Fomitiporia in sub-Saharan Africa: morphology and multigene phylogenetic analysis support three new species from the Guineo-Congolian rainforest

Fomitiporia nobilissima sp. nov., F. gabonensis sp. nov. and F. ivindoensis sp. nov., three species from the rainforest of the Guineo-Congolian phytogeographic region in Gabon, are described and illustrated. These species share a pileate basidiome, small basidiospores and an absence of setae. The critical morphological features that differentiate them are the pileus habit or shape, pore surface color, pore diameter and possibly ecology. Each new species forms distinct but closely related clades in phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal LSU, ITS and translation elongation factor 1-α. Other species in sub-Saharan Africa are discussed briefly. A key to six species of Fomitiporia from sub-Saharan Africa is provided. The new combination Fomitiporia apiahyna is proposed.     

Phellinus castanopsidis sp. nov. (Hymenochaetaceae) from southern China, with preliminary phylogeny based on rDNA sequences

Phellinus castanopsidis sp. nov. is described and illustrated from southern China. This species is characterized by resupinate, annual basidiomata, a dimitic hyphal system, hooked hymenial setae, and ovoid to broadly ellipsoid basidiospores that are colorless, thick-walled, weakly dextrinoid, and moderately cyanophilous. Most of these morphological features are shared by Fomitiporia ellipsoidea, P. gabonensis, and P. caribaeo-quercicolus, although in the two latter species, the basidiospores are not dextrinoid. In a phylogenetic perspective, parsimony inferences based on LSU and ITS DNA sequence data show that these four species are closely related, forming a monophyletic clade. Furthermore, this clade is more closely related to the Phellinus ignarius clade (Phellinus s.s.) than to the Fomitiporia clade. Hence, F. ellipsoidea is transferred to Phellinus, and a new combination P. ellipsoideus is proposed also.     

Fomitiporia pentaphylacis and F. tenuitubus spp. nov. (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from Guangxi, southern China

Two specimens of Hymenochaetaceae were collected from Guangxi, southern China, during a recent field trip in August 2011. They are described and illustrated here as two new species, Fomitiporia pentaphylacis and F. tenuitubus, based on a combination of morphological and phylogenetic (ITS and nLSU sequences) data. The two species share subglobose to globose, hyaline and thick-walled basidiospores with strongly cyanophilous in cotton blue and dextrinoid reaction in Melzer??s reagent. These characters are typical for Fomitiporia, differing from other genera in Hymenochaetaceae. F. pentaphylacis resembles F. pusilla in field by its minute basidiocarps, but F. pusilla has distinctly multiple tube layers and smaller basidiospores. F. tenuitubus is similar to F. erecta in both macro- and micro-morphological features, except its larger basidiocarps, smaller pores, and slightly shorter basidiospores. In the phylogenetic perspective, the two species nested within the Fomitiporia clade, but were separated from other sampled species as well as from each other.     

针层孔菌属和嗜蓝孢孔菌属2新记录种

仲氏针层孔菌和假斑点嗜蓝孢孔菌为中国孔状木生真菌2新记录种。本文根据采集的标本材料提供了该2个种的详细描述和线条图。     

Fomitiporia baccharidis comb. nov., a little known species from high elevation Andean forests and its affinities within the neotropical Fomitiporia lineages

In the frame of a revision of the Fomitiporia species with pileate basidiomata in the New World, several collections originating from Andean, high elevation forests of Argentina were found to represent a terminal clade in multilocus phylogenetic inferences (including nuclear ribosomal partial LSU and ITS-5.8S, partial tef1-α and RPB2 genes). These collections also represent a singular morphotype within Fomitiporia, characterized by mostly pileate basidiomata, with a soft corky consistency, roughly sulcate pilei, a “duplex” context with a thin black line, and dextrinoid basidiospores, averaging 5.9?×?5.3 μm. It also has a well-marked autecology, occurring on shrubby trees in high elevation forests along the Andean range. A search in the literature for a name pointed toward Phellinus baccharidis, despite the fact that this species was repeatedly described with non-dextrinoid basidiospores. Examination of the type of P. baccharidis confirmed the main morphological features as previously described, but for the reaction of basidiospores in Melzer’s reagent, which was found to be strongly positive (dextrinoid), and an overall similarity with our own specimens; hence, the new combination Fomitiporia baccharidis is proposed. The species is redescribed and illustrated. It is so far known from Argentina and Ecuador. Its phylogenetic relationships with the South American Fomitiporia are briefly discussed.     

Multi-locus phylogeny and morphology reveal five new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fomitiporia</Emphasis> (Hymenochaetaceae) from China

Five newly identified species of Fomitiporia (F. alpina, F. gaoligongensis, F. hainaniana, F. subrobusta and F. subtropica) and their morphological and molecular characterisation are described in this paper. Fomitiporia alpina sp. nov. is distinguished by its pileate basidiomata, parallel tramal hyphae and large basidiospores (6.5–8 × 6–8 μm), and by its gymnosperm wood-living habitat. Fomitiporia gaoligongensis sp. nov. is distinct from other species due to its semicircular pileus and subglobose to globose basidiospores (6.5–7.6 × 6–7.4 μm). Fomitiporia hainaniana sp. nov. is marked by its resupinate basidiomata, the presence of setae and small globose basidiospores (4–5 × 3.8–4.4 μm). Fomitiporia subrobusta sp. nov. is characterised by its triquetrous basidiomata, small pores (6–9 per mm) with entire and thick dissepiments, and subglobose to obovoid basidiospores (6.2–6.8 × 5.2–6 μm). Fomitiporia subtropica sp. nov. can be differentiated by its resupinate basidiomata, smaller pores (6–10 per mm) and smaller basidiospores (5.2–6 × 4.4–5 μm). Phylogenetic analysis, based on multi-gene comparison of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), nuclear large subunit ribosomal RNA gene regions (nLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1α) and the second subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), confirmed affinity with the Fomitiporia species and showed association with similar fungi in the genus.     

Fomitiporia cupressicola sp. nov., a parasite on Cupressus arizonica, and additional unnamed clades in the southern USA and northern Mexico, determined by multilocus phylogenetic analyses

Fomitiporia cupressicola sp. nov., found in living Cupressus arizonica, is described on the basis of several collections originating from a high altitude forest in the northern Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico. The species forms a monophyletic clade, basal to a larger lineage comprising species originating mainly from temperate to Mediterranean areas of the northern hemisphere. The phylogenetic approach in Fomitiporia also revealed multiple unnamed clades within the F. robusta complex in the southern USA and northern Mexico, representing potential species. The status of the F. robusta complex in North America is discussed briefly.     

A new species of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Gymnopilus</Emphasis> Sect. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microspori</Emphasis> from Japan

Gymnopilus ombrophilus sp. nov., growing on rotten wood of conifers and hardwoods from Niigata, Japan is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its medium-sized, brownish-orange basidiocarps with a finely squamulose pileus, stipe lacking an annulus, and mild taste, and microscopically by dextrinoid, small, broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. The new species belongs to the section Microspori. The differences between the taxon and similar species are briefly discussed.     

A novel Fomitiporia species associated with esca on grapevine in South Africa

Esca disease of grapevine is a complex trunk disease consisting of several symptoms, one of which, white rot, has been found to be caused by various basidiomycetes within the order Hymenochaetales. During recent surveys of esca-related pathogens in South African vineyards, several unidentified basidiomycetes were isolated from white rot occurring in diseased vines. A new Fomitiporia species, F. capensis, is described based on fruit body morphology and combined internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large-subunit (LSU) phylogeny, where it forms a clearly delineated and well-supported clade. Morphologically, F. capensis is similar to F. punctata in that both species essentially lack setae. Fomitiporia capensis, F. punctata and F. aethiopica produce similarly sized basidiospores but differ in terms of host range, pore size and, possibly, fruit body shape. Phylogenetically, F. capensis appears to be related to F. tenuis, though morphologically, the species differ significantly in that F. tenuis has smaller pores and smaller basidiospores. Fomitiporia capensis was found to occur widely as vegetative mycelium throughout the Western Cape Province, though fruit bodies were scarce in comparison. A vineyard with fruit bodies was also found in Limpopo in the north east of the country. Fruit bodies were found growing on the underside of the cordon of living vines displaying external symptoms typically associated with esca, or general decline and dieback symptoms together with internal white rot.     

Macrolepiota subcitrophylla sp. nov., a new species with yellowish lamellae from southwest China

Macrolepiota subcitrophylla sp. nov. is described from Yunnan and Hunan Provinces, China. Morphologically, it is characterized by its yellowish lamellae, relatively small, ovoid to subamygdaliform-ellipsoid, dextrinoid basidiospores with distinct germ pore, narrowly clavate, clavate to subfusiform cheilocystidia, and a pileus covering composed of a trichoderm of subcylindrical hyphae. Sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region show that M. subcitrophylla is distinct from all other Macrolepiota species tested, suggesting it is a taxon close to M. clelandii, a species originally described from Australia.     

A new species of Fomitiporia (Hymenochaetaceae, Basidiomycota) from China based on morphological and molecular characters

Fomitiporia punicata sp. nov., collected from Shaanxi Province, northern China, and so far exclusively on Punica granatum (Punicaceae), is described and illustrated, and its preliminary phylogenetic relationships are inferred based on sequence data from the ribosomal ITS-5.8S regions. Fomitiporia punicata belongs to the F. robusta–F. punctata complex, but is characterized by an effused–reflexed to pileate basidioma with triquetrous to ungulate pilei, pale yellowish brown to cinnamon brown pore surface, moderately thick-walled skeletal hyphae in the context, which are partly collapsed on drying, lack of setae, presence of fusoid to subulate cystidioles, and growth on Punica. It also forms a distinct clade within Fomitiporia, and is related to some species from the temperate or Mediterranean zone of the northern hemisphere. An identification key to the species of Fomitiporia recorded in China is provided. Fomitiporia tibetica is transferred to Pseudoinonotus.     

Yuchengia,a new polypore genus segregated from Perenniporia (Polyporales) based on morphological and molecular evidence

Yuchengia gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate Perenniporia narymica. It represents a monophyletic lineage within the core polyporoid clade based on sequences of the rDNA ITS and nLSU regions, and it is distinct from Perenniporia s.s. Yuchengia shares some characters with Perenniporia, both having thick‐walled and cyanophilous basidiospores, but differs by having acyanophilous and amyloid skeletal hyphae dissolving in KOH, and non‐dextrinoid basidiospores.     

Three new Perenniporia (Polyporales,Basidiomycota) species from China based on morphological and molecular data

Three new Perenniporia species, P. lacerata, P. luteola and P. tianmuensis, are described based on morphological and molecular characters. Perenniporia lacerata is characterized by an annual habit, resupinate and papery basidiocarps with lacerate pores, a dimitic hyphal system with weakly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Perenniporia luteola is distinguished by a perennial habit, resupinate basidiocarps with buff-yellow pore surface, a dimitic hyphal system with dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, non-truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Perenniporia tianmuensis differs in its annual habit, pileate basidiocarps, a dimitic hyphal system with strongly dextrinoid skeletal hyphae, non-truncate and dextrinoid basidiospores. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS and LSU-rDNA regions revealed five clades for 29 species of Perenniporia used in this study. Both morphological and molecular evidence confirmed the placement of three new species in Perenniporia and showed its relationships with similar species in the genus.     

Multiple genes phylogeny and morphological characters reveal <Emphasis Type="Italic">Dextrinoporus aquaticus</Emphasis> gen. et sp. nov. (Polyporales,Basidiomycota) from southern China

Dextrinoporus aquaticus gen. et sp. nov. is proposed based on ITS, nLSU, RPB2, and mtSSU genes molecular phylogeny and morphological characteristics from southwestern China. The new species is characterized by an annual, pileate basidiocarp with a poroid hymenophore, a monomitic hyphal system, thick-walled generative hyphae with dextrinoid and cyanophilous reactions, presence of dendrohyphidia and ellipsoid, thin-walled, and acyanophilous basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses based on four gene sequences indicate that D. aquaticus belongs to Polyporaceae in which it has an isolated position, and the new taxon is related to the clade of Lopharia cinerascens and Dentocorticium sulphurellum.     

Two new Fomitopsis species from southern China based on morphological and molecular characters

Fomitopsis cana sp. nov. and F. subtropica sp. nov. are described from southern China based on morphological and molecular characters. Both species have annual, effused-reflexed basidiomata with several small imbricate pilei protruding from a large resupinate part. F. cana is characterized by its mouse-grey to dark grey basidiomata, pores 5–8 per mm, and small cylindrical to oblong-ellipsoid basidiospores (5–6.2?×?2.1–3 μm). F. subtropica is characterized by its white, cream, straw-yellow to more or less flesh-pink basidiomata which was easily separable from the substrate, smaller pores (6–9 per mm) and smaller basidiospores (3.2–4?×?1.8–2.1 μm), and presence of yellowish oil-like substances in trama. Phylogenetic analysis based on combined ITS and nLSU sequences suggest that the two new species belong in the Fomitopsis sensu stricto group within the Antrodia clade.     

A new wood-decaying basidiomycete species associated with esca of grapevine: Fomitiporia mediterranea (Hymenochaetales)

Fomitiporia mediterranea is described as a new wood-decaying basidiomycete species associated with esca of grapevine in European wine-growing countries. Characters of the fruit body are essentially identical with those of the closely related species, Fomitiporia punctata. Fomitiporia mediterranea is distinct by the sequences of the ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region and by larger mycelial growth rates at temperatures between 15 °C and 35 °C. While F. punctata is confirmed as a homothallic species, F. mediterranea is shown to be outcrossing, exhibiting a unifactorial mating behaviour with a multiple allelism of the mating type factor, A; single spore isolates of F. mediterranea are intersterile in pairing tests with F. punctata. In southern Europe, F. mediterranea not only occurs on Vitis vinifera, but also on a number of other hardwood genera; it seems restricted to Vitis vinifera elsewhere in Europe.     

A revision of Hebeloma sect. Indusiata in the Nordic countries

A revision of Hebeloma sect. Indusiata in the Nordic countries has been undertaken. The type species of the genus, Agaricus fastibilis , is interpreted as being a non-veiled species, and therefore sect. Indusiata is the correct name for the section comprising the veiled, non-rooting species of Hebeloma. Subsect. Amygdalina subsect. nov. is proposed for species in sect. Indusiata possessing amygdaloid, dextrinoid spores. The following new taxa and combinations are proposed: Hebeloma mesophaeum var. crassipes var. non., H. mesophaeum var. lacteum nom. et stat. nov., H. polare sp. nov., H. sordescens sp. nov., H. atrobrunneum sp. nov., H. monticola sp. nov. and Agrocybe elatella comb. nov.     

椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌子实体的化学成分

从椭圆嗜蓝孢孔菌Fomitiporia ellipsoidea子实体的石油醚提取物中分离得到6个化合物,分别是麦角甾-7,22,25-三烯-3-酮,21-羟基羊毛甾-7,9(11),24-三烯-3-酮,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3β-棕榈酸酯,麦角甾-7,22-二烯-3-酮,麦角甾醇和过氧化麦角甾醇;从其脱脂后的氯仿提取中分离得到了3个化合物,分别是：苯并(1,2-b;5,4-b′)二呋喃-3,5-二酮-8-甲酸甲酯,麦角甾-7,22-烯-3b-醇和b-谷甾醇。其中苯并(1,2-b;5,4-b′)二呋喃-3