途径与潜在扩散媒介的时空分布,划定了重点监测的区域,建议对适生区内极易传入的高风险区如港口、机场、物流中转站、加工厂等开展早期监测预警,以预防其再次入侵与进一步扩散蔓延。     

中国孢粉学的研究进展与展望

中国古生物学会孢粉学分会今年迎来了学会成立30周年纪念.本文就中国孢粉学的发展历程作了简要的回顾,重点列举中国孢粉学在地层孢粉学、第四纪孢粉学、孢粉形态学和应用孢粉学等方面所取得的成就和研究进展,并对中国孢粉学的今后发展提出展望,呼吁中国孢粉工作者不断开拓,利用当前孢粉学良好的发展机遇,开创新的辉煌.     

水杉引种及迁地保护进展

对1947年以来发表的有关活化石——水杉(MetasequoiaglyptostrobodiesHu&Cheng)在世界范围内的引种及迁地保护文献进行了系统评述。从1947年开始,水杉已在我国以及亚洲、欧洲、大洋洲、非洲、北美洲、南美洲六大洲的53个国家引种和得到迁地保护,已成为其中一些国家重要的植物研究材料和著名的风景观赏树种和造林绿化树种,并且成为一种国际关系的纽带。国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)已在1999年选出水杉等9个针叶树作为世界范围内保护的植物,同时由于水杉对酸沉降污染的敏感性和在世界范围内的广泛适应性,因此可作为世界范围内酸沉降污染共同的生物监测指示种和重要研究材料。引种为水杉的保护提供了有效的途径,但引种的质量已成为一个今后值得研究和解决的重要问题。     

水稻国外引种的探讨和建议

自1949年以来,中国共引进国外普通栽培稻品种(系)23890份和野生稻种质资源2201份,这些资源中许多已被直接或间接用于生产或育种.其中,年种植面积超过6.67万公顷的品种23个,年种植面积0.667～6.67万公顷的品种75个;直接利用于杂交水稻的国外恢复系或利用国外强恢复源培育的恢复系,已占我国恢复系总数的95.7%;众多国外品种成为我国高产、优质和多抗育种的骨干亲本.因此,加强国外水稻资源的引入、评价和利用,对于丰富我国稻种资源宝库和增加遗传多样性意义重大,也是应对各国激烈争夺生物资源的战略决策.本文根据水稻国外引种出现的新情况,重点阐述了我国的引种规律、引种地区和强化引种的建议.     

人为引入和气候变化对灰喜鹊未来分布的影响

气候变化和人为引种正在改变世界物种的分布格局,对生态系统中的关键物种构建分布模型,有助于理解全球气候变化背景下物种的分布变化规律,并预测其对生态系统的潜在影响。灰喜鹊(Cyanopica cyanus)是重要的食虫鸟类,对控制虫害、维持森林生态系统的稳定性具有重要意义,由于人为引种等原因,目前灰喜鹊已在其自然分布地外建立了多处可自我维持的种群。基于气候生态位理论,使用最大熵模型构建了自然分布地模型、引入地模型及综合分布模型等3种模型,模拟灰喜鹊在当前时期、2050s时期及2070s时期的潜在适生区,并以此分析灰喜鹊的分布格局与变化趋势。结果表明：(1)当前时期,自然分布地种群的适生区主要分布于华北、华中和华东地区,而引入地种群的适生区则主要分布于华南和西南地区;(2)在未来气候变化的背景下,各模型结果均表明灰喜鹊有显著的扩张趋势,自然分布地种群主要表现为向高纬度、高海拔地区扩散,截至2070s时期,适生区的质心向北偏东25°方向移动了229.16 km,而引入地种群扩张趋势较缓,截至2070s时期,质心仅向北偏东46°方向移动了67.69 km;(3)从适宜值方面来看,自然分布地模型中...