Nematodes,rotifers and tardigrades from nunataks in Dronning Maud Land,East Antarctica

Four species of nematodes, sixteen species of rotifers and seven species of tardigrades were found in samples from nunataks in Vestfjella and Heimefrontfjella in Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica. The distribution of the fauna was very aggregated and some samples contained no animals. The degree of similarity in species composition between various nunataks was low. The highest abundances and number of species were found on the largest and highest nunataks in the most southern position.     

远东地区影响针叶树天然更新的球果种实害虫———球果花蝇 (双翅目 :花蝇科)( 英文)

球果花蝇是远东地区的重要球果种实害虫。尤其是在我国东北地区 ,由于球果花蝇的危害已严重影响了落叶松种子产量 ,进而影响到落叶松的造林与更新。本文系统地总结了近些年危害落叶松、云杉、冷杉种实的球果花蝇的研究进展及存在的问题。文中还涵括了作者的一些原始研究数据和尚未发表的新结果。     

Reproductive patterns in galagos (Galago zanzibaricus and Galago garnettii) in relation to climatic variability

The reproductive patterns (birth seasonality, litter size, litters per year) of two sympatric species of galago (Galago zanzibaricus and G. garnettii) were studied in a coastal forest in Kenya for a two-year period. Trap-retrap and radio tracking methods were employed. G. zanzibaricus has one infant twice per year; G. garnettii has one infant once per year. Both species are seasonal breeders. These East African galagos are intermediate in reproductive patterns when compared with galagos from South African woodland (G. senegalensis moholi and G. crassicaudatus umbrosis) and West African rainforest (G. alleni and G. demidovii). Climatic patterns (total annual rainfall, seasonal variability of rainfall, variability in total annual rainfall, and annual temperature variability) are also compared for the three regions. Climatically, East Africa is intermediate between West and South Africa in total annual rainfall and in seasonality of rainfall, but not in year-to-year variability in rainfall. East Africa shows the highest variability in annual rainfall. South Africa has the coldest dry seasons and highest variability in temperatures. The results of this study suggest that “r-selection” and “K-selection” do not provide adequate explanations of galago reproductive patterns.     

Molluscan Community Recovery Following Partial Tidal Restoration of a New England Estuary, U.S.A.

Historic human-imposed tidal flow restrictions at many New England estuaries have resulted in dramatic alteration of estuarine community structure and function. East Harbor, a 291-ha coastal lagoon and salt marsh in Truro, Massachusetts, was artificially isolated from Cape Cod Bay in 1868. After the isolation, salinity decreased to near freshwater levels, and estuarine fish and invertebrate populations declined precipitously. Partial tidal flow was restored to East Harbor in 2002; since then, East Harbor has experienced substantial increases in salinity, and native fauna has begun to return to the system. The objective of this study was to obtain information on marine molluscan populations recolonizing East Harbor. Using a combination of benthic cores and direct searching, we surveyed 50 plots throughout the estuary in July and August 2005. We detected 16 molluscan species in East Harbor as a whole; the four most abundant species were Mya arenaria , Littorina spp., Mytilus edulis , and Mercenaria mercenaria . We found significant differences in species richness and abundance of these species among three regions of East Harbor that varied markedly in salinity and distance to Cape Cod Bay; diversity and abundance were both highest in Moon Pond, which has a direct connection with sources of seawater and marine biota, and lowest in the northwest cove, which receives high freshwater discharge. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of Cape Cod National Seashore's preliminary tidal restoration efforts while underscoring the continued need for full tidal restoration at East Harbor and other tide-restricted estuaries.     

Biogeography of the Shimba Hills ecosystem herpetofauna in Kenya

The Shimba Hills ecosystem along the south coast of Kenya is a key East African biodiversity hotspot.Historically, it is biogeographically assignable to the East African coastal biome. We examined the current Shimba Hills herpetofauna and their zoogeographical affinities to the coastal forests and nearby Eastern Arc Mountains biodiversity hotspots.The key studied sites included the Shimba Hills National Reserve, forest reserves, Kaya forests, and adjacent private land. Data on herpetofaunal richness were obtained from recent field surveys,literature, and specimens held at the National Museums of Kenya, Herpetology Section Collection,Nairobi. The Makadara, Mwele, and LongoMwagandi forests within the Shimba Hills National Reserve hosted the highest number of unique and rare species. Generally, the forest reserves and Kaya forests were important refuges for forestassociated species. On private land, Mukurumudzi Dam riparian areas were the best amphibian habitat and were host to three IUCN(Red List) EndangeredEN amphibian species, namely, Boulengerula changamwensis, Hyperolius rubrovermiculatus, and Afrixalus sylvaticus, as well as one snake species Elapsoidea nigra. Using herpetofauna as zoogeographic indicators, the Shimba Hills were determined to be at a crossroads between the coastal forests(13 endemic species) and the Eastern Arc Mountains(seven endemic species).Most of the Eastern Arc Mountains endemic species were from recent records, and thus more are likely to be found in the future. This 'hybrid' species richness pattern is attributable to the hilly topography of the Shimba Hills and their proximity to the Indian Ocean.This has contributed to the Shimba Hills being the richest herpetofauna area in Kenya, with a total of 89 and 38 reptile and amphibian species, respectively.Because of its unique zoogeography, the Shimba Hills ecosystem is undoubtedly a key biodiversity area for conservation investment.     

远东地区影响针叶树天然更新的球果种实害虫——球果花蝇（双翅目：花蝇科）

球果花蝇是远东地区的重要球果种实害虫。尤其是在我国东北地区,由于球果花蝇的危害已严重影响了落叶松种子产量,进而影响到落叶松的造林与更新。本文系统地总结了近些年危害落叶松、云杉、冷杉种实的球果花蝇的研究进展及存在的问题。文中还涵括了作者的一些原始研究数据和尚未发表的新结果。     

秦岭森林锈菌区系

从1983～1995年,作者在秦岭地区采集了以树木锈菌为主的森林植物锈菌30属90余种。对这些锈菌的生态和生物地理分析表明：秦岭锈菌以温带型占明显优势（65％）,且多分布于海拔1300～2800m的中山针阔叶林带中。该地区锈菌区系的地理成分以东亚成分为主,尤以中国-日本成分为主;欧亚-北美成分和旧世界温带成分在秦岭占有相当比例（约30％）。古热带成分等其它地理成分的锈菌也汇集于此。秦岭地区锈菌区系起源古老。     

东北亚地区蜉蝣多样性及生物地理学初探(英文)

在标本鉴定和文献汇总的基础上,对东北亚地区(包括朝鲜半岛、日本、俄罗斯远东地区、中国东北)的蜉蝣区系做了统计分析.结果显示,截至目前该地区已报道蜉蝣18科48属237种.其中俄罗斯远东地区的蜉蝣属种多样性最高,而从地区对比来看,朝鲜半岛和中国东北地区的蜉蝣区系最为相似(属种相似度分别为83%和64%).日本群岛蜉蝣区系相对独特,这可能是由于它长期与大陆分离而造成的.     

Olive genetic diversity assessed using amplified fragment length polymorphisms

 Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was used to study the genetic variation within and among populations of genus Olea. A group of genotypes, all of them cultivated varieties of a single species, Olea europaea, was compared with wild olives and with a group of individuals belonging to different Olea species. Five primer combinations were used which produced about 290 polymorphic bands. The data obtained were elaborated with the Nei’s genetic similarity coefficient, applying different clustering methods and the Principal Coordinate Analysis. Cultivars, wild olives and North-West African species formed groups clustering together at a similarity level of 0.56, while the Olea species from East Africa and Asia grouped separately. Species from the Indian Ocean and Australia showed the highest diversity. We hypothesize that cultivars and wild plants are different forms of the same O. europaea species. The Olea from East Africa and Asia may be assigned to a different species, while the role of O. laperrini as well as that of O. maroccana as an intermediary form is confirmed. Received: 30 April 1998 / Accepted: 13 August 1998     

Distribution patterns of land snails in Ugandan rain forests support the existence of Pleistocene forest refugia

Aim We investigated whether the biogeographical patterns expected if the East African fauna was affected by cycles of contraction to refugia and expansion of ranges, as has been previously hypothesized, can be found in the land snail fauna of rain forests in Uganda. Location The Albertine Rift region and the Lake Victoria forest belt in Uganda. Methods Snails and slugs were sampled in 60 plots in 13 rain forests, and small species were extracted from 5‐L leaf litter samples. Relative species richness was calculated by rarefaction. The influence of putative determinants of species richness was examined by bivariate correlation and multiple regression. Clustering and nestedness were tested by Monte Carlo simulations with a null model that considers the range size distribution, the species richness distribution of the forests, and the spatial autocorrelation of the occurrences of each species. Biotic elements were determined by model‐based Gaussian clustering. Results A total of 169 land snail species were recorded from 13 Ugandan rain forests. Relative species richness increases with rainfall and altitude, and decreases with evaporation and distance from the putative East Congolian refugia. Mean annual rainfall and distance from the putative East Congolian refugia were included in the best multiple regression model. The distribution areas of the Ugandan land snails are significantly clustered. Two montane, two lowland and a northern biotic element were found. The mean range extension increases with increasing distance from the putative East Congolian refugia. Moreover, the ranges of the Ugandan land snails are significantly nested. The centre of the sets of nested subsets is in the Virunga Mountains, close to the putative East Congolian refugia. Main conclusions The decrease of diversity with increasing distance from the putative East Congolian refugia, the clustering and nestedness of ranges, and the range size increase with increasing distance from the refugia indicate that the East African land snail fauna was affected by cycles of contraction to refugia and expansion of ranges. The significant clustering and nestedness cannot be explained by current environmental conditions. Given the environmental history, it can be supposed that the lowland elements expanded post‐glacially, whereas the ranges of the montane species are probably currently contracting.     

Population genetics of the Malm? polymorphism of coagulation factor IX.

The distribution of 1,198 Malm? alleles was examined in 822 men from 16 indigenous populations and 188 women from 7 of the ethnic groups. Subjects were from several European countries, the Mediterranean, East Asia, and the USA (Anglo- and African-Americans). The frequencies of the rarer (Malm? B) allele were approximately equal across Europe, the highest frequencies (0.36) being in the French and Anglo-Americans; no population was observed with clearly the highest frequency. They diminished slightly at moderate distances from Europe (Tunisia, Ethiopia) and greatly at longer distances (East Asia and West Africa). In Orientals, the frequencies ranged from 0.07 (East Indians) to 0.03 (the Chinese) and from 0.0 to 0.15 in African-Americans. Assuming selective neutrality, the data are consistent with the European origin of the 'B' allele when the population was small and outward spread.     

镜泊湖世界地质公园火山口地下森林苔藓植物区系

镜泊湖世界地质公园火山口孕育了罕见的原始地下森林,本研究为完善中国火山生态系统苔藓植物区系地理起源提供重要资料。基于前期野外调查、标本采集和物种鉴定数据,已知苔藓植物53科126属292种,采用分层聚类分析和主成分分析方法探讨区系地理特点。结果表明：(1)镜泊湖火山口地下森林苔藓植物单种属和寡种属占绝对优势,共106属(占总属数84.13%)152种(占总种数52.05%)。(2)区系地理成分共11种,北温带分布占主体(49.12%),东亚分布次之(21.55%),中国特有分布第三(8.48%)。(3)地下森林中国特有苔藓植物可能沿“北线”以山脉为通道进行传播。(4)镜泊湖火山口地下森林与镜泊湖火山熔岩台地苔藓植物区系相似性最高。此外,发现受威胁苔藓植物7种。总之,镜泊湖火山口地下森林苔藓植物区系的主要特点为起源古老,组成复杂,北温带性质明显,与东亚苔藓植物区系具有深厚的历史渊源,凭火山锥内部优越的微生境成为中国特有和珍稀濒危苔藓植物的避难所。     

Helminth communities of green frogs Rana clamitans Latreille, from southwestern Michigan.

A total of 239 green frogs Rana clamitans, collected between June 3 and August 27, 1998 from 6 locations in southwestern Michigan, was examined for helminths. Of the 26 helminth taxa found, the larval cestode Mesocestoides sp. had the highest mean intensity, followed by the larval trematode Fibricola sp. Of the helminths that mature in frogs, Haematoloechus varioplexus had the highest prevalence and Gorgodera amplicava had the highest mean intensity. Frogs from 118th Pond had the highest species richness (20), mean helminth species richness (5.2), and mean helminth abundance (153.7). Frogs from Constantine East had the highest mean helminth species diversity (0.8778) and evenness (0.6033), followed by frogs from 118th Pond. In all comparisons of mean helminth community species richness, abundance, diversity, and evenness, adult frogs had significantly higher or higher values than did juveniles at each location. Jaccard's coefficients of similarity for the helminth communities for location pairs ranged from 0.545 to 0.823. Nine and 2 core helminth taxa occurred at the local and regional levels, respectively. The differences in several helminth community measures in green frogs among locations stress the importance of local ecological conditions on helminth community structure.     

Correlation between stand structure and ground vegetation: an analytical approach

The effect of stand structure on the diversity of the forest's ground vegetation was examined based on data on permanent sample plots collected in the northern parts of North-Carelia, eastern Finland. Different ordination methods (DCA, GNMDS, LNMDS, and HMDS) were used together with the TWINSPAN classification method. The aim was to construct a basis for classifying forests with respect to the biodiversity of the forest vegetation. Fertility and stand age showed the strongest correlation with the variation in ground vegetation. Other important factors were basal area, tree species composition, and crown cover. These variables were important in the division of the sample plots into different classes. According to the diversity indices, species diversity was at its highest in young stands on fertile forest sites. As a result, twenty-one different classes were formed based on the relative abundance of understorey species. The variables with the highest correlation were used to describe the stand structure in these classes.     

The influence of environmental factors and management methods on the vegetation of mesic grasslands in a central European mountain range

We examined how environmental factors combined with the diverse ways of the extensive management of mesic mountain grasslands affect species composition and diversity in the Polish part of Central Sudetes Mts. Based on the data from 100 research plots altitude, organic matter content and exchangeable magnesium in the soil, as well as the maximum soil water capacity and amount of sand fraction significantly affected species composition. Among the management methods, a significant effect on the differentiation of species composition was observed following the cessation of usage and mowing. Mown meadows had the highest share of forbs in the biomass, whereas those abandoned ones were dominated by tall and expansive grasses, mainly Calamagrostis epigejos. The species richest grasslands occurred in areas with soils of high water capacity, containing high concentrations of calcium and low amounts of total nitrogen. No significant effect of management methods on the total number of species as well as on the number of forb species was observed. Mown pastures had the highest mean value of the Shannon–Wiener diversity index.     

中国石蕊科地衣多样性与区系研究

通过实地调查我国华北、 西南等地区的石蕊科地衣多样性,结合前人的研究资料,从物种多样性、 生境、区系成分等多方面对我国石蕊科地衣进行研究.结果显示,我国石蕊科地衣共有5属107种,其中石蕊属(Cladonia)占优势,有94种,占石蕊科地衣总种数的87.9％.共鉴定出山西省新记录8种,云南省新记录种3种.石蕊科地衣生境...     

东海大陆架虾类资源量评估

根据2008年春(5月)、夏(8月)、秋(11月)、冬(2009年2月)四季东海区桁杆拖虾网调查资料, 应用资源密度法首次估算了调查海域主要经济虾类和总体的现存资源量和最大持续产量(MSY)。结果表明: 调查海域虾类季度平均资源密度为203.5 kg/km2。根据季节分布, 以夏季最高, 冬季最低; 根据区域分布, 南部海域最高, 中部最低。调查海域虾类的现存资源量约为10.6×104 t, MSY约为22.2×104 t, 与2008年调查海域虾类渔获量比较, 表明该海域虾类资源总体利用略显不足, 尚有一定潜力。在主要经济虾类的现存资源量与MSY中, 以假长缝拟对虾Parapenaeus fissuroides最高; 与历史资料相比, 某些经济价值较高的种类, 如哈氏仿对虾Parapenaeopsis hardwickii、日本对虾Penaeus japonicus等的资源量明显减少, 而长角赤虾Metapenaeopsis longirostris等经济虾类较低的种类资源量有所上升, 这说明东海大陆架海域虾类资源组成情况已经发生了很大改变。       

安徽大别台区虫生真菌区系的物种多样性研究

对安徽大别山区虫生真菌区系的物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明该地区虫生真菌资源十分丰富 ,共有虫生真菌 5 0种 ,隶属于 4目 4科 16属。科从大到小依次为麦角菌科 (Clavicipitaceae) (2 7种 ,占 5 4 % )、丝孢科 (Hy phomycetaceae) (15种 ,占 30 % )、虫霉科 (Entomophthoraceae) (5种 ,占 10 % )、束梗孢科 (Stilbellaceae) (3种 ,占 6 % )。含 3个种以上的优势属依次为虫草属 (Cordyceps) (2 6种 ,占 5 2 % )、拟青霉属 (Paecilomyces) (6种 ,占 12 % )、白僵菌属 (Beauveria) (3种 ,占 6 % ) ,共计 35种 ,占总种数的 70 % ;含 2个种的属为刺束梗孢属 (Akanthomyces)和虫瘟霉属 (Zoophthora) ;其余 11个属皆为单种属。优势种依次为粉拟青霉 (Paecilomycesfarinosus)、细脚拟青霉 (P .tenuipes)、下垂虫草 (Cordycepsnutans)、球孢白僵菌 (Beauveriabassiana)、金龟子绿僵菌小孢变种 (Metarhiziumanisopliaevar.anisopliae)。区系地理成分划分为 7大类型 :世界分布种 (42 .11% )、欧亚大陆分布种 (10 .5 3% )、亚热带—热带分布种 (5 .2 6 % )、东亚分布种 (7.89% )、东亚—新几内亚分布种 (5 .2 6 % )、中国—日本分布种 (5 .2 6 % )和特有成分 (2 3.6 8% ) ,表现出明显的东亚区系特征 ,而且本区及