二个区域的封闭种群的标记重捕模型

通过引入区域的初始比例因子,考虑了二个区域A与B的封闭种群标记重捕模型,再利用完整的极大似然函数和多项分布函数的性质,给出了当个体在不同区域的个体捕捉率相等时的二个区域之间的转移概率与各区域的初始比例的求法,推导出在不同区域的个体捕捉率不相等但个体低转移率条件下二个区域的封闭种群的标记重捕模型的参数表达式,并用实例说明。     

标记-重捕技术研究果园异色瓢虫种群动态

利用标记-重捕技术,对果园异色瓢虫的种群动态进行了估测,结果表明,6月14日至6月28日生防美国杂交杏李园异色瓢虫的种群数量为1058．97头,存活率为0．5534,新增数量为525．48头,将理论标记异色瓢虫在种群中的总数和实际标记释放总数进行配对样本t检验,95％置信区间上下限相差不超过59．43头,试验结果和理论值精度较高。     

标记重捕法在中华白海豚种群动态研究的应用及建议

早期的中华白海豚考察主要依赖样线调查法了解其资源分布,而近期研究更多采纳标记重捕法获取种群动态信息。在辨识个体的基础上,后者能够获取多种种群参数开展种群生存力分析。本文回顾在我国海域开展的中华白海豚种群动态研究进展及各地区种群标记重捕数据的累积情况;通过数据模拟评估努力值如何影响种群大小统计的误差和偏差;综合阐述野外考察方案设计、标志筛选和数据处理对数据分析的潜在影响;强调模型拟合优度检验和模型选择的重要性;最后,针对比较不同时期或不同方法获取的种群信息时的常见误解提出我们的意见。本文旨在帮助完善我国中华白海豚的后期资源监测工作。     

标记重捕法对模式产地霸王岭睑虎种群资源调查

霸王岭睑虎Goniurosaurus bawanglingensis是海南岛特有种,自2002年被命名以来,因种群数量小、分布区窄、栖息地破碎化等因素被《中国生物多样性红色名录》列为易危(VU)等级,种群资源现状尚不清楚。2018年7—8月,根据霸王岭睑虎种群分布,在模式产地霸王岭国家级自然保护区内选择了2个样区,首次采用植入电子标签的标记重捕法对种群密度、性比、窝卵数、成幼比等开展调查,并比较了雌雄个体的形态特征。结果显示:样区A种群密度为846只/hm^2,性比1.6∶1,成幼比7∶1;样区B种群密度为591只/hm 2,性比1.2∶1,成幼比10∶1。窝卵数为1~3枚,87%的窝卵数为2枚。身体量度特征(除吻长外)在两性间差异无统计学意义。研究结果进一步补充了霸王岭睑虎的基础生态学资料,可为资源状况评估和保护提供依据。此外,本研究证实了植入电子标签是对睑虎属Goniurosaurus物种野外标记研究的一种简单、有效的方法,可对动物进行长期标记。     

基于标记-重捕模型开展野生动物红外相机种群监测的方法及案例

红外相机技术的广泛应用推动了动物种群生态学研究方法的发展和革新, 特别是基于标记-重捕模型框架通过非损伤取样方式对物种数量和密度等种群参数的可靠估计, 为保护濒危物种和评估保护成效提供了有力的科学依据。对于身体上具有独特天然标记的动物(如多数猫科动物), 可依据红外相机拍摄身体上的独特斑点或条纹鉴别个体, 再运用标记-重捕模型, 估计动物种群数量、密度等参数。本文概述了标记-重捕模型的基本原理、特点以及国内外的应用, 特别是近年来发展出的空间标记-重捕模型。总结了从相机布设到数据分析的具体流程、操作原则, 并以青城山家猫为实例, 展示了应用红外相机数据通过空间标记-重捕模型估计种群密度和数量的基本步骤。最后展望了该模型在种群动态、景观廊道设计、资源选择等方面的应用和发展趋势。     

基于标记重捕法的沙蒿金叶甲种群扩散研究

沙蒿金叶甲是沙蒿的主要害虫之一,近年来在我国西北荒漠地区危害严重,导致大量沙蒿死亡。本文在宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区荒漠景观中选择了一块以沙蒿为主要建群种的实验样地,2013年7月利用标记重捕技术调查了该样地沙蒿金叶甲的种群数量变动及其扩散规律。结果显示,该样地沙蒿金叶甲的种群总数为1505.13±1184.90,平均种群密度为4.79头/m2,平均存活率为0.7605,平均迁入率为0.5488,平均新增数量为741.72头。沙蒿金叶甲扩散距离主要集中在距中心点0-900 cm之间,但在100 cm范围内扩散的个体最多;扩散方位主要集中在东北方向,向其他方位扩散数量相对较少。沙蒿金叶甲的扩散规律与其生物学特性以及沙蒿的空间分布有密切关系。     

群居性啮齿动物重捕取样布笼方式的比较

采用两种布笼方法即传统的方格布笼法和同心圆布笼法对典型草原区布氏田鼠野外种群进行了重捕效果的比较。结果表明,方格布笼法的重捕效果要大大低于同心,圆布笼法。对此类群居性啮齿动物进行重捕取样的实验设计时,建议采用同心圆布笼法取代传统的方格布笼法。     

种群密度调查——标志重捕法的模拟实验

种群密度是生物种群最基本的数量特征．标志重捕法是估算动物种群密度的常用方法．在野生动物保护、农林业害虫、害兽的监控与防治、渔业资源的评估、利用与保护上有重要应用。鉴于在中学现有条件下。对兽鸟鱼虫进行实际的标志重捕实验难以展开,在新课程教学实践中,我们反复研究了几种版本中标志重捕法的说明,设计并实施了如下标志重捕法的模拟实验,教学效果反馈很好。     

基于标志重捕法的高原鼢鼠种群动态及其环境影响因子

高原鼢鼠（Eospalax baileyi）是青藏高原优势地下啮齿动物,研究其种群数量变化规律及其与环境因子关系,对于保护高寒草地生物多样性和科学防控草原鼠害具有重要意义。于2014-2019年在天祝县抓喜秀龙乡高原鼢鼠分布区,采用标志重捕法调查每年5月和10月高原鼢鼠种群密度、存活率、补充量及体重,利用样方法调查各植物功能群地上、地下生物量,并从中国气象数据中心获取同期气象数据。通过灰色关联度分析,探究高原鼢鼠种群特征变化与环境因子关联程度。结果表明：高原鼢鼠种群数量存在年际和季节性变化规律,年际间高原鼢鼠种群数量总体呈下降趋势,秋季高原鼢鼠种群数量高于春季种群数量;灰色关联分析表明,春季高原鼢鼠种群数量变化与降雨量、极端温度和杂类草生物量关联程度较高,而秋季高原鼢鼠种群数量与环境因子关联程度较低。研究结果不仅为今后构建高原鼢鼠种群数量预测预报模型提供基础依据,也为适时防控高原鼢鼠危害提供有益参考。     

蝙蝠葛生物碱综合利用研究：Ⅱ.蝙蝠葛副碱的成份分离与鉴定

从蝙蝠葛中提取抗心律失常新药蝙蝠葛碱的同时可获得大量其他生物碱,该副碱具有多种重要生理活性,从中分离出二种生物碱,经化学和物理方法鉴定为蝙蝠葛苏林碱(daurisoline)和黄堇碱(corypalline),其中前者为副碱的主成分,后者为一首次从该植物中得到的简单异喹啉型生物碱。     

新疆鸟类环志与回收

2001年8月与14－26日在新疆阿勒泰,吐鲁番的8个环志地点进行了秋际鸟类环志工作。环志鸟类233只,约33种,多以莺亚科（Sylviinae)和鸫亚科（Turdinae)的种类为主。其中的新疆歌鸲（Luscinia sp.)等17种鸟类均属于中国首次环志种类,占环志种数的53％。     

四川七种蝙蝠的核型

本报道了四川地区7种蝙蝠的核型。菊头蝠科2种,即角菊头蝠(Rhinolophus comutus)的核型为2n=62,FN=60;栗黄菊头蝠(R．ssinicus)的核型为2n=36,FN=60。蹄蝠科1种,即大蹄蝠(H．armiger)的核型为2n=32,FN=60。蝙蝠科3种,即伏翼(Pipistrellus abramns)的核型为2n=26,FN=44;南蝠(Iaio)的核型为2n=50,FN=48;山蝠(Nyctalus velutinus)的核型为2n=36,FN=50。犬吻蝠科的皱唇蝠(Tadarida teniotis)的核型为2n=48,FN=62。南蝠的核型为首次报道,但栗黄菊头蝠的核型2n=36与安徽张维道报道相同,而与印度和斯里兰卡同种R．rouxii的核型2n=56迥异。分布在中国的栗黄菊头蝠R．sinicus应为独立种而不是R．rouxii的中国亚种。另5种蝙蝠的核型与前人研究结论基本一致。     

Karyotypes,Banding Patterns and the Evolution of Different Ploidy Wheats

Karyotypes and Giemsa N banding patterns of 13 species of different ploidy wheats have been studied by means of a new method of preparing mitotic chromosome sample in plant. Chromosomes of all diploids and Emmer are metacentric chromosomes, while submetacentric chromosomes occur only in T. timopheevii and T. aestivum. The number of satellite chromosome in the polyploid wheats is not the case of the amount of diploid. Diploid species do not show any N-bands except for T. speltoides. The banding pattern of T. timopheevii is different from that of Emmer. According to the results, authors consider: 1. In the evolution of polyploid wheats, certain variances arise frmn morphological and structural variation of chromosomes; 2. T. speltoides is of importance to the evolution of polyploid wheats and may not only involve the origin of the B genome but also the G genome; 3. The origin of the B genome perhaps is polyphyletic, i.e. 2 or more amphidiploids included T. speltoides crossing each other result in the present of B genome by recombination or chromosome substitution, and 4. T. dicoccoide and T. timopheevii may have evolved from a common ancestor.     

蝗虫染色体分带技术的研究

本文对采自长沙岳麓山的中华稻蝗〔Oxya chinensis (Thunberg)〕和采自杭州的小稻蝗〔Oxya hyla intricata (Stal) 〕进行了染色体C带、R带、N带和A带的处理研究。结果表明,C带显示结构异染色质,其位置在不同分裂相中较为稳定;R带即G带的反带,带纹较C带丰富,在粗线期最为明显,本文观察到不同的温育条件可影响R带产生的效果;N带和Ag带可相互参照比较,从而为NOR的准确定位提供依据;A带即荧光带,本文对其显带程序作了一定的改进。 Abstract:In this paperOxya chinensis (Thunberg) collected from the Yuelu Mountains in Changsha, Hunan Province andOxya hyla intricata (Stal) collected from Hangzhou, Zhejiang province were analysed by chromosomal C-banding、R-banding、N-banding、Ag-banding and A-banding. The results showed that the constitutive heterochromatin was stained in C-banding, and it relatively stable; R-banding was the reverse of G-banding, its bands were relatively obvious at the pachytene and abundent, it may be because of the selective extracts that cause the bands evident, the different effects were surveyed under the various incubation conditions; Both N-banding and Ag-banding can stain the nucleolar organizer and the two were compared in this paper; The A-banding was a little improved in the light of the banding process.     

中国蝙蝠腺病毒遗传多样性研究

近期的研究表明蝙蝠可以携带腺病毒。为了进一步了解我国蝙蝠腺病毒的分布状况和遗传多样性特征,本研究采集了北京市、湖南省、江西省、云南省、贵州省和海南省六个省份的共11种蝙蝠的咽拭和肛拭样本,使用套式PCR方法进行蝙蝠腺病毒检测。对阳性结果通过克隆测序进行遗传多态性分析,并采用基于氨基酸相似性的核酸序列数据进行分子进化研究。结果表明,我国约20%的蝠种携带腺病毒,特别是大足鼠耳蝠可能普遍携带蝙蝠腺病毒。并且在贵州省南蝠样本中同时检测出两种不同的蝙蝠腺病毒。总体而言,蝙蝠腺病毒DNA聚合酶保守区核酸和蛋白序列的平均相似性分别只有66.6%和74.7%。蝠种和地域上的巨大差异可能导致了蝙蝠腺病毒的适应性进化,而形成了显著的遗传多样性。     

中国蝙蝠新记录--马氏菊头蝠

通过对广西防城港市和陆川县采集到的蝙蝠标本进行鉴定,发现7只马氏菊头蝠( Rhinolophus marshalli, Thonglongya 1973)中国蝙蝠新记录。本文在与模式标本数据进行比较的基础上,对该批标本进行了详细测量和描述。     

Bats, clocks, and rocks: diversification patterns in Chiroptera

Identifying nonrandom clade diversification is a critical first step toward understanding the evolutionary processes underlying any radiation and how best to preserve future phylogenetic diversity. However, differences in diversification rates have not been quantitatively assessed for the majority of groups because of the lack of necessary analytical tools (e.g., complete species-level phylogenies, estimates of divergence times, and robust statistics which incorporate phylogenetic uncertainty and test appropriate null models of clade growth). Here, for the first time, we investigate diversification rate heterogeneity in one of the largest groups studied thus far, the bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera). We use a recent, robust statistical approach (whole-tree likelihood-based relative rate tests) on complete dated species-level supertree phylogenies. As has been demonstrated previously for most other groups, among-lineage diversification rate within bats has not been constant. However, we show that bat diversification is more heterogeneous than in other mammalian clades thus far studied. The whole-tree likelihood-based relative rates tests suggest that clades within the families Phyllostomidae and Molossidae underwent a number of significant changes in relative diversification rate. There is also some evidence for rate shifts within Pteropodidae, Emballonuridae, Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, and Vespertilionidae, but the significance of these shifts depends on polytomy resolution within each family. Diversification rate in bats has also not been constant, with the largest diversification rate shifts occurring 30-50 million years ago, a time overlapping with the greatest number of shifts in flowering plant diversification rates.     

Bats and Viruses： a Brief Review

Bats, probably the most abundant, diverse and geographically dispersed vertebrates on earth, have recently been shown to be the reservoir hosts of a number of emerging viruses responsible for severe human and livestock disease outbreaks. Flying foxes have been demonstrated to be the natural reservoir for Hendra and Nipah viruses. Evidence supporting the possibility of bats as potential reservoirs for SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Ebola virus has also been reported. The recent discovery of these viruses and other viruses occurring naturally in the bat population provides a unique insight into a diverse pool of potentially emergent and pathogenic viruses. The factors which influence the ability of zoonotic viruses to effectively cross the species barrier from bats to other animal populations are poorly understood. A brief review is provided here on the recently emerged bat viruses and on current and future strategies for research in this area.     

大鳞副泥鳅粗线期二价染色体分带研究

报道了一种鱼类二价体显带的新,采用ＰＨ值在７．２－７．４之间的低涌液对大鳞副泥鳅精巢进行整体长低渗、卡诺固定液处理方法得到粗线期二阶染色体的高分辨Ｇ带,其带纹特征和数目相对稳定且清晰可辨。与胰酶显和ＥＤＴＡ显相比具有操作简单,耗时短以及二价体分散相对较好等特点,这一方法在所有显带方法中最为简便。     

中澳之间迁徙■鹬类和燕鸥类的环志介绍

From Australia to Asia (China)，the main species of the migratory bird are the waders and terns. In Oct. 1999，an invitation was extended by Dr. Clive Minton of the chairman of the Victorian Wader Study Group (VWSG) to catch and band waders and terns at Sandy Point，Swan Bay，Swan Island，Anderson Inlet/Inverloch，Phillip Island，Mud Islands，Geelong and Werribee and so on. The paper summarizes the methods (catch，bio-metric data，banding，recoveries，flagging，satellite tracking，data analysis on computer，fox control et al.)and results (species of wader and tern，number of banding from 1975 to 1999，calculate the minimum age，breeding success，age of first breeding，levels of fat deposits，molt，the distance of moved) and discuss. The total 141 787 waders，about 35 species (from 1975 to 1999) and 6 057 chicks and adults of terns，about 7-9 species (1998-1999) were captured and banded by the Victorian Wader Study Group.