抗金黄色葡萄球菌卵黄抗体的制备及活性研究

目的:制备金黄色葡萄球菌特异性卵黄抗体并考察其活性。方法:采用灭活的金黄色葡萄球菌免疫产蛋母鸡,通过水稀释法、硫酸铵和硫酸钠盐析及凝胶过滤法分离、纯化抗体。抗体效价测定及体外抑菌试验分别采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)和液体培养基比浊法。结果:纯化所得抗体纯度达95.10%,回收率为20.08%。抗体对金黄色葡萄球菌具有特异性,效价最高可达1:6400。体外抑菌试验表明,抗体抑菌活随IgY浓度的增加而增强,当特异性IgY的浓度为10mg/ml时,能完全抑制细菌生长。结论:抗体制备及纯化所述方法简便、可行,所制抗体具有特异性和抑菌活性。     

抗MRSA-PBP2a鸡卵黄抗体的制备及乳胶凝集检测法的建立

制备抗耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌青霉素结合蛋白2a( MRSA- PBP2a)抗原的鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白(IgY),建立检测MRSA的乳胶凝集方法.采用体外诱导的方法制备PBP2a蛋白,胸部肌肉多点注射方式免疫6只海蓝蛋鸡,水稀释法提取IgY,BCA法测定蛋白含量,Western blotting进行特异性分析,用提取的IgY抗体致敏聚苯乙烯乳胶,建立检测PBP2a的乳胶凝集方法.成功诱导并制备获得纯化的PBP2a蛋白,首次免疫后1月每枚鸡蛋提纯后可获得约48 mg IgY抗体,Western blotting结果显示IgY抗体能有效识别纯化的PBP2a蛋白;成功建立检测PBP2a的乳胶凝集法,敏感性达1 mg/L.抗MRSA- PBP2a鸡卵黄抗体具有较高的敏感性和特异性,基于其建立的乳胶凝集检测方法具有较好的灵敏性.     

艰难梭菌毒素B羧基端的表达与卵黄抗体制备

目的:在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达艰难梭菌毒素B羧基端(TcdB-c),免疫产蛋鸡,获得针对TcdB-c的卵黄抗体(IgY)。方法:人工合成TcdB-c的基因,将其克隆至pET32b(+)载体中,转化大肠杆菌BL21(DE3),诱导表达产物经金属螯合层析纯化,凝血酶酶切后得到目的蛋白TcdB-c;利用兔红细胞凝集和兔肠袢实验检测目的蛋白活性,用TcdB-c免疫产蛋鸡制备鸡卵黄抗体,分离纯化卵黄抗体并经ELISA测定抗体效价,用兔肠袢实验检测抗体的中和活性。结果:构建了TcdB-c的重组表达载体,诱导表达的融合蛋白相对分子质量约为79 000,经凝血酶酶切后的相对分子质量约65 000;目的蛋白免疫产蛋鸡后获得效价为1∶20 000的抗TcdB-c卵黄抗体,且该抗体可以中和TcdB-c对兔小肠的毒性作用。结论:获得了具有生物学活性的TcdB-c,并制备了针对TcdB-c的鸡卵黄抗体,为利用基因工程方法防治艰难梭菌感染打下了基础。     

兔抗麻雀IgY酶标抗体的制备

目的制备辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）标记的兔抗麻雀IgY抗体,为禽类血清学检测体系的建立提供技术储备。方法硫酸铵盐析法粗提麻雀血清IgY,进一步在SDS-PAGE上分离后,切下带有目的条带的凝胶作为免疫原,免疫实验兔制备抗血清,Protein-A柱亲和纯化兔抗IgY血清IgG,,使用改良过碘酸钠法制备酶结合物。ELISA检测酶标抗体的工作浓度,western blotting检测酶标抗体的特异性。结果硫酸铵盐析法粗提IgY,可去除部分杂蛋白,SDS-PAGE上分离后切下带有目的条带的凝胶,可以得到足够纯度的抗原,将带有IgY的凝胶作为抗原免疫后获得的抗血清经Protein-A纯化后,二抗在SDS-PAGE上鉴定,纯度达到99%以上。改良的过碘酸钠法标记获得的抗体浓度为1.008 mg/mL,ELISA检测酶标抗体效价为1∶1000。Western blotting鉴定抗体具有特异性。结论获得了优质可靠的兔抗麻雀IgY酶标抗体。     

抗HIV-1 p15(gag)IgY抗体的制备及活性检测

目的:制备具有高效价强特异性的抗HIV-1 p15(gag)鸡卵黄抗体(IgY),纯化并分析其免疫学活性。方法:用纯化的HIV-1 p15(gag)蛋白抗原免疫蛋鸡,用水稀释法对IgY抗体进行粗提取并结合乙醇沉淀和氯化钠盐析法纯化抗体,再通过SDS-PAGE、Western blot、酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测抗体的纯度、特异性及效价。结果:表达纯化的HIV-1 p15(gag)-GST融合蛋白分子量为45kDa,用于抗体检测的抗原。用纯化的His-P15蛋白作为免疫原免疫蛋鸡后,获得的卵黄抗体重链、轻链分子量分别为65kDa和25kDa。8倍体积水稀释卵黄,pH值5.1,20%冰乙醇及0.028mol/L盐溶液分离纯化,纯度可达96℅,每毫升卵黄液可得到的卵黄抗体为9.8mg。终浓度为18%～25%的冰乙醇纯化的抗体浓度高且稳定,同时具有较强的特异性和较高的效价。结论:用HIV-1p15(gag)蛋白免疫蛋鸡,可以获得高效价的特异性抗体IgY,为IgY抗体在HIV-1p15蛋白的研究奠定了实验基础。     

艰难梭菌毒素B羧基端的表达与卵黄抗体制备简

目的：在大肠杆菌中可溶性表达艰难梭菌毒素B羧基端（TcdB-e）,免疫产蛋鸡,获得针对TcdB-c的卵黄抗体（IgY）。方法：人工合成TcdB-c的基因,将其克隆至pET32b（＋）载体中,转化大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）,诱导表达产物经金属螯合层析纯化,凝血酶酶切后得到目的蛋白TcdB-c;利用兔红细胞凝集和兔肠袢实验检测目的蛋白活性,用TcdB-c免疫产蛋鸡制备鸡卵黄抗体,分离纯化卵黄抗体并经ELISA测定抗体效价,用兔肠袢实验检测抗体的中和活性。结果：构建了TcdB-c的重组表达载体,诱导表达的融合蛋白相对分子质量约为79000,经凝血酶酶切后的相对分子质量约65000;目的蛋白免疫产蛋鸡后获得效价为1：20000的抗TcdB-C卵黄抗体,且该抗体可以中和TcdB-c对兔小肠的毒性作用。结论：获得了具有生物学活性的TcdB-C,并制备了针对TcdB-c的鸡卵黄抗体,为利用基因工程方法防治艰难梭菌感染打下了基础。     

十六种鸟类二级抗体的制备和辣根过氧化物酶标记

目的制备兔抗16种鸟类的二级抗体,并进行辣根过氧化物酶标记,为鸟类血清学检测系统的建立提供工具。方法采用水稀释法粗纯抗体后,再利用改良的饱和硫酸铵分级沉淀法,或亲和层析结合饱和硫酸铵沉淀法,或饱和硫酸铵沉淀法结合SDS-PAGE凝胶切胶纯化的方法进一步纯化鸟类的IgY,利用纯化的IgY免疫大耳白兔制备抗血清,用免疫双扩散来检测抗血清的效价,并用Protein A亲和层析的方法来纯化兔抗鸟类的二级抗体,采用简易过碘酸钠法对纯化的兔抗鸟类的二级抗体进行辣根过氧化物酶标记,通过ELISA方法测定标记抗体的效价,并利用Western blots考察标记抗体的特异性。结果纯化了灰雁、鸬鹚、鸵鸟、小鹈、鸽子、鹅、孔雀、鹌鹑、贵妃鸡、草鹭、夜鹭、赤嘴潜鸭、燕鸥、长脚鹬、虎皮鹦鹉、翘鼻麻鸭等16种鸟类的IgY,免疫双扩散法测定兔抗这16种鸟类的抗血清效价均达到1∶32,并对纯化的兔抗灰雁IgY、兔抗鸬鹚IgY、兔抗鸵鸟IgY、兔抗小鹈IgY、兔抗鸽子IgY、兔抗鹅IgY、兔抗孔雀IgY、兔抗鹌鹑IgY、兔抗贵妃鸡IgY、兔抗草鹭IgY、兔抗夜鹭IgY、兔抗赤嘴潜鸭IgY、兔抗燕鸥IgY、兔抗长脚鹬IgY、兔抗虎皮鹦鹉IgY、兔抗翘鼻麻鸭IgY等16种兔抗鸟类IgY的二级抗体进行了辣根过氧化物酶标记,ELISA测定标记抗体的效价达到1∶800～80000左右,Western blots显示标记抗体具有很好的特异性。结论成功制备了辣根过氧化物酶标记的兔抗16种鸟类的二级抗体,为鸟类血清学检测体系的建立提供了工具。     

抗胱抑素C鸡卵黄IgY抗体的制备及鉴定

目的:制备高效价、高特异性的抗人胱抑素 C 鸡卵黄 IgY 抗体,并对其基本特性进行分析和鉴定.方法:以人胱抑素 C 为抗免疫产蛋的罗曼鸡,采用水稀释-盐析法提取及纯化 IgY 抗体,采用蛋白质定量、SDS-PAGE、West?ern 印迹和 ELISA 法对 IgY 抗体进行分析和鉴定.结果:免疫后14 d 即可从鸡冠血中检测出抗胱抑素 C 的特异性抗体,抗体效价在28 d 达最高峰(1∶32000),并可维持2个月以上;收集高效价时的免疫鸡蛋,制备鸡卵黄抗体 IgY;还性 SDS-PAGE 显示抗体 IgY 为相对分子质量分别为65×103和21×103的2条带,抗体纯度可达92%,得率为每个鸡蛋36.5 mg,抗体检出敏感度为15.63 ng/mL;Western 印迹证明该抗体具有高度特异性.结论:制备了抗胱抑素 C 的高效价、高特异性 IgY 抗体.     

黄曲霉毒素B_1抗独特型抗体的制备和应用研究I 抗独特型抗体的制备和性质研究

以黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)与牛血清蛋白(BSA)的连接物AFB1-BSA注射免疫兔子获得抗AFB1抗血清,经(NH4)2SO4沉淀、酶切处理与亲和层析分离纯化后,得到抗AFB1独特型抗体Ab1及其酶切片段Fab1,然后再将Fab1注射免疫BALB/c小鼠,得到抗(抗AFB1)独特型抗体Ab2及其酶切Fab2。研究了Ab2和Fab2的性质,结果表明,Ab2和其Fab2都仅与Ab1及其Fab1反应,而不和抗桔霉素等其他抗体反应,有较好的特异性。以AFB1与卵清蛋白(OV)的连接物AFB1-OV为包被抗原,Fab1为反应抗体,Ab2和Fab2为竞争抗原,达到50%的竞争抑制率时,Ab2和Fab2的浓度分别为3.98ug/ml和1.12ug/ml;而以Ab2和Fab2为包被抗原,Fab1为反应抗体,AFB1为竞争抗原,达到50%的竞争抑制率时,AFB1的浓度分别为44.67ug/L和6.31ug/L,这表明无论是Ab2还是Fab2都和AFB1有很好的内影像关系,可以作为AFB1的替代品用于AFB1的免疫学检测。但是相对而言,由于Fab2的分子量小,反应时的空间位阻小,所以Fab2更适合于用作AFB1的替代品。     

黄曲霉毒素B1抗独特型抗体的制备和应用研究I抗独特型抗体的制备和性质研究

以黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)与牛血清蛋白（BSA)的连接物AFB1-BSA注射免疫兔子获得抗AFB1抗血清,经(NH4)2SO4沉淀、酶切处理与亲和层析分离纯化后,得到抗AFB1独特型抗体Ab1及其酶切片段Fab1,然后再将Fab1注射免疫BALB／c小鼠,得到抗(抗AFB1)独特型抗体Ab2及其酶切Fab2。研究了Ab2和Fab2的性质,结果表明,Ab2和其Fab2部仅与Ab1及其Fab1反应,而不和抗桔霉素等其他抗体反应,有较好的特异性。以AFB1与卵清蛋白(OV)的连接物AFB1-OV为包被抗原,Fab1为反应抗体,Ab2和Fab2为竞争抗原,达到50％的竞争抑制率时,Ab2和Fab2的浓度分别为3．98ug／ml和1．12ug／ml;而以Ab2和Fab2为包被抗原,Fab1为反应抗体,AFB1为竞争抗原,达到50％的竞争抑制率时,AFB1的浓度分别为44．67ug/L和6.31ug／L,这表明无论是Ab2还是Fab2都和AFB1有很好的内影像关系,可以作为AFB1的替代品用于AFB1的免疫学检测。但是相对而言,由于Fab2的分子量小,反应时的空间位阻小,所以Fab2更适合于用作AFB1的替代品。     

Fasciola hepatica: parasite-secreted proteinases degrade all human IgG subclasses: determination of the specific cleavage sites and identification of the immunoglobulin fragments produced

The study was focused on the relationship of Fasciola hepatica-secreted proteinases and human IgG subclasses. Each IgG was incubated at different pH values and lengths of time with either the adult parasite excretion-secretion products or the purified cysteinyl proteinases cathepsin L1 and cathepsin L2. The Ig fragments produced were isolated and characterized by Western blot analysis, and the specific cleavage sites were determined by amino acid sequence analysis. Parasite excretion-secretion products and both cathepsins L produced similar degradation patterns and cleaved all human IgG subclasses at the hinge region, yielding at pH 7.3 and 37 degrees C Fab and Fc fragments in the case of IgG1 and IgG3 or Fab(2) and Fc in IgG2 and IgG4. While IgG1 and IgG3 were readily degraded by E/S products either in the presence or in the absence of reducing agents, IgG2 and IgG4 were resistant to proteolysis and were only digested in the presence of 0.1 M dithiothreitol. The cathepsins L needed the presence of dithiothreitol to digest IgG1, IgG2, and IgG4 whereas IgG3 was identically cleaved under both reducing and nonreducing conditions. The main cleavage sites produced by E/S products, CL1, or CL2 were located at the positions peptide bonds: His237-Thr238, Glu237-Cys239, Gly233-Asp234, and Ser241-Cys242 for gamma1, gamma2, gamma3, or gamma4, respectively. The enzymes gave additional splitting sites on the middle hinge of IgG3 to produce shorter Fc fragments and also produce Fd degradation of the IgG4. No cleavage specificity differences were found between CL1 and CL2, but they differed in the kinetics of IgG3 degradation. By lowering the pH, only the E/S products produced concomitant destruction of the Fc while preserving the Fab portion. Under all the conditions assayed the enzymes produced an Fc'-like fragment of 14-15 kDa corresponding to the whole CH3 domain of the immunoglobulin. Contrary to the extensive degradation produced by cathepsins on digested proteins, its actions on IgG subclasses were specific and restricted; thus, all the fragments produced could be potentially involved in the mechanisms used by the parasite to evade the host immune response.     

Enzymatic splitting of antibodies bound to immobilized antigen as a means of Fab fragments preparation]

A method of Fab fragments preparation by enzymatic splitting of antibodies bound to specific antigen immobilized on an insoluble support is described. The complex of rat muscle glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPD), immobilized on Sepharose 4B, with anti-rat GAPD rabbit antibodies was digested with papain. The antigen was inaccessible to proteolysis under conditions employed. After 4 hrs of incubation with papain the antibody was completely split into non-precipitating fragments. The products of proteolysis not bound to Sepharose, were eluted with 0.1 M givcine buffer pH 2.5, and shown to correspond to Fab fragments.     

Purification of antibody Fab and F(ab')2 fragments using Gradiflow technology

The Gradiflow, a preparative electrophoresis instrument designed to separate molecules on the basis of their size and charge, was used to purify antibody Fab and F(ab')2 fragments. The method described is charge based, utilizing the difference in the pI between the antibody Fab/F(ab')2 fragments and antibody Fc fragments that occur after enzyme digestion of whole antibody molecules. This method of purification was successful across a range of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. In particular, F(ab')2 fragments were purified from a number of mouse monoclonal antibodies (both IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes) and Fab fragments were purified from egg yolk IgY polyclonal antibodies. This is a rapid purification method which has advantages over alternative methods that usually comprise ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. This method may be applicable to most antibody digest preparations.     

Fractionation of IgG fragments using reversed micellar extraction

Reversed micellar extraction was applied for the fractionation of IgG fragments. With isooctane solution containing 50 mM AOT, Fab, Fe and IgG were extracted to the micellar phase. Each protein had an optimum pH range in the extraction. Fab and Fc were separated from the mixture at pH 7.0, with Fab being extracted to the micellar phase and Fe remaining in the aqueous phase. Extracted Fab fragments were recovered by bringing them into contact with 6M guanidine/HCl followed by dilution with PBS. Fab and Fc fragments were separated and recovered by reversed micellar extraction from IgG lysate digested with papain. Since the procedure is simple and rapid compared with column chromatography, mass preparation of the fragments can be expected by this method.     

Separation of human Fab fragments on negative mode Ni(II)-TREN-agarose chromatography

We evaluated the feasibility of using immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) with nickel ion complexed with Tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (TREN) immobilized on agarose gel for purification of human Fab fragments by negative chromatography. Efficient purification of Fab fragments from digested human IgG (immunoglobulin G) (106.4% purity) was accomplished in Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.5 without NaCl (based on total protein concentration and radial immunodiffusion of human Fab). A technological application of Ni(II)-TREN-agarose using non transgenic soybean protein extract spiked with human Fab fragments as feedstream was also studied. Experiments using Tris-HCl at pH 7.0 as loading buffer allowed the adsorption of almost all of the soybean proteins. Sixty-six percent of the loaded human Fab fragments were recovered in the flowthrough and washing fractions with about 90% purity. These results demonstrate that Ni(II)-TREN-agarose is a potential adsorbent for recombinant Fab fragment purification.     

Site-specific N-glycosylation of chicken serum IgG

Avian serum immunoglobulin (IgG or IgY) is functionally equivalent to mammalian IgG but has one additional constant region domain (CH2) in its heavy (H) chain. In chicken IgG, each H-chain contains two potential N-glycosylation sites located on CH2 and CH3 domains. To clarify characteristics of N-glycosylation on avian IgG, we analyze N-glycans from chicken serum IgG by derivatization with 2-aminopyridine (PA) and identified by HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS. There were two types of N-glycans: (1) high-mannose-type oligosaccharides (monoglucosylated 26.8%, others 10.5%) and (2) biantennary complex-type oligosaccharides (neutral, 29.9%; monosialyl, 29.3%; disialyl, 3.7%) on molar basis of total N-glycans. To investigate the site-specific localization of different N-glycans, chicken serum IgG was digested with papain and separated into Fab [containing variable regions (VH + VL) + CH1 + CL] and Fc (containing CH3 + CH4) fragments. Con A stained only Fc (CH3 + CH4) and RCA-I stained only Fab fractions, suggesting that high-mannose-type oligosaccharides were located on Fc (CH3 + CH4) fragments, and variable regions of Fab contains complex-type N-glycans. MS analysis of chicken IgG-glycopeptides revealed that chicken CH3 domain (structurally equivalent to mammalian CH2 domain) contained only high-mannose-type oligosaccharides, whereas chicken CH2 domain contained only complex-type N-glycans. The N-glycosylation pattern on avian IgG is more analogous to that in mammalian IgE than IgG, presumably reflecting the structural similarity to mammalian IgE.     

Acid stability of anti-Helicobacter pyroli IgY in aqueous polyol solution

IgY was separated from a hen's egg yolk that was immunized with Helicobacter pyroli. The anti-H. pyroli IgY activity at acidic pH and the suppressive effect of polyol on acid-induced inactivation of IgY were investigated. Sorbitol and xylitol were used as polyols. IgY was quite stable at pH 5-7. Irreversible inactivation of IgY was observed at pH below 4, and proceeded rapidly at pH below 3. The acid stability of IgY was enhanced in the presence of 30% sorbitol or above. In a 50% aqueous sorbitol solution, an acid-induced inactivation was almost completely suppressed at pH 3. However, the improvement of IgY activity was not observed in the aqueous xylitol solution. IgY showed almost the same activity as native IgY when sucrose was substituted for sorbitol. On the other hand, the xylitol replacement with sucrose did not enhance the acid stability of IgY. The acid-induced inactivation of IgY was related to tryptophyl fluorescence. Fluorescence emission spectra suggested that structural changes near the tryptophan residues may occur under acidic conditions. An increase in sorbitol concentration induced a blue shift. The fluorescence emission of IgY in a 50% sorbitol solution had a peak at 330 nm, which was the same emission peak that was exhibited by native IgY. Sorbitol could, therefore, be used as a good stabilizer of IgY under acidic conditions.     

Affinity purification of immunoglobulins from chicken egg yolk using a new synthetic ligand

Due to the peculiar composition of the egg yolk and the lack of specific affinity ligands, Y immunoglobulins are normally purified using complex and time consuming procedures involving a combination of precipitation and chromatographic steps first to extract and capture and then to polish IgY. In this study, we have examined the applicability for IgY affinity purification of TG19318, a synthetic ligand for immunoglobulin, obtained from the screening of combinatorial libraries, and already characterized for its capability to purify immunoglobulins of class G, M, E and A. Soluble proteins were separated from the lipidic fraction of egg yolk by the water dilution method and loaded on to TG19318 affinity columns prepared by immobilizing the ligand on the commercially available support Emphaze™. In a single chromatographic step TG19318 affinity columns led to an efficient capture of IgY directly from crude samples, and with a purity degree higher than 90%, as determined by densitometric scanning of SDS–PAGE analysis of bound fractions, and with full recovery of antibody activity, as determined by ELISA assay. Higher recovery and purity of IgY was obtained by using loading buffers at pH close to 6.5. Column capacity, determined by applying 4× excess IgY to 1 ml bed volume column, and eluting the retained immunoglobulins, was close to 65 mg of IgY per ml of resin. Chemical and chromatographic stability of TG19318/Emphaze was tested before and after various treatments. The derivatized matrix was found to be very stable, in terms of ligand leakage and maintenance of IgY binding capacity, under conditions of normal column usage, cleaning and storage.     

Vasoactive intestinal peptide hydrolysis by antibody light chains

This paper describes evidence for hydrolysis of a neuropeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), by light chains purified from the IgG of a human subject positive for VIP binding antibodies. Purified IgG was digested with papain, resultant fragment antigen binding (Fab) fragments were reduced with 2-mercaptoethanol and alkylated with iodoacetamide, and light chains were purified by chromatography on immobilized antibodies to light chains and immobilized antibodies to heavy chains. Non-immunoglobulin components were undetectable in the light chain preparation, judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoresis and Western blotting with anti-heavy and anti-light chain antibodies. The light chains hydrolyzed VIP with specific activity 32-fold greater than that of Fab, the pH optimum for light chain-mediated VIP hydrolysis was 7.0-7.5, and the hydrolytic activity was saturable (Vmax, 0.19 pmol/min/microgram light chains; substrate concentration at Vmax/2,380 nM).