PKCα抑制生肌素转位及nAChR基因表达

 烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体 (nAChR)的表达调控受神经电活动影响 ,电刺激引起肌细胞膜去极化可抑制nAChR的表达 .以往的研究表明 ,Ca2 +和PKC以及生肌素在其中发挥着重要的作用 .然而 ,目前尚不清楚究竟是哪种PKC亚型参与此过程 ,PKC激活对特异转录因子生肌素浆核转位有何影响 ?为探讨PKC在去极化 nAChR转录偶联中的作用 ,构建了含nAChRγ亚基启动子的绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP)表达载体pEGFP γ ,将其分别与 4种cPKC(PKCα、PKCβⅠ、PKCβⅡ、PKCγ)真核表达载体共转染C2C12肌细胞 .结果发现PKCβⅠ、PKCβⅡ对nAChRγ启动子驱动的GFP报告基因表达没有影响 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,PKCγ对报告基因表达有抑制作用 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,PKCα则有明显抑制作用 (P <0 .0 1) .采用 4种cPKC真核表达载体与GFP 生肌素融合蛋白表达载体 (pGFP myog)共转染C2C12肌细胞 ,观察了不同亚型PKC表达对生肌素浆至核转位的影响 ,发现只有强制性表达外源性PKCα可明显抑制生肌素向核中转位 ,而PKCβⅠ、PKCβⅡ及PKCγ对生肌素浆核转位没有明显抑制作用 .结果提示 ,PKCα通过抑制生肌素转位是阻遏nAChR基因表达机制之一 .     

KCα抑制生肌素转位及nAChR基因表达

烟碱样乙酰胆碱受体(nAChR)的表达调控受神经电活动影响,电刺激引起肌细胞膜去极化可抑制nAChR的表达.以往的研究表明,Ca2+和PKC以及生肌素在其中发挥着重要的作用.然而,目前尚不清楚究竟是哪种PKC亚型参与此过程,PKC激活对特异转录因子生肌素浆核转位有何影响?为探讨PKC在去极化-nAChR转录偶联中的作用,构建了含nAChRγ亚基启动子的绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)表达载体pEGFP-γ,将其分别与4种cPKC(PKCα、PKCβⅠ、PKCβⅡ、PKCγ)真核表达载体共转染C2C12肌细胞.结果发现PKCβⅠ、PKCβⅡ对nAChRγ启动子驱动的GFP报告基因表达没有影响(P＞0.05),PKCγ对报告基因表达有抑制作用(P＜0.05),PKCα则有明显抑制作用(P＜0.01).采用4种cPKC真核表达载体与GFP-生肌素融合蛋白表达载体(pGFP-myog)共转染C2C12肌细胞,观察了不同亚型PKC表达对生肌素浆至核转位的影响,发现只有强制性表达外源性PKCα可明显抑制生肌素向核中转位,而PKCβⅠ、PKCβⅡ及PKCγ对生肌素浆核转位没有明显抑制作用.结果提示,PKCα通过抑制生肌素转位是阻遏nAChR基因表达机制之一.     

神经节苷脂GM_3对人白血病J6-2细胞PKC转位及DAG含量的影响

应用SDS PAGE及Western印迹技术检测神经节苷脂GM3 处理前后人白血病J6 2细胞不同类型PKC在细胞内的转位情况 ,同时利用高效薄板层析技术观察了细胞内DAG含量的变化 ,从而探讨GM3 抑制PKC活性的机制 .实验发现 ,GM3 处理后胞液PKCα明显增加 ,而颗粒结合PKCα则相对减少 ;GM3 对其它亚型PKC在细胞内分布无显著影响 .同时还发现 ,GM3 处理后细胞内DAG含量降低 (P <0 0 5 ) .结果表明 ,GM3 抑制PKCα由胞浆向质膜转位 ,对其它亚型PKC在细胞内转位无影响 .提示GM3 抑制的PKC亚型可能是PKCα .同时GM3 降低细胞内DAG含量 ,这可能与GM3抑制PKCα活性机制有关     

电刺激引发骨骼肌细胞钙振荡对nAChRγ启动子活性的影响

利用不同电刺激条件模拟神经电活动 ,研究C2C12细胞 (小鼠骨骼肌成肌细胞系 )内Ca2 + 激活的不同形式及其对nAChR基因表达活性的影响 .电刺激分化 1d的C2C12细胞 ,用共聚焦显微镜记录不同电刺激参数引起的细胞内Ca2 + 信号变化 ,共观察到 3种不同形式的Ca2 + 信号 ,称之为整体Ca2 + 振荡、局部Ca2 + 振荡和局部Ca2 + 振荡诱发的整体Ca2 + 振荡 .在此基础上 ,又构建nAChRγ亚基启动子萤光素酶报告基因质粒并转染C2C12细胞 ,进一步检测不同形式Ca2 + 引起细胞萤光素酶活性的变化 ,测定细胞内PKC活性的改变 .不同Ca2 + 振荡引起细胞内PKC活性升高幅度不同 ;电刺激C2C12细胞可导致nAChRγ基因表达活性降低 ,3种Ca2 + 振荡对nAChRγ基因启动子活性的影响无显著差异 .结果表明 ,电刺激可引起肌细胞产生不同形式Ca2 + 信号 ,但不同形式Ca2 + 信号对nAChRγ启动子活性的抑制无明显差异 ,提示Ca2 + 依赖的PKC途径可能不是nAChR基因表达下调的唯一途径     

钙离子在内毒素引起大鼠脊髓降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)释放中的作用

实验在离体大鼠脊髓观察钙离子在内毒素引起CGRP释放中的作用,结果显示,内毒素和咖啡因可分别引起大鼠脊髓浓度依赖性地释放CGRP,但两者作用无叠加.应用辣椒素,无Ca ²⁺Krebs液,ω-Conotoxin,W-7,Ryanodine,MgCl₂,Tris-ATP,钌红等药物表明:内毒素引起感觉神经中枢端末梢释放CGRP,这一作用依赖于细胞外Ca ²⁺的存在,Ca ²⁺主要通过N型钙通道进入细胞后,与钙调蛋白结合,激活对咖啡因敏感,对Ryanodine不敏感的细胞内钙诱导的钙池Ca ²⁺释放,从而引起CGRP的释放.     

大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞的钙库操纵性通道

目的:探讨大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞是否存在钙库操纵性通道(SOC)。方法:荧光探针Fura-2/AM标记细胞内游离Ca2+后,用荧光分光光度计检测毒胡萝卜素(thapsigargin)和咖啡因(caffeine)耗竭胞内钙库后激活的SOC通道对酶解分离的大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞[Ca2+]i的影响。结果:在无Ca2+缓冲液中,thapsigargin(1μmol/L)以及caf-feine(10 mmol/L)分别使[Ca2+]i由静息时(68.32±3.43)nmol/L升高至(240.85±12.65)nmol/L(、481.25±34.77)nmol/L,继之,向细胞外液中引入两种浓度的Ca2+(1.5 mmol/L和3.0 mmol/L),导致[Ca2+]i进一步升高,分别为(457.55±19.80)nmol/L、(1005.93±54.62)nmol/L;(643.88±34.65)nmol/L、(920.16±43.25)nmol/L。且上述升高效应对维拉帕米(verapamil,5μmol/L)以及KCl引起的细胞膜去极化不敏感,但可被La3+(1 mmol/L)抑制。结论:在酶解分离的大鼠结肠平滑肌细胞上,存在胞内钙库耗竭激活的SOC通道,为支持在电兴奋性细胞上存在库容性Ca2+内流提供了实验和理论依据。     

八肽胆囊收缩素激活钙离子通道和酪氨酸激酶诱导豚鼠心肌细胞内的游离钙增高

探讨八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)对豚鼠单个心肌细胞内游离钙浓度([Ca2+]i的影响及其信号转导机制.Fluo 3-AM标记酶消化法分离的单个心室肌细胞,用激光共聚焦显微镜测定细胞内[Ca2+]i的浓度.[Ca2+]i的变化用荧光强度(Fi)和相对荧光强度(Fi/F0%)表示.实验结果如下(1)在含Ca2+1.0 mmol/L的Tyrode's液中,CCK-8(1～104pmoVL)均可引起[Ca2+]i快速显著上升(P＜0.01).(2)用钙离子鳌合剂EGTA(3 mmol/L)和钙离子通道阻断剂nisoldipine(0.5μmol/L)预孵育心肌细胞5 min,CCK-8(102pmol/L)仅可引起[Ca2+]i缓慢轻度上升(P＜0.01).(3)用非选择性CCK受体拮抗剂丙谷胺(proglumide 6μmo1/L)或酪氨酸激酶抑制剂genistein(1 μmol/L)预孵育心肌细胞5 min,则完全抑制CCK-8诱导的[Ca2+]i升高(P＜0.01).CCK-8可通过激活其受体控制的Ca2+通道,引起Ca2+内流,诱导细胞内Ca2+释放,引起豚鼠单个心肌细胞内[Ca2+]i上升,此作用可能由酪氨酸激酶介导.     

ATP 调控大鼠胰腺β细胞胰岛素分泌的双重作用

实验以大鼠胰腺β细胞为研究对象,采用荧光测钙和全细胞膜片钳膜电容测量技术,研究 ATP 对胞内钙离子信号和细胞分泌的影响,并初步探讨了其作用机制 . 实验表明：胞外 ATP 刺激通过动员细胞内 thapsigargin 敏感的钙库 Ca2+ 释放,使大鼠胰腺β细胞内的游离钙离子浓度显著升高,细胞外的 ATP 信号对β细胞胰岛素分泌有双向调节作用,其一,主要通过降低去极化引起的钙电流而对β细胞胰岛素分泌产生较弱的抑制作用,其二,细胞在静息状态下, ATP 通过动员胞内钙库的 Ca2+ 释放使胞浆中的钙离子浓度显著增加,触发β细胞强烈分泌胰岛素 . ATP 的这种双向调节可能对胰岛素分泌的精确调控具有重要的生理意义 .     

白细胞介素-2降低缺氧/复氧心肌细胞对细胞内钙的处理能力

目的 :研究在正常和缺氧 /复氧过程中白细胞介素 2 (IL 2 )对心肌细胞收缩和细胞内钙的处理能力的影响。方法 :采用酶解分离大鼠心室肌细胞化学缺氧模型 ,用视频跟踪系统和细胞内双波长钙荧光系统检测单个心肌细胞收缩和细胞内钙的变化。结果 :①缺氧过程中 ,心肌细胞收缩被抑制 ,钙瞬变幅度降低、静息钙水平增高 ,咖啡因诱导的钙释放减少 ,但对细胞膜L -型钙通道活性无明显影响 ;复氧期间 ,各指标不能恢复到对照水平。②IL 2 (2× 10 5U/L)抑制心肌细胞收缩 ,使钙瞬变幅度降低、静息钙水平增高 ,使咖啡因诱导的钙释放减少。③在缺氧期间加入IL 2 (2× 10 5U/L)后 ,复氧期间各参数回复均减慢。结论 :缺氧时同时存在IL 2 ,可加剧复氧时心肌细胞收缩功能和钙处理能力的降低 ,这可能与心肌细胞肌浆网内贮钙释放减少有关。     

肌细胞膜系统对收缩控制研究的一些进展

肢体的活动,心脏的搏动等,都是横纹肌细胞收缩的结果,是肌细胞中直接担负收缩功能的两种蛋白——肌球蛋白和肌动蛋白相互作用的结果。不论肌细胞活动与否,这两种蛋白都存在于细胞中,却只有在肌细胞兴奋后它们才相互作用,肌细胞才收缩。兴奋引起收缩这个过程是受细胞膜系统控制的。从五十年代后期到六十年代,在这个问题方面,积累了大量资料,主要结果如下:(1)横纹肌细胞膜局部去极化,当去极化部位相当于肌细胞中横管系统在细胞膜开口的部位时,引起肌细胞收缩的阈值最低,指示细胞膜去极化信号,通过横管系统传向细胞内部;(2)横纹肌细胞受刺激后,在收缩张力可被察觉以前,细胞内钙     

Decoding of short-lived Ca2+ influx signals into long term substrate phosphorylation through activation of two distinct classes of protein kinase C

In electrically excitable cells, membrane depolarization opens voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels eliciting Ca(2+) influx, which plays an important role for the activation of protein kinase C (PKC). However, we do not know whether Ca(2+) influx alone can activate PKC. The present study was conducted to investigate the Ca(2+) influx-induced activation mechanisms for two classes of PKC, conventional PKC (cPKC; PKCalpha) and novel PKC (nPKC; PKCtheta), in insulin-secreting cells. We have demonstrated simultaneous translocation of both DsRed-tagged PKCalpha to the plasma membrane and green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate to the cytosol as a dual marker of PKC activity in response to depolarization-evoked Ca(2+) influx in the DsRed-tagged PKCalpha and GFP-tagged myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate co-expressing cells. The result indicates that Ca(2+) influx can generate diacylglycerol (DAG), because cPKC is activated by Ca(2+) and DAG. We showed this in three different ways by demonstrating: 1) Ca(2+) influx-induced translocation of GFP-tagged C1 domain of PKCgamma, 2) Ca(2+) influx-induced translocation of GFP-tagged pleckstrin homology domain, and 3) Ca(2+) influx-induced translocation of GFP-tagged PKCtheta, as a marker of DAG production and/or nPKC activity. Thus, Ca(2+) influx alone via voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels can generate DAG, thereby activating cPKC and nPKC, whose activation is structurally independent of Ca(2+).     

Role of the different calcium sources in the excitation-contraction coupling in crab muscle fibers

Excitation-contraction coupling in crab muscle fibers was studied in voltage-clamp conditions. Extracellular calcium is essential for the mechanical activity. Two calcium influxes induced by membrane depolarization contribute to tension development: one is the inward calcium current responsible for the phasic tension, the other is a calcium influx dependent on extracellular sodium and calcium concentrations and is responsible for the tonic tension. These calcium influxes are not sufficient to activate contractile proteins. Experiments with procaine and caffeine show that a calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is required.     

Complete overlap of caffeine- and K+ depolarization-sensitive intracellular calcium storage site in cultured rat arterial smooth muscle cells

Changes in the concentration of cytosolic free calcium were recorded microfluorometrically in rat vascular smooth muscle cells in primary culture and loaded with quin-2. The effects of caffeine and high extracellular K+ on the release of calcium from the intracellular storage sites were determined. In the absence of extracellular calcium, both the depolarization of plasma membrane with excess extracellular K+ and the application of caffeine induced a transient and dose-dependent elevation of the cytosolic free calcium concentration, with durations of 4 and 2 min, respectively. Transient elevations of calcium repeatedly appeared in response to both repetitive depolarization (100 mM K+) and caffeine (10 mM) applications with progressive reductions in peak levels. In either case, the fifth or later treatments induced little or no rise in levels of the cytosolic calcium. The amount of released calcium induced by high K+ depolarization after (n-1) time applications (1 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 5) of caffeine was equal to that induced by the n-th application of caffeine. The amount of released calcium induced by caffeine after (n-1) time exposures (1 less than or equal to n less than or equal to 5) to K+ depolarization was equal to that observed during the n-th exposure to K+ depolarization. These results indicate that caffeine- and depolarization-sensitive intracellular calcium storage sites may be identical and that caffeine and K+, in optimal concentrations, will release an equal amount of calcium from the same storage site in cultured arterial smooth muscle cells, irrespective of the amount of stored calcium.     

Postsynaptic alpha adrenoceptors on vascular smooth muscle

A heterogeneous population of alpha adrenoceptors mediates vasoconstriction in the canine saphenous vein (CSV). Studies with isolated strips of venous smooth muscle incubated with selective alpha-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists revealed that both alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenoceptors exist independently in this tissue and both subtypes mediate a contractile response. Measurement of contractile responses in reduced or zero external calcium conditions indicates that stimulation of alpha 1 adrenoceptors induces contractions by influx of extracellular calcium and release of calcium from internal stores. In contrast, 45Ca uptake studies suggest that activation of the postsynaptic alpha 2 adrenoceptor produces vasoconstriction dependent only on influx of extracellular calcium. The influx of calcium produced by the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist BHT-920 is inhibited by calcium entry blockers. Measurements of transmembrane potentials from smooth muscle cells of the CSV suggest that alpha 1-adrenoceptor activation produces depolarization and contraction (electromechanical coupling) whereas alpha 2-adrenoceptor stimulation does not result in concentration-dependent depolarization of the smooth muscle cells (pharmacomechanical coupling).     

Metabotropic Ca2+ channel-induced calcium release in vascular smooth muscle

Contraction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) depends on the rise of cytosolic [Ca(2+)] owing to either Ca(2+) influx through voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels of the plasmalemma or to receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Although the ionotropic role of L-type Ca(2+) channels is well known, we review here data suggesting a new role of these channels in arterial myocytes. After sensing membrane depolarization Ca(2+) channels activate G proteins and the phospholipase C/inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP(3)) pathway. Ca(2+) released through InsP(3)-dependent channels of the SR activates ryanodine receptors to amplify the cytosolic Ca(2+) signal, thus triggering arterial cerebral vasoconstriction in the absence of extracellular calcium influx. This metabotropic action of L-type Ca(2+) channels, denoted as calcium channel-induced Ca(2+) release, could have implications in cerebral vascular pharmacology and pathophysiology, because it can be suppressed by Ca(2+) channel antagonists and potentiated with small concentrations of extracellular vasoactive agents as ATP.     

Cyclosporine A-induced prostacyclin release is maintained by extracellular calcium in rat aortic endothelial cells: role of protein kinase C.

Chronic treatment with the immunosuppressive drug Cyclosporine A (CsA) is associated with increased intracellular calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells, which may activate phospholipase A2. We used rat aortic endothelial cells to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in CsA-induced prostacyclin (PGI2) release. CsA (10(-9) M) produced a significant increase in PGI2 release. CsA-induced PGI2 release were inhibited 80-85% by 10(-9) M, and 99-100% by 10(-6) M pretreatment doses of any of three different PKC inhibitors, i.e. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonylmethyl)piperazine(H7), staurosporine or 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine. Pretreatment with (10(-9) M) of diltiazem (a voltage-sensitive L-type calcium channel blocker) completely inhibited both CsA-induced PGI2 release. Conversely, pretreatment with (10(-9) M) of thapsigargin (an intracellular calcium channel blocker) did not alter the action of CsA. These results strongly suggest that PKC, in association with an influx of extracellular calcium, mediates CsA-induced PGI2 release in rat aortic endothelial cells.     

Calcium dyshomeostasis in beta-amyloid and tau-bearing skeletal myotubes

The relative scarcity of inclusion-affected muscle cells or markers of cell death in inclusion body myositis (IBM) is in distinction to the specific and early intracellular deposition of several Alzheimer's Disease (AD)-related proteins. The current study examined the possible correlation between myotube beta-amyloid and/or Tau accumulations and a widespread mishandling of intracellular muscle calcium concentration that could potentially account for the unrelenting weakness in affected patients. Cultured myogenic cells (C(2)C(12)) expressed beta-amyloid-42 (Abeta(42)) and fetal Tau peptides, as human transgenes encoded by herpes simplex virus, either individually or concurrently. Co-expression of Abeta(42) in C(2)C(12) myotubes resulted in hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein that was not observed when Tau was expressed alone. Resting calcium concentration and agonist-induced RyR-mediated Ca(2+) release were examined using calcium-specific microelectrodes and Fluo-4 epifluorescence, respectively. Co-expression of Abeta(42) and Tau cooperatively elevated basal levels of myoplasmic-free calcium, an effect that was accompanied by depolarization of the plasma membrane. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium release, induced by KCl depolarization, was not affected by Abeta(42) or Tau. In contrast, expression of Abeta(42), Tau, or Abeta(42) together with Tau resulted in enhanced sensitivity of ryanodine receptors to activation by caffeine. Notably, expression of beta-amyloid, alone, was sufficient to result in an increased sensitivity to direct activation by caffeine. Current results indicate that amyloid proteins cooperate to raise resting calcium levels and that these effects are associated with a passive SR Ca(2+) leak and Tau hyperphosphorylation in skeletal muscle.     

Stimulation of the antigen receptor on WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells results in a voltage-independent increase in cytoplasmic calcium

WEHI-231, a lymphoma-derived murine B cell line, responded to anti-IgM antibodies by increasing the concentration of free calcium in the cytoplasm from 140 nM to 590 nM within 15 sec. This is very similar to the response observed previously in normal B cells (Pozzan et al., 1982, J. Cell Biol. 94:335). Only antibodies specific for mIgM stimulated this response; control antibodies had no effect. In addition, anti-IgM did not stimulate a response by a mutant with a greatly decreased amount of membrane IgM. The relationship of this increase in cytoplasmic calcium to the plasma membrane potential was examined. Anti-IgM did not cause a rapid depolarization of the cells, suggesting that a voltage-dependent calcium channel was not responsible for the calcium increase. Furthermore, experimental depolarization of WEHI-231 cells did not cause a calcium influx, and the calcium increase caused by anti-IgM was not greatly affected by previous depolarization or by prevention of depolarization. These experiments argue strongly that the increase in cytoplasmic calcium was not mediated by a depolarization-activated calcium channel, such as the one found in cardiac muscle and in some neurons. Indeed, a significant portion of the initial increase in cytoplasmic calcium was due to the release of calcium from internal stores, suggesting the involvement of a soluble mediator. Examination of these internal storage sites in permeabilized cells revealed that inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate could induce the release of calcium. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the calcium increase in B cells stimulated by anti-IgM is caused by breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, generating diacylglycerol and inositol trisphosphate, with the latter compound mediating calcium mobilization.