外源施钙对盐胁迫下花生营养元素吸收与分配的影响

为解决盐碱地花生养分吸收不畅及分配受阻等问题,研究外源施钙对盐胁迫下花生氮、磷、钾、钙、镁吸收积累、分配特性和产量的影响,为盐碱地花生生产合理、高效施肥提供理论依据.以‘花育25号’为材料,在0.3%盐胁迫浓度下,设置4个Ca浓度梯度[T₁(0)、T₂(75)、T₃(150)和T₄(225) kg·hm^-2 CaO]进行盆栽试验.结果表明: 花生植株内养分含量依次为氮>钾>钙>磷>镁,苗期植株对氮和钙素的吸收中心均在叶片,磷、钾、镁的吸收中心为茎,苗期近一半的营养积累分配在各元素相应的生长中心.成熟期氮、磷、钾吸收中心转移到荚果中,尤以氮、磷在籽仁中的积累量居多,达72.3%～78.9%;钙、镁的吸收中心仍为叶片和茎,其分配比例分别为49.8%、32.6%.盐胁迫明显抑制花生植株各器官对氮、磷、钾、钙和镁各元素的吸收积累与分配,尤以对叶片和籽仁中氮素积累的抑制较为显著,但盐胁迫对荚果中镁的积累有促进作用.外源钙对盐胁迫下花生植株各器官氮、磷、钙和镁的吸收累积有明显的促进作用,尤其对籽仁中磷素积累的调节最为显著,其在籽仁中的积累量提高50%以上.适宜的钙施用量可显著促进盐胁迫下花生养分吸收积累量,提高花生成熟期荚果中氮、磷、钾的分配比,最终提高产量.综合各养分吸收、积累分配和产量结果,在0.3%盐胁迫条件下钙肥适宜施用量为150 kg·hm^-2 CaO.     

Mineral nutrition of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Summary Two experiments on cacao seedlings grown in sand culture are described, the first of which was concerned with variations in the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium and sulfur (the macronutrient experiment) and the second dealing with variations in the levels of iron, copper, zinc, boron, manganese, and molybdenum (the micronutrient experiment).Many of the deficiency symptoms obtained were similar to those reported in the literature and they have not been described again. However, additional information is provided for symptoms of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, copper, boron, and molybdenum deficiencies.The effects of all treatments on the dry weights of leaves, stems, and roots are presented. The effects of the macronutrient treatments on the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium in the leaves of eight month old plants and the effects of micronutrient treatments on the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum, sodium, and aluminium in the leaves of eleven-month-old plants are presented and discussed.     

Effect of soil-applied complex fertiliser on an insect–host plant relationship: Liriomyza trifolii on Solanum tuberosum

Insects respond to very low levels of nutritional and non‐nutritional compounds in plants, which influence their acceptance and colonisation of the plant or plant part, and thereby their growth and development. Plant nutrient levels can vary within and between plants, and are influenced by external factors such as fertiliser treatments, irrigation regime, and light. Soil levels of nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium can have significant effects on the amounts of these nutrients in the plant, and thereby on pest infestation. This study reports on the influence of seven different NPK fertiliser rates in potted potato (Solanum tuberosum cv. Mondial) plants on the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels in the leaves, and the concomitant influence on infestation by, and development of, the serpentine leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii Burgess (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Results showed that increases in nitrogen in the potato leaves increased larval and pupal survival, and pupal and adult body weight and length. Potassium and phosphorus, on the other hand, decreased the host suitability of potato plants to L. trifolii, and were detrimental to the pest.     

The Levels of Manganese, Sodium, Aluminium, Iron, Boron, Zinc, and Copper in the Leaves of Cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): As Affected by Shade, Fertilizer, Irrigation, and Season

The results are given of chemical analyses of leaves collectedover a period of one year from cacao trees in a field trialreceiving fertilizer, shade, and irrigation treatments. Thegreatest variation in concentration of the elements under studywas found to be due to the time of year at which the leaveswere collected. The lowest concentrations of zinc and copperwere found in the leaves collected during the peak of the mainseason crop. The lowest concentrations of manganese, aluminium,and iron were found in leaves collected about a month afterthe end of the main harvest. The levels of most elements rosesharply after the end of the main harvest. The levels of mostelements rose sharply after reaching a minimum, and the maximumlevels were usually reached before completion of flowering forthe next main season crop. The effects of the treatments onthe nutrient levels in the leaves were generally small. Thefertilizer treatment tended to increase the levels of manganese,aluminium, iron, sodium, and zinc and to decrease the levelof boron. The shade treatment tended to increase the levelsof sodium, copper, and zinc and to decrease the levels of manganese,aluminium, and iron. The irrigation treatment had no substantialeffect on the level of any element. The levels of iron, manganese,and boron, were found to be positively correlated with the levelof aluminium.     

The effect of iron supply on the yield and composition of leaves of tomato plants

Summary This paper describes a factorial experiment which was designed to elucidate the effect of total iron supply and rate of iron supply on the yield of tomato plants. Information was also obtained on the effect of iron supply and leaf age on the concentration of a number of nutrient elements in the leaf tissue.Increasing the total iron supply increases the yield, and the iron concentration in the leaves, while the manganese, phosphorus, sodium, calcium and magnesium decrease in concentration. The young leaves have a lower concentration of iron, manganese, potassium, sodium, calcium and magnesium than the older leaves, while the reverse is true of nitrogen and phosphorus. A slow rate of iron supply decreases the yield and sodium concentration in the leaves but increases the manganese and phosphorus concentrations.Interaction between total iron supply and leaf position affects the manganese, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in the leaves, while the interaction between total-iron level and rate of iron supply affects the phosphorus and calcium concentration in the leaves.     

Total uptake of nutrients at different stages of the growth of groundnut and the ratios in which various nutrient elements exist in groundnut plant

Summary A pot experiment was conducted with groundnut crop in two red soils with various levels of application of calcium, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium. The plants were analysed at vegetative, reproductive and post harvest stages for the uptake of nutrients. Up to vegetative stage, the crop absorbed 10 per cent of the total requirement of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. During the reproductive stage the crop removed about 40 to 50 per cent of the above nutrients. Between reproductive and harvest stages groundnut absorbed the remaining amount of the nutrients.Forms a part of the Ph.D. thesis of the first author approved by Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.     

Biogeography and variability of eleven mineral elements in plant leaves across gradients of climate, soil and plant functional type in China

Understanding variation of plant nutrients is largely limited to nitrogen and to a lesser extent phosphorus. Here we analyse patterns of variation in 11 elements (nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium/calcium/magnesium/sulphur/silicon/iron/sodium/manganese/aluminium) in leaves of 1900 plant species across China. The concentrations of these elements show significant latitudinal and longitudinal trends, driven by significant influences of climate, soil and plant functional type. Precipitation explains more variation than temperature for all elements except phosphorus and aluminium, and the 11 elements differentiate in relation to climate, soil and functional type. Variability (assessed as the coefficient of variation) and environmental sensitivity (slope of responses to environmental gradients) are lowest for elements that are required in the highest concentrations, most abundant and most often limiting in nature (the Stability of Limiting Elements Hypothesis). Our findings can help initiate a more holistic approach to ecological plant nutrition and lay the groundwork for the eventual development of multiple element biogeochemical models.     

暖温带两种针叶林生态系统中茎流和穿透雨的养分特征研究

通过对暖温带地区两种典型人工针叶林生态系统内树干茎流和穿透雨的收集,对其中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｓ和Ａｌ等７种元素进行了测定。研究发现这些养分元素在树干茎流和穿透雨中的含量在年内有明显的时间动态变化,这些变化主要受元素在水分中的含量和它们在植物生命活动中的活跃程度等影响,甚至在不同的针叶林生态系统之间都有一定的差异,其中表现为明显的是Ｎ、Ｋ和Ｓ。     

The development of waterlogging damage in wheat seedlings (Triticum aestivum L.)

Summary Decreases in the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, in the shoots of wheat seedlings soon after the start of waterlogging were mainly attributed to an inhibition of ion uptake and transport by roots in the oxygen deficient soil. There was a small net accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by the aerial tissues, principally the tillers rather than the main shoot. By contrast, calcium and magnesium accumulated in both tillers and main shoot. With waterlogging, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were translocated from the older leaves to the younger growing leaves, and in the case of nitrogen this was associated with the onset of premature senescence. Calcium and magnesium were not translocated from the older leaves, the younger leaves acquiring these cations from the waterlogged soil. The promotion of leaf senescence by waterlogging was counteracted by applications of nitrate or ammonium to the soil surface, or by spraying the shoots with solutions of urea, but the beneficial effects on shoot growth were small.The role of mineral nutrition in relation to waterlogging damage to young cereal plants is discussed.     

Content and deposition of major mineral elements in different tissues and empty body of growing bulls of the german simmental breed

54 bulls of the German Simmental breed were fed either on a high energy level (maize silage ad libitum and 1.8 kg concentrate) or on a low energy level (maize silage restrictively and 1.0 kg concentrate). In dependence on feeding intensity a mean daily weight gain of 870 or 1210 g was obtained. Animals were slaughtered with a live mass of 200 kg, 350 kg, 500 kg, 575 kg and 650 kg. Empty body was divided into 13 cuts and afterwards separated into lean, bone and adipose tissues and tendons. Major mineral element content was determined in these tissues as well as in the noncarcass parts.

In the lean tissue the mean content (200 kg) of 0.3 g calcium, 10 g phosphorus, 1 g magnesium, 2.3 g sodium and 14.8 g potassium/kg dry matter decreased slightly with rising live mass (200–650 kg). The contents of major mineral elements were much higher in bone tissue. For the fattening period from 200 to 650 kg of live mass mean contents of 151.5 g calcium, 71.3 g phosphorus, 3.2 g magnesium, 5.1 g sodium and 1.1 g potassium per kg DM were analysed. Mineral element content of bone tissue increased with rising live mass as well as animals on low feeding intensity showed a higher mineral content than on high energy level. In all, major mineral element content in fat tissue was very low. In noncarcass parts head and legs calcium and phosphorus had analogous to bone tissue the highest concentration. Hide showed a high content of sodium, whereas organs and digestive tract had a high content of potassium and phosphorus. Total mass of major mineral elements in the different tissues increased above all in the fattening period of 200 to 350 kg. In carcass as well as in empty body, mass of calcium and phosphorus was much higher than magnesium, sodium and potassium. Also animals on low feeding intensity showed a higher mass of major mineral elements in carcass and empty body than animals on high energy feeding intensity. The intensively fed bulls had a mean deposition of 12.7 g calcium, 6.9 g phosphorus, 0.37 g magnesium, 1.2 g sodium and 2.1 potassium per 1000 g of empty body weight gain, whereas restrictively fed bulls deposited in average 15.0 g calcium, 7.8 g phosphorus, 0.4 g magnesium, 1.2 g sodium and 2.4 g potassium per 1000 g of empty body weight gain.     

Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium Additions on Plant Biomass and Soil Nutrient Content of a Swale Barrier Strand Community in Louisiana

Fertilization of a swale plant community with various levelsand combinations of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium resultedin increased plant growth. Nitrogen addition produced the greatestincrease in biomass. At some high nitrogen levels, phosphoruslimited plant production. Potassium fertilization did not influenceplant growth. Phosphorus fertilization decreased the levelsof soil calcium, magnesium and manganese. A shore-perpendiculargradient in apparent saltwater inundation influenced soil pHand the concentrations of iron, phosphorus, and magnesium. Fertilizer effects, swale Scirpus americanus, Spartina patens, nitrogen limitation     

Macro and micro-elements concentrations in Calligonum comosum wild grazing plant through its growth period

In this study, the change in the content of the macro and micro elements in the growing wild grazing plant of Calligonum comosum was tracked at the Research and Training Station of King Faisal University in Al-Hassa Governorate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Mineral elements were estimated in aerial parts (plant as a whole, leaves and stem) from January-April 2020. The results showed that the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the plant as a whole plant > leaves > roots, while the concentrations of calcium, magnesium, manganese, zinc and copper elements in the leaves was higher than other parts whereas the concentrations of these elements of whole plant were higher than the concentrations in roots. The results showed that the plant contents of nitrogen, potassium and zinc were the highest in March, while the concentrations of phosphorus, calcium, iron and copper were in February. The concentrations of magnesium, manganese and copper was the highest in January and April respectively. The values ​​of nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc and copper ranged from 11.1 to 18.4 g kg⁻¹, 4.17–2.33 g kg⁻¹, 13.73–18.97 g kg⁻¹, 24.50–28.90 g kg⁻¹, 10.40–12.30 gkg⁻¹, 1500–1677 mg kg⁻¹, 45.45–49.29 mg kg⁻¹, 70.70–177.23 mg kg⁻¹, 16.78–73.46 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Furthermore, the results exhibited that the lowest values of the elements appeared in the plant roots in April. As well as, the distribution of the elements followed the normal life curve from January to April. Besides that, the evaluated elements satisfy the needs of the grazing animals' life in which this type of plant grows.     

Fire-induced nutrient losses in a phryganic (East meditteranean) ecosystem

After a fire in a phryganic ecosystem, the nutrient losses in above-ground plant biomass, in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were quantitatively different. The most important is that of nitrogen (96%), followed by magnesium (59%), potassium (54%) and calcium (36%) while phosphorus content remained constant. Removal of these elements took place through fire's smoke.     

Regulation of the elemental composition of the epididymal fluids in the tammar, Macropus eugenii

Micropuncture, microanalytical and microelectrode techniques were used to study electrochemical aspects of 7 elements and fluid in the ductuli efferents and ductus epididymidis of the tammar. Rete testis fluid was isosmotic with blood and had a lower pH. It also contained lower concentrations of bicarbonate, sodium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulphur and higher concentrations of potassium and chloride than blood. The luminal fluid was acidified further during passage through the sperm ducts and all of the elements which were studied moved in or out of the lumen, usually against an electrochemical gradient. The ductuli efferents reabsorbed 87% of the fluid leaving the testis without changing the intraluminal concentrations of sodium, potassium and calcium, but the concentrations of magnesium, phosphorus and sulphur increased. The caput epididymidis reabsorbed about half the fluid entering it: sodium concentrations decreased and those of potassium and phosphorus increased. There was also some fluid reabsorption and an increase in the values of potassium and phosphorus in the corpus epididymidis. There was little net transport of fluid in the cauda epididymidis; sodium, chloride, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations decreased and potassium values increased. Studies involving filtration through a dialysis membrane of blood and fluid from the rete testis and cauda epididymidis showed that, whilst some of the calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and sulphur was associated with high molecular weight compounds in blood, the association was not significant in the reproductive fluids.     

Mass and nutrient loss of fresh plant biomass in a small black-water tributary of Caura river, Venezuelan Guayana

Decomposition rates and nutrient dynamic (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) were determined for green leaves and fine branches immersed in the water of a small tributary of Caura river (SE-Venezuela). 16% of the original dry weight of leaves and 11% of branches were lost at the end of the first sampling period: first month for leaves and second month for branches. This dry weight reduction was probably due to leaching of soluble material. After a 9-month period, the mass loss was 60% for leaves and 20% for fine branches. The pattern of dry weight and nutrient losses are in general agreement with previous studies of decomposition of leaf litter in both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Potassium and magnesium are the elements most rapidly lost, showing the dominance of leaching processes; at the end of the first month 7% of the initial amount of K and 18% of the initial amount of Mg remained in leaves. The loss of calcium and phosphorus was much slower: 61% of Ca and 47% of P remained in the leaf material after the first sampling period. In contrast to K, Mg, Ca and P, the initial amount of nitrogen in leaves remained relatively unchanged during the first month of decomposition; in the subsequent sampling period, the amount of N decreased. The elements K and Mg in branches behaved similar to leaves: 4% of K and 22% of Mg were left at the end of the first sampling period. The initial amount of Ca and P in branches decreased slightly: 88% of Ca and 83% of P remained in branches at the end of this first sampling. Nitrogen behaved differently in branches than that in leaves. In branches the amount of N remained relatively unchanged during the first 5 months of decomposition; afterwards, N showed gradual increases, probably due to immobilization. At the end of the experiment the amount of N in branches was 16% higher than the initial amount.     

Changes in the chemical content of birch (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Betula pendula </Emphasis>Roth) leaves in the air polluted Krusne hory mountains

Analyses of birch leaves (Betula pendula Roth) sampled from trees in the air polluted Krusne hory mountains and Decin sandstone highlands were performed in 1995 and 1998. The results revealed a connection between reduction of air pollutants and overall decrease in sulphur and nitrogen content of the leaves. Simultaneously, in many stands an increase in calcium content and a decrease in contents of phosphorus, magnesium and potassium occurred. The content of microelements and non-nutrient elements did not change.     

Mineral composition of Phragmites australis in Scottish lochs as related to eutrophication. I. Seasonal changes in organs

Monthly levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium and iron in the organs (root, rhizome, stem, leaf and panicle) of Phragmites australis were determined from March to November, 1975 in Forfar Loch (polytrophic), Balgavies Loch (eutrophic) and Loch of the Lowes (mesotrophic), Scotland. Generally no consistent seasonal changes in the mineral levels were detected for the root, rhizome and panicle. For the stem and leaf, the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium rose to a peak before declining for the rest of the season. Consistently higher levels of tissue nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium were found in the Forfar plants over those of Balgavies and Lowes, reflecting the very eutrophic condition in Forfar Loch. The mineral compositions in the reeds in the present study were compared with similar studies in other areas.     

小麦开花期灌水对土壤养分及根系分布的影响

本研究通过分析开花期灌水对小麦产量、植株养分分配和土壤养分分布的影响及其与根系特性的关系,为小麦充分利用水肥资源提供理论支撑。以抗旱高产品种‘洛麦28'和高光效品种‘百农207'为材料,采用2 m深土柱栽培方法,设置开花期灌水(T₁)和开花期不灌水(T₂)两个水分处理,测定了不同组织器官、不同土层土壤氮、磷、钾含量及根系分布特性等指标。结果表明: 小麦收获期土壤中铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾主要分布在0～80 cm土层中,硝态氮主要分布在80 cm以下土层中,开花期灌水促进小麦吸收0～60 cm土层的铵态氮、速效磷、速效钾和80 cm以下土层的硝态氮,减少了硝态氮向深层土壤的淋溶;小麦根系主要集中在0～60 cm土层中,随土壤深度的增加而减少。成熟期干物质积累量、全氮和全磷主要分配在小麦籽粒中,而全钾主要分配在茎秆中;开花期灌水显著增加了小麦百粒重,提高了小麦产量;根系形态指标与土壤硝态氮在0～40 cm土层中呈显著负相关,与土壤铵态氮在80～100 cm土层中呈极显著正相关,与土壤速效磷在0～100 cm土层中呈显著正相关。开花期灌水促进了根系在小麦生育末期对土壤养分的充分吸收,延长了养分从营养器官向生殖器官的转运功能期,使营养器官中的养分充分地转运到籽粒中去,增加小麦粒重,进而提高产量。     

THE INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF SOME METALLIC ELEMENTS IN LEAVES

Stocking , C. Ralph , and Alpaslan Ongun . (U. California, Davis.) The intracellular distribution of some metallic elements in leaves. Amer. Jour. Bot. 49(3): 284–289. Illus. 1962.—A comparison of the potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and nitrogen levels of chloroplasts isolated in an aqueous sucrose medium and by the nonaqueous method reveals that large amounts of these elements are lost from the plastids during their isolation in sucrose solution. Nonaqueously isolated chloroplasts of bean and tobacco leaves contained over 40% of the total leaf potassium, magnesium, and calcium. High levels of nitrogen up to 70% of the total leaf nitrogen were found associated with nonaqueously isolated chloroplasts. As much as 40–50% of this nitrogen is lost when chloroplasts are isolated in a sucrose solution. Electron photomicrographs of nonaqueously isolated chloroplasts reveal only a partial disruption of the internal structure and a loss of the plastid membrane during isolation.     

河西干旱区白芍养分吸收规律与药效成分积累的关系研究

为揭示河西干旱区白芍干物质积累及营养元素吸收特征和药效成分累积规律,明确影响药效成分积累的营养元素种类,科学制定白芍施肥方案和规范化种植。以甘肃省古浪县古丰镇芍药产业基地4年生白芍为研究对象,通过田间试验测定白芍不同生长期干物质积累特征以及根中9个营养元素含量和3类药效成分含量,并分析白芍根中有效成分含量与营养元素的相关关性。结果表明：（1）随着生育期延续,白芍根部干物质积累先下降后上升,全株干物质积累量逐渐增加,出苗后90-130 d是白芍干物质积累最快的时期,占总积累量的79.29 %,是白芍生长的关键时期。（2）白芍地上部氮、钾含量总体呈下降趋势,而磷素含量总体呈明显增加趋势,而根部氮、磷含量总体呈减少趋势,钾含量变化不明显;地上部和根氮累积总量分别在出苗后130 d和150d达到最高。地上部磷积累量在出苗后150 d达到最大,根部磷积累量分别在出苗后30 d、150 d达到高峰,地上部和根部钾积累量分别在出苗后70 d和150 d达到高峰。地上部氮、钾含量在不同生长时期均高于根部,其磷含量则在出苗后90 d前低于根部,在出苗后110 d后高于根部。（3）根中芍药苷、芍药内酯苷积累量均先升高后降低,最后趋于稳定,多糖积累量表现为高-低-高的变化趋势。（4）芍药苷含量与氮、钙、铜含量呈极显著正相关,与钾含量呈显著正相关,芍药内脂苷含量与氮、钾、钙、铜含量呈极显著正相关,而芍药多糖与各营养元素含量之间没有相关性。可见,白芍氮、磷、钾营养最大效率期在出苗后110～150 d,适时追加氮、钾肥有利于根部生物量的积累,施肥中添加Ca、Cu元素能有效促进白芍药效成分的积累;河西冷凉山区白芍宜在9月中下旬（9月16日以后）采挖。