Change of tree diversity on Northeast China Transect (NECT)

Analysis of information from about 287 sample plots on Northeast China Transect (NECT) indicated that between 1986 and 1994 at latitude 43.48° N to 43.55° N and longitude 124.93° E to 131.28° E, the relative abundance of different tree species changed differently. The change of relative abundance for the moisture-sensitive tree species, such as Quercus mongolica and Larix olgensis, was helpful to detect climate change. Use of GIS software and the and _w indices of tree diversity on NECT showed that the areas of high and medium tree diversity decreased, respectively, while the area of low tree diversity increased. The heterogeneity of habitats along the NECT increased with climate change and local human activities.     

Quickly identifying tree species susceptible to extinction: a case study of seven tree species at Northeast China Transect

Quickly predicting which species are most susceptible to extirpation in a defined area is important for conservation and environmental monitoring. We hypothesised that the susceptibility of tree species to extinction in an area could be inferred by the spatial and temporal dynamics of its populations. Here we use change in population size, population spatial variability, spatial autocorrelation, spatial cohesion, crash rate, and recovery rate to characterise the relative susceptibility to extirpation for seven tree species along the Northeast China Transect from 1986 to 1994. Betula dahurica Pall. and Populus davidiana Dode. were found to have a higher susceptibility to loss than Pinus koraiensis Siebold et Zucc., Betula costata Trautv., and Larix olgensis A. Henry in this area during this time period. The same methods could be useful to monitor and predict the susceptibility of species extinction at a larger regional scale.     

中国东北样带树种（属）的空间特性及变化

对中国东北样带上１６个树种（属）在１９８６年与１９９４年景观水平的地理分布、出现频率、优势度及空间相关性等空间特性的分析得出,红松（Ｐｉｎｕｓ ｋｏｒａｉｅｎｓｉｓ Ｓｌｅｂ．ｅｔ Ｚｕｃｃ．）与花曲柳（Ｆｒａｘｉｎｕｓ ｒｈｙｎｃｈｏｐｈｙｌｌａ Ｈｅｍｓｌ．）分别是向西和向东扩展最快;种群的分布边界形态与该边界的移动有密切关系;红松、山杨（Ｐｏｐｕｌｕｓ ｄａｖｉｄｉａｎａ Ｄｏｄｅ．）、黄檗     

中国东北样带土壤氮的分布特征及其对气候变化的响应

根据2001年中国东北样带土壤全氮和有效氮的实测数据,结合CO₂浓度倍增与不同土壤湿度的模拟试验数据,对土壤全氮和有效氮的梯度分布、影响因子分析及其对气候变化的响应进行研究.结果表明,样带土壤表层全氮和有效氮的梯度分布与土壤有机碳的分布基本一致:沿经度呈现东高西低的趋势,局部由于土壤退化而出现低谷.土壤全氮的剖面分布和土壤有机碳相似,而土壤有效氮则有所不同.样带土壤全氮和有效氮与土壤pH、有机碳、全磷、全硫、全锌、土壤活性碳、有效磷、有效钾、有效锰、有效锌、土壤容重、田间持水量、土壤总孔度等因子均呈显著或极显著的相关关系.样带土壤全氮和有效氮与降雨量之间呈极显著的正相关关系(r=0.682,P＜0.001和0.688,P＜0.001).短期培养试验中,CO₂浓度倍增和不同土壤湿度下土壤全氮和有效氮的变异较小(变异系数分别是5.55%和3.84%),但可反映一定的变化趋势.     

中国东北样带树种(属)的空间特性及变化

The 16 tree species on Northeast China Transect (NECT) were analyzed from the change of geographical distribution, frequency and dominance pattern and the spatial correlation at landscape scale in 1986 and 1994. Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hemsl. had spread rapidly towards west and east, respectively. The frontier form of species had close relation with its movement. The patch size of Pinus koraiensis, Populus davidiana Dode., Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Betula dahurica Pall., Picea koraiensis Nakai, Abies nephrolepis Maxim. and Larix olgeusis var. koreana Nakai decreased, however, Quercus mongolica Fisch., Betula costata Trautv., Acer mono Maxim., Tilia spp., Ulmus spp., Betula platyphylla Suk. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla increased. The frequency pattern of Populus davidiana, Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Betula dahurica changed significantly. The dominance pattern of Populus davidiana, Tilia spp., Juglans mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, Betula dahurica and Abies nephrolepis changed significantly. The spatial correlation between Quercus mongolica and Betula dahurica, Betula costata and Picea spp., Betula costata and Abies nephrolepis, Picea spp. and Abies nephrolepis declined, however, the spatial correlation between Larix spp. and Betula platyphylla, Acer mono and Ulmus spp. increased.     

Application of Discriminant Analysis in Distinguishing Plant Photosynthetic Types-A Case Study in Northeast China Transect (NECT) Area

Discriminant analysis is an important method in multivariate statistic analysis to distinguish whatever type an individual should belong to. Based on the field actual photosynthetic data obtained from the research platform--Northeast China Transect (NECT), the concept and principle of discriminant analysis were used to distinguish the different plant photosynthetic types. A number of indices related to plant photosynthetic rate measured by a LCA4 photosynthesis system were selected to build the discriminant model. In this case study, 15 plant species from C4 plant functional groups and 51 from C3 plant functional groups were selected to build a discriminant model. The rate of accuracy, of returned classification using methods of squared Mahalanobis distances from group centroids and posterior probabilities, reached to 98.48 %. With the help of this model, any plants' photosynthetic types could be distinguished simply by using their four related parameters, viz., photosynthetic rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance and the temperature difference between leaf surface and atmosphere.     

中国东北样带三种针茅草原群落初级生产力对降水季节分配的响应

分析3种针茅草原群落初级生产力的年季动态,并利用积分回归模型探讨其对降水量季节性分配的响应,揭示水分有效性对植物初级生产力的影响.结果表明,制约3类针茅群落初级生产力年度变化的是水分,即前一年11月到当年8月的月降水量的年度变异是直接导致群落初级生产力年度变化的主要原因.降水的季节分配对于3类针茅群落初级生产力的形成有着不同的作用.前一年11月至当年4月降水对于植物群落的初级生产力具有正效应,从5月开始降水对植物初级生产力的促进作用有了不同程度的降低.大针茅和克氏针茅群落的季节降水量格局较为相近,但是大针茅群落与克氏针茅群落相比对降水的利用效率较高;贝加尔针茅群落则表现出更高效的降水利用率.由此可见,降水量月季分配及其对针茅群落影响程度的不同是造成3种针茅草原地带性分布的原因.     

河北嶂石岩风景区蜘蛛群落结构及多样性

2007年7月对河北赞皇嶂石岩国家级风景区蜘蛛群落结构进行了调查,采用局地取样与随机扫网相结合的方法,共采集蜘蛛标本1 226头,隶属于24科61属81种.嶂石岩风景区蜘蛛物种多样性丰富,漏斗蛛、蟹蛛、皿蛛和狼蛛是该地区的优势类群.不同生境中的蜘蛛种类和个体密度均有差别,其中,灌木丛生境中蜘蛛种类(54)、个体密度(20.9头·m-2)和Shannon多样性指数(3.264)均明显高于森林落叶层和滩涂生境;森林落叶层生境中蜘蛛分布的优势集中性指数最高(0.116),导致其种类分布均匀性指数(0.749)最低;滩涂生境中种类分布均匀性指数最高(0.853),这与其种类多为游猎型有关.对该地区蜘蛛物种和多度关系分析表明,嶂石岩风景区蜘蛛群落结构与Fisher对数级数分布模型能够较好地拟合.     

中国东北样带羊草群落C3和C4植物功能群生物量及其对环境变化的响应

在全球动态植被模型的发展中,受限于人力、物力和财力使得在物种水平上的研究变得既不可能也无必要。植物功能群的划分是从生态学的,而不是系统发育的角度来相互比较地对待不同地区的植物,从而削减了植被变化研究中植物分类群的数量,已成为研究植被变化及生物多样性对生态系统功能作用的重要单位。植物的不同光合途径（C3、C4和CAM）从叶片组织结构到生理功能,从生态适应到地理分布均表现出对不同水、热、光环境的响应,是理想的植物功能群分类。为此,分析了中国东北样带以羊草（Leymus chinensis）为建群种或共建种的草原群落植物光合类型功能群生物量及其与群落初级生产力和环境变化的关系。结果表明：（1）C4植物生物量具有明显的变化规律,且对环境变化的响应显著,其变异性较高,更能反映样地问环境变化的差异;（2）C4与C3植物变化具有明显的互补性,并且多数C4植物常在逆境中起到更大作用,如干旱化、盐碱化和放牧干扰;（3）C4植物种类少,在所有调查样方中仅出现7种,占总出现种类的9．72％。这些特点说明C4植物可以考虑作为评估和预测我国温带草原植被及其生态系统变化的重要植物功能群。     

Identification and genetic characterization of bovine hepacivirus in China: A large scale epidemiological study

Bovine hepacivirus (BovHepV) is a novel virus that was recently discovered in Ghana and Germany in 2015. Until now, this virus has been identified in cattle population worldwide and is classified into subtypes A-G. To fully understand the epidemic situation and genetic characteristic of BovHepV in China, a total of 612 cattle serum samples were collected from 20 farms in seven provinces and municipality in China between 2018 and 2020 and were tested for the presence of BovHepV RNA via semi-nested PCR. The results demonstrated that 49 (8.0%) samples were BovHepV RNA-positive. It is noted that BovHepV infection in yak was confirmed for the first time. BovHepV was detected in all the seven provinces, with the positive rate ranging from 3.1% to 13.3%, which indicates a wide geographical distribution pattern of BovHepV in China. Sequencing results revealed that 50 UTR of the 49 field BovHepV strains have a nucleotide similarity of 96.3%-100% between each other and 93.9%- 100% with previously reported BovHepV strains. In addition, genetic analysis identified five critical nucleotide sites in 50 UTR to distinguish different subtypes, which was further verified by genomic sequencing and nucleotide similarity analysis. All the 49 Chinese field BovHepV strains were classified into subtype G and this subtype is only determined in cattle in China currently. This study will provide insights for us to better understand the epidemiology and genetic diversity of BovHepV.     

Anthropogenic and climatic impacts on surface pollen assemblages along a precipitation gradient in north‐eastern China

Aim To understand the scenarios of ‘anthropogenic biomes’ that integrate human and ecological systems, we need to explore the impacts of climate and human disturbance on vegetation in the past and present. Interactions among surface pollen, modern vegetation and human activities along climate and land‐use gradients are tested to evaluate the natural and anthropogenic forces shaping the modern vegetation, and hence to aid the reconstruction of vegetation and climate in the past. This in turn will help with future predictions. Location The North‐east China Transect (NECT) in north‐eastern China. Methods We analysed 33 surface pollen samples and 213 quadrats across four vegetation zones along the moisture/land‐use gradients of the NECT. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and redundancy analysis (RDA) of 52 pollen taxa and three environmental variables were used to distinguish anthropogenic and climatic factors that affect surface pollen assemblages along the NECT. Results The 33 surface samples are divided into four pollen zones (forest, meadow steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe) corresponding to major vegetation types in the NECT. Variations in pollen ratios of fern/herb (F/H), Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae (A/C) and arboreal pollen/non‐arboreal pollen (AP/NAP) represent the vegetation and precipitation gradient along the NECT. DCA and RDA analyses suggest that surface pollen assemblages are significantly influenced by the precipitation gradient. Changes in the abundance of Chenopodiaceae pollen are related to both human activities and precipitation. Main conclusions Surface pollen assemblages, fossil pollen records, archaeological evidence and historical documents in northern China show that a large increase of Chenopodiaceae pollen indicates human‐caused vegetation degradation in sandy habitats. The A/C ratio is a good indicator of climatic aridity, but should be used in conjunction with multiple proxies of human activities and climate change in the pollen‐based reconstruction of anthropogenic biomes.     

Characteristic Change of Several Forest Landscapes Between 1896 and 1986 in Heilongjiang Province

The 16 tree species on Northeast China Transect (NECT) were analyzed from the change of geographical distribution, frequency and dominance pattern and the spatial correlation at landscape scale in 1986 and 1994. Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hemsl. had spread rapidly towards west and east, respectively. The frontier form of species had close relation with its movement. The patch size of Pinus koraiensis, Populus davidiana Dode., Phellodendron amurense Rupr., Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr., Betula dahurica Pall., Picea koraiensis Nakai, Abies nephrolepis Maxim. and Larix olgeusis var. koreana Nakai decreased, however, Quercus mongolica Fisch., Betula costata Trautv., Acer mono Maxim., Tilia spp., Ulmus spp., Betula platyphylla Suk. and Fraxinus rhynchophylla increased. The frequency pattern of Populus davidiana, Betula platyphylla, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Betula dahurica changed significantly. The dominance pattern of Populus davidiana, Tilia spp., Juglans mandshurica, Betula platyphylla, Betula dahurica and Abies nephrolepis changed significantly. The spatial correlation between Quercus mongolica and Betula dahurica, Betula costata and Picea spp., Betula costata and Abies nephrolepis, Picea spp. and Abies nephrolepis declined, however, the spatial correlation between Larix spp. and Betula platyphylla, Acer mono and Ulmus spp. increased.     

Insights into plant biodiversity conservation in large river valleys in China: A spatial analysis of species and phylogenetic diversity

Large river valleys (LRVs) are heterogeneous in habitat and rich in biodiversity, but they are largely overlooked in policies that prioritize conservation. Here, we aimed to identify plant diversity hotspots along LRVs based on species richness and spatial phylogenetics, evaluate current conservation effectiveness, determine gaps in the conservation networks, and offer suggestions for prioritizing conservation. We divided the study region into 50 km × 50 km grid cells and determined the distribution patterns of seed plants by studying 124,927 occurrence points belonging to 14,481 species, using different algorithms. We generated phylogenies for the plants using the “V. PhyloMaker” R package, determined spatial phylogenetics, and conducted correlation analyses between different distribution patterns and spatial phylogenetics. We evaluated the effectiveness of current conservation practices and discovered gaps of hotspots within the conservation networks. In the process, we identified 36 grid cells as hotspots (covering 10% of the total area) that contained 83.4% of the species. Fifty‐eight percent of the hotspot area falls under the protection of national nature reserves (NNRs) and 83% falls under national and provincial nature reserves (NRs), with 42% of the area identified as conservation gaps of NNRs and 17% of the area as gaps of NRs. The hotspots contained high proportions of endemic and threatened species, as did conservation gaps. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the layout of current conservation networks, establish micro‐nature reserves, conduct targeted conservation priority planning focused on specific plant groups, and promote conservation awareness. Our results show that the conservation of three hotspots in Southwest China, in particular, is likely to positively affect the protection of biodiversity in the LRVs, especially with the participation of the neighboring countries, India, Myanmar, and Laos.     

中国东部南北样带主要植被类型归一化植被指数对气候变化的响应及不同时间尺度的差异性

植被的动态变化及其与环境的关系已成为全球变化研究的热点问题。陆地样带是进行全球变化驱动因素梯度分析的有效途径。该研究依托中国东部南北样带(NSTEC), 对南北样带不同时间尺度的气候因子和植被活动变化特征进行了分析, 并重点阐述了具有代表性的12种植被类型对气候因子的响应方式。研究结果表明: 南北样带植被的归一化植被指数(NDVI)的变化同时受控于气温和降水, 但是在不同的空间和时间尺度上植被NDVI的响应方式各异。在年时间尺度上, 只有温带落叶灌丛(TDS)的NDVI受气温控制; 而温带禾草草原(TGS)和亚热带和热带针叶林(STCF)的NDVI同时受气温和降水调控。其他植被类型的年NDVI与年平均气温和年总降水量没有直接显著的联系, 而受年内气温变化和降水分配状况的影响更大。在月时间尺度上, NDVI与气温的关系在不同类型植被之间存在很大差异。一般而言, 植被NDVI与前4个月内的气温关系最为密切, 并且从1月份到4月份气温的滞后时长在缩短。其中, 温带针叶林(TCF)、温带落叶阔叶林(TDBF)、TDS、STCF和亚热带热带草丛(STG)等植被类型, 5-8月的NDVI与气温普遍呈负相关关系。草原和灌丛植被类型当月NDVI与当月降水量主要以正相关为主, 而森林类型当月NDVI与当月降水量主要以负相关为主。     

Material Flow and Spatial Data Analysis of the Petroleum Use to Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Emissions in Northeast China

This study investigated the petroleum consumption and petroleum‐related CO₂ emissions (PCOEs) in Northeast China at city level using material flow analysis (MFA) and spatial data analysis (SDA). The petroleum flows for the year 2014 were plotted, and then the spatial patterns, weighted mean centers (WMCs), and spatial autocorrelations of petroleum consumption and PCOEs were calculated, respectively. It was found that Northeast China is a petroleum exploitation‐processing‐export region in China; the total input of petroleum flows comprised two parts—exploitation (about 60%) and import (about 40%). About one third of the total product oil supply flowed into other provinces. In the consumption process, the product oil was dominated by two sectors: the industry sector (45.5%) and the transportation sector (31%). The rate of PCOEs was 36.69 million tonnes in the waste discharge process. Meanwhile, the WMCs of the petroleum consumption and the PCOEs were located in the south of Northeast China. The location of the petroleum pipelines was the factor shown to determine the spatial patterns of petroleum consumption and PCOEs and the hotspots were distributed along the petroleum pipeline, especially in the Circum‐Bohai Sea regions. Economic development in these regions shows a positive dependence on petroleum consumption and generates larger PCOEs. The findings obtained in this study could provide important decision‐making support to low‐carbon development in Northeast China.     

城市承载力空间差异分析方法 --以常州市为例

城市承载力是指一定范围内,特定目标、特定时期城市的资源禀赋、生态环境、基础设施和公共服务对人口及经济社会活动的承载能力。基于城市复合生态系统理论,从资源环境对人类活动的支撑力、人类活动对环境的压力和调控力三方面提出城市承载力概念模型及综合承载指数计算方法,从城市管理的空间特性出发,提出基于微观空间层面的承载力空间差异性分析方法,构建承载力评价指标体系,并以常州市区为例对所提出方法进行实证研究。结果表明:(1)采用城市综合承载指数评价城市承载力,能够较为直观地显示和分析承载力空间差异,符合实际情况;(2)所划分的高、中、低承载区的空间分布与城市总体规划确定的城市空间形态基本吻合,且在城市未来发展方向上对城市空间结构规划具有指导性;(3)通过空间定量评价确定的承载力提升热点地区能够将提升要素空间化,定向、定位指导城市建设。但在提升要素筛选中受指标实际可获取性影响,存在一定的偏差,有待进一步完善。     

基于SPEI指数的1961-2014年东北地区气象干旱时空特征研究

干旱导致生态系统生产力降低,已成为全球观测的事实,并将在未来气候情景下继续加剧。揭示干旱的时空分布特征是抗旱防灾、保障农业生产安全、维持生态系统健康的迫切要求。应用标准化降水蒸散指数（SPEI）和经验正交函数（EOF）分解方法,分析东北地区干旱特征,揭示干旱发生的时空变化规律。基于东北地区90个气象台站,计算1961-2014年的SPEI指数,从干旱频率、干旱范围和干旱强度等方面研究其特征,并利用EOF分解方法解构干旱空间模态和时间系数。研究结果表明：1）东北地区干旱的时间差异明显。1961-2014年,东北地区以1983年、1995年和2008年为转折点经历了"干-湿-干-湿"的波动变化;夏季发生的干旱范围最大、强度最强,冬季的范围最小、强度最弱;2）东北地区干旱的空间分布差异大,西部干旱发生频繁、发生次数多、持续时间长、旱灾强度大;3）在1、3、6和12个月的多时间尺度下,东北地区年均SPEI变量场EOF分解的前3个主要空间模态均表现为全区一致型、南北相反型和东西相反型,其方差累积贡献率约为58%;4）随着研究时间尺度的增大,干旱的空间分布规律和时间变化趋势逐渐明晰,表明东北地区干旱具有明显的尺度特征。综上所述,基于SPEI指数对东北地区干旱进行多尺度时空分解,刻画了干旱的基本特征,并解构了干旱的时空分异规律,研究结果可为该区的干旱预警研究及生态系统灾害管理提供科学依据。     

基于空间距离指数的中国西北干旱内陆河流域生态敏感性时空演变特征——以石羊河流域为例

生态敏感性是生态系统对自然环境变化和人类活动干扰的反映程度及生态环境问题发生难易程度和可能性大小的重要因素之一。以中国西北地区典型的干旱内陆河流域-石羊河流域为例,通过借鉴前人研究成果及实地调查研究,将石羊河流域生态敏感性分为生态风险敏感性、水土流失敏感性和生物多样性敏感性三个方面,并系统构建生态风险敏感性指数、水土流失敏感性指数和生物多样性敏感性指数三个定量评价指标,对石羊河流域综合生态敏感性进行研究。并通过格网编码、圈层分析,探讨近30年石羊河流域生态敏感性的时空变化。研究结果表明:(1)1987—2016年间石羊河流域生态敏感性总体上逐年降低,综合生态敏感性指数(Comprehensive ecological sensitivity index,CESI)值从1987年的1.143上升到2016年的1.287,反映出流域生态环境当前还是向着可持续发展的方向发展;(2)流域生态敏感性整体偏高,常年极度敏感区和常年重度敏感区占流域总面积的42.26%。此外,敏感性空间分异明显,流域上游及下游荒漠区敏感性相对稳定,中下游绿洲区敏感性波动变化较为频繁,且波动变化区占总面积的51.24%,这表明流域生态敏感性与人类活动及工农业生产有较为密切的关系;(3)目前流域生态敏感性整体趋于好转,但局部地区有恶化的趋势,敏感性波动降低的区域面积为11693.57km~2,占流域总面积的28.82%,敏感性波动升高的区域面积为9099.66km~2,占流域总面积的22.43%,这表明一方面在国家宏观政策的引导下,当地在生态环境保护方面做了大量工作,另一方面也表现出在全球生态环境逐渐恶化的大背景下,当地的生态环境治理工作仍然任重道远。     

中国东部南北样带暖温带区栎属树种叶片形态性状对气候条件的响应

植物叶片的形态性状能够有效地反映生存环境的变化, 并且影响植物的基本行为和功能。该研究通过获取植物标本提供的叶片形态信息, 结合相关分析和标准化主轴分析, 探讨了南北样带暖温带区栎属(Quercus)树种叶片形态性状对气候条件的响应及适应策略。结果表明: 在南北样带暖温带区, 随着气候条件的变化, 栎属树种的叶片形态性状发生显著的变化。随着年平均气温的降低和年日照时数的增加, 栎属树种叶面积增加, 以利于吸收更多的光照辐射, 并增加叶片的边界层阻力, 减少叶片热量的散失; 而叶片分裂程度的增加不仅可以降低热量的散失, 也可以提高叶片液流的波动以增强叶片的生理活动; 叶脉密度随温度的升高、光照强度和降水量的增加而增加, 以响应叶片蒸腾作用的增强, 提高水分的运输能力和叶片的支撑能力。此外, 为适应南北样带暖温带区气候条件的变化, 栎属树种的叶片形成了一系列的形态性状组合, 随着叶面积的增加, 叶柄长度和叶片分裂程度逐渐增加, 而叶脉密度降低; 随着叶片倾向于向长条状发展, 叶柄长度和叶脉密度也随之增加。     

WASSI-C生态水文模型响应单元空间尺度的确定——以杂古脑流域为例

模型基本单元空间尺度的确定是大尺度生态水文模型应用的前提, 也是提高模型模拟精度的关键。该文以长江流域岷江上游的杂谷脑河上游流域为例, 通过设置最小流域面积阈值, 构建不同的水文响应单元划分方案, 探讨生态水文模型WASSI-C响应单元的最佳空间响应尺度。结果表明: 模型响应单元空间尺度的变化对模型精度有显著影响, 模拟效果存在随响应单元划分面积阈值增加先提高再稳定的趋势, 面积阈值小于85 km²时, 模型的模拟效果较好。此外, 面积阈值小于85 km²时, 模型模拟的水、碳循环变量验证的拟合相关性系数和效率系数均趋于稳定, 因此可以将模型水文响应单元流域划分的面积阈值确定为85 km²。基于这一尺度的模拟与验证研究, 分析了WASSI-C模型中关键变量设置对模拟结果的影响。