大陆性海岛野生植物功能性状特征及其演变趋势——以平潭岛为例

探讨海岛植物功能性状的演变机制,对福州市平潭岛和福州国家森林公园的野生植物功能性状进行了比较。结果表明,平潭岛和公园植物的共有科占总科数的63%,共有种占总种数的19%。海岛植物为适应强风、干旱、贫瘠的环境,以草本植物为主,占65.75%。海岛植物的叶级明显小于大陆植物,叶被毛植物占62.39%,并呈木质化和肉质化特征。海岛植物的繁殖能力提高,海岛植物花期长于大陆,以r-繁殖策略为主。海岛植物的传播能力提高,颖果和瘦果比例高于大陆植物,而核果和浆果比例相反;微型果为79.20%,以风力和蚁类传播为主。总体而言,大陆性海岛与大陆野生植物具有相同起源,海岛植物为适应脆弱的生态环境,其适应-繁殖-传播相关的功能性状发生演变,呈现出适应能力增强、繁殖和传播能力提高的特点。     

广西十万大山自然保护区植物资源

本文报道了广西十万大山自然保护区植物资源,介绍其中主要的材用植物、药用植物、油脂植物、纤维植物、淀粉植物、杂果植物、芳香植物、栲胶植物、保健饮料植物、饲用植物、花卉观赏植物、水土保持植物、珍稀濒危植物等13类资源植物,最后提出植物资源保护与开发利用的建议.     

海南铜铁岭种子植物资源调查

据调查海南铜铁岭有野生种子植物165科681属1279种,其中裸子植物3科3属5种;双子叶植物135科516属1025种;单子叶植物27科152属249种。在这些植物中,有国家重点保护野生植物8种、珍稀濒危植物61种。统计结果表明：有材用植物约401种、药用植物623种、油脂植物86种、芳香植物58种、蜜源植物102种、纤维植物56种、野生果树66种、观赏植物196种、饲料植物51种、绿肥植物22种、杀虫植物24种、单宁植物27种、淀粉植物16种。对其资源特点进行了分析,并对其开发利用和保护提出了建议。     

NaCl胁迫对嫁接黄瓜膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质含量及光合特性的影响

以日本引进的耐盐品种‘帝王新土佐’南瓜为砧木,以‘津研4号’黄瓜品种为接穗,研究了NaCl胁迫对黄瓜嫁接植株和自根植株的膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质含量及光合特性的影响。结果表明:在NaCl胁迫下,黄瓜嫁接植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均显著高于自根植株,O·2-产生速率及丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于自根植株,嫁接植株膜脂过氧化轻于自根植株;嫁接植株叶片游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质等渗透物质含量均显著高于自根植株;嫁接植株的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶绿素含量均显著高于自根植株;虽然NaCl胁迫抑制光合作用,但嫁接植株仍表现出优势。以上结果证明,嫁接植株耐盐性优于自根植株。     

入侵植物与本地植物互作对丛枝菌根真菌AMF侵染率的影响

外来植物成功入侵与菌根共生体存在着密不可分的关系,丛枝菌根真菌（AMF）侵染率是反映其侵染植物情况的重要指标,影响侵染率的因素很多,但是入侵植物与本地植物互作对AMF侵染率的影响目前还不清楚。因此,本研究以外来入侵植物黄顶菊Flaveria bidentis、豚草Ambrosia artemisiifolia、三叶鬼针草Bidens pilosa和本地植物狗尾草Setaria viridis、黄香草木犀Melilotus officinalis、藜Chenopodium album为研究对象,设置入侵植物单种处理、本地植物单种处理、每种入侵植物分别与本地植物两两混种处理以及每种入侵植物同时与所有本地植物混种处理,观察测定不同处理下入侵植物与本地植物根系丛枝、泡囊、菌丝及总侵染率,比较研究本地植物种类变化对入侵植物和本地植物根系AMF侵染率的影响,以及3种入侵菊科植物对本地植物AMF侵染率的影响规律是否一致。结果表明,与入侵植物单种相比,除豚草与藜、豚草同时与3种本地植物混种两个处理中,豚草根系的AMF菌丝及总侵染率显著增加外,其余所有处理中入侵植物总侵染率均无显著差异;与狗尾草或黄香草木犀单种相比,每种入侵植物同时与所有本地植物混种处理中,本地植物狗尾草和黄香草木犀根系上的AMF菌丝及总侵染率均显著降低,即随本地植物种类数目的增加,对本地植物根系的菌丝及总侵染率存在显著抑制作用,而对入侵植物无显著影响。     

深圳大鹏半岛种子植物资源调查

深圳大鹏半岛有野生种子植物158科565属952种,其中裸子植物5科5属6种;被子植物153科560属946种。该区域的森林植被可分为2个植被型6个群系,并对代表类群进行了描述。统计结果表明,该区域内有药用：植物636种、观赏植物256种、蜜源植物102种、野生果树86种、纤维植物80种、油脂植物50种、芳香植物42种、有毒植物30种、单宁植物28种、淀粉植物21种、农药植物20种、染料植物12种。在对深圳大鹏半岛森林植被调查的基础上,对其资源特点进行了分析,并对其开发利用和保护提出了建议。     

深圳大学校园维管植物调查研究

据调查深圳大学校园有维管植物113科、295属、411种,其中蕨类植物7科8属10种;裸子植物6科8属10种;被子植物100科279属390种.统计结果表明,校园栽种有国家重点保护植物8种,药用植物164种、食用植物32种、油脂植物26种、芳香植物16种、蜜源植物6种、有毒植物5种.在对校园植被进行调查的基础上,提供了植物学教学基础资料,对植物资源的种类和特点进行了分析,并对其保护和开发利用提出了建议.     

湿地植物的丛枝菌根（AM）

随着对湿地重要性认识的增加,湿地植物的丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）结构研究受到了关注。研究表明,AM结构在多种湿地类型和湿地植被类型中存在,但AM形成受植被生长地水文状况的影响;从湿地植物上的AM真菌种类看,球囊霉属（Glomus）是湿地环境的常有属。同陆生植物相比,有关湿地植物AM结构的研究尽管已取得了一些进展,但还有很大差距,尤其在我国还几乎处于空白状态。鉴此,从形成AM的湿地植被类型、湿地环境中的AM真菌种类、AM对湿地植物生长的影响,以及影响湿地植物AM形成的因素等方面进行了详细阐述,并对今后的研究方向做了展望,以期为我国开展湿地植物AM结构研究提供参考。     

Effects of herbivory by chrysomelid beetles on the growth and survival ofRumex plants

The effects of herbivory by the guild of chrysomelid beetles on the growth and survival ofRumex plants were examined in relation to the distribution and size of the plants. Gastrophysa atrocyanea never appeared on solitary plants whereasMantula clavareaui showed even utilization of solitary and clumped plants.Galerucella vittaticollis utilized large solitary plants most frequently. In patches of the host plants, the frequency of withering of the aerial parts was higher on small plants. The regrowth rate was higher when the aerial parts withered in spring than in summer. In patches of the host plants, the regrowth rate was higher on small plants. On the other hand, it was lower on small solitary plants than on large solitary plants and small plants in patches. In large plants, no difference in survival rate was recognized between solitary and clumped plants, because both the frequency of withering of the aerial parts and the regrowth rate were lower in clumped than solitary plants. The high vigor against intense herbivory by the chrysomelid beetles brought on the delay in the phenology ofRumex plants. This shift permits in parts the existence ofG. vittaticollis in mid summer. The temporal and spatial interactions between herbivore guild and the host plants were discussed.     

The impact of plants on the reduction of volatile organic compounds in a small space

This study aims at examining the reduction of indoor air contaminants by plants placed in an indoor space. Field measurements were performed using Aglaonema brevispathum, Pachira aquatica, and Ficus benjamiana, which were verified as air-purifying plants by NASA. Three conditions for the amount of plants and positions were used in two separate rooms whose dimensions are identical. The concentration of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) was monitored three hours after the plants were placed and three days after the plants were placed. The variations of concentration of Benzene, Toluene, Etylbenzene, and Xylene (BTEX), as well as Formaldehyde, which are all known as the major elements of Volatile Organic Compounds were monitored. The amount of reduction in concentration of Toluene and Formaldehyde was monitored 3 hours and 3 days after the plants were placed in the space. The reduction in the concentration of Benzene, Toluene, Etylbenzene, Xylene, and Formaldehyde was significantly greater when plants were present. When plants were placed near a window, the reduction of concentration was greater. The more plants were used, the more a reduction of indoor air contaminants occurred. The effect of reducing the concentration of air contaminants increased when the amount of plants increased, and when the plants were placed in sunny area. The concentration of Toluene was reduced by 45.6 microg/m(3) when 10% of the model space was occupied by Aglaonema brevispathum.     

Comparison of Diversity and Functions of Epiphytic Bacteria from Cultivated and Weed Plants in Agrocenoses

Diversity of epiphytic bacterial complexes from cultivated and weed plants was compared according to the frequency of predominance of bacterial taxa in these communities and using the principal component method. The presence of both common dominants on cultivated and weed plants and distinct differences in the composition of the epiphytic bacterial complexes of these plants was revealed. The representatives of chemolithotrophic bacteria capable of tetrathionate and thiosulfate assimilation were found only on weed plants. The antibiotic activity of bacteria isolated from weed plants was almost twice as high as that found for bacteria from cultivated plants. The obtained data indicate the positive effect of bacterial communities of weed plants, which make it possible to protect cultivated plants from phytopathogens.     

云南干热河谷地区种子植物资源与开发利用初探

云南干热河谷植被均为耐旱的旱生植被,主要有以下三种类型：1）半稀树草原（Semi-savanna）型植被;2）肉质多刺灌丛;3）在金沙江上游滇西北的亚热带性的干热河谷地区分布着类似马基(Maquis-like）型的多刺小叶矮生灌丛。按其产物和用途可分为6类：药用植物、纤维植物、树脂和树胶植物、芳香油植物以及淀粉植物等。资源破坏性开发和环境的变化,使现存资源的保护和开发利用成为目前的主要问题。     

福建平潭岛种子植物区系地理及外来植物对其影响

通过对平潭岛种子植物区系的调查,初步统计出平潭岛共有种子植物127科369属541种,其中,原生植物330种,隶属于91科234属,外来植物211种,隶属于79科160属。与邻近大陆区域、东南沿海岛屿的比较和聚类分析结果表明,平潭岛种子植物区系及地理分布类型具有以下特点:(1)较大陆地区原生种子植物,平潭岛植物种类相对贫乏,单种科数量多,优势科少。与大陆植物种类相似性小,平潭岛原生种子植物区系成分(种和属)与鹫峰山有最高的相似性,与虎伯寮区系的属区系分布类型关系最近。平潭岛种子植物区系成分(种和属)与上海崇明岛有最高的相似性,而平潭岛大金山岛区系的属区系分布类型关系最近;(2)127科种子植物可划分为12个类型和7个变型,369属种子植物可划分为14个类型和12个变型,以热带成分为主,温带成分其次,缺乏起源古老的区系成分;(3)平潭岛原生种子植物与大陆地区的植物种类相似性相对较低,具有典型的海滨特色海岛乡土植物;(4)外来植物与平潭岛种子植物区系成分及科属的分布区类型具有极显著相关(P0.01),并对原生种子植物的分布区类型构成有较大的影响。     

观赏植物花期调控途径及其分子机制

开花期控制对观赏植物的生产和应用具有重要意义。目前关于高等植物成花机理的研究已经取得了突破性进展,为观赏植物花期调控开辟了新途径。该文总结了观赏植物花期调控的途径和方法,并对改良观赏植物花期的技术思路做了初步分析。通过与高等植物成花机制研究的对比分析发现,观赏植物开花机理的研究已有了长足发展,一些观赏植物的转基因研究也取得了丰硕成果。利用分子设计育种途径改良观赏植物的开花期,突破了传统方法的局限性,其研究和应用前景非常广阔。     

An experimental test of the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis in goldenrod, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solidago gigantea</Emphasis>

The mechanisms that allow introduced plants to become invasive are poorly understood. Here, we present a test of the evolution of increased competitive ability hypothesis, which holds that because specialized natural enemies may be absent from the introduced range, exotic plants may evolve to invest less in anti-herbivore defenses and thereby gain a competitive advantage over native plants. We grew Solidago gigantea plants derived from both the native range (North America) and the invasive range (Europe) in a common garden in the native range for 2 years. Half the plants were treated with insecticide to protect them from insect herbivores and the other half were exposed to insects that colonized the garden from nearby fields. Insect herbivore biomass was significantly higher on European plants than US plants in the first year but not the second. European plants were more heavily attacked by pathogens in both years of the study. When exposed to insect herbivores, US plants produced more seed than European plants, but when plants were protected from herbivores, seed production was equivalent between US plants and European plants. The presence of insect herbivores suppressed seed production of European plants much more than that of US plants, even though the level of herbivory experienced by European and US plants was similar in the second year, suggesting that the ability to tolerate herbivory was diminished in European plants. These results partially support the EICA hypothesis: plants from the introduced range were more susceptible to some natural enemies and benefited more from insect removal than plants from the native range. The prediction that European plants would perform better than US plants in the absence of insect herbivores was not supported. Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at     

Effects of free proline accumulation in petunias under drought stress

Petunias (Petunia hybrida cv. 'Mitchell') accumulate free proline (Pro) under drought-stress conditions. It is therefore believed that Pro acts as an osmoprotectant in plants subjected to drought conditions. Petunia plants were transformed by Delta(1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase genes (AtP5CS from Arabidopsis thaliana L. or OsP5CS from Oryza sativa L.). The transgenic plants accumulated Pro and their drought tolerance was tested. The Pro content amounted to 0.57-1.01% of the total amino acids in the transgenic plants, or 1.5-2.6 times that in wild-type plants grown under normal conditions. The transgenic plant lines tolerated 14 d of drought stress, which confirms that both P5CS transgenes had full functionality. Exogenous L-Pro treatment caused the plants to accumulate Pro; plants treated with 5 mM L-Pro accumulated up to 18 times more free Pro than untreated plants. Exogenous L-Pro restricted the growth of wild-type petunias more than that of Arabidopsis plants. The capacity for free Pro accumulation might depend on the plant species. The growth of petunia plants was influenced not only by the Pro concentration in the plants, but by the ratio of the Pro content to the total amino acids, because the growth of the transgenic petunia plants appeared normal.     

新疆巩乃斯沟药用植物资源多样性研究

从数量、生活型、药用部位等方面对巩乃斯沟药用植物多样性进行了研究。巩乃斯沟的药用植物资源具有丰富的多样性,共有野生药用植物54科260多种,分别占伊犁河谷地区药用植物科、种数的54.54%和46.34%。其中珍稀濒危药用种子植物21种,新疆道地药材8种,蒙医药地道药材38种;多年生草本类型占该区药用种子植物总数的70%以上;全草类和根类药用植物最多,分别占该区药用种子植物总数的50.84%和21.40%,大多数种类属于北温带分布区类型;优势科主要有菊科、蔷薇科、毛茛科和豆科,优势属主要有蒿属,毛茛属和委陵菜属。本文提出了保护和开发利用的具体建议。     

Intron loss mediated structural dynamics and functional differentiation of the polygalacturonase gene family in land plants

The polygalacturonase (PG) gene family is one of the largest gene families in plants. PGs are involved in various plant development steps. The evolutionary processes accounting for the functional divergence and the specialized functions of PGs in land plants are unclear. Whole sets of PG genes were retrieved from the genome web sites of model organisms in algae and land plants. The number of PG genes was expanded by lineage-specific manner with the biological complexity of the organism. Differentiation of PGs was related with phylogenetic hierarchy such as presence of rhamno-PGs from algae to plants, endo- and exo-PGs in land plants, exo-PGs in flowering plants. Gene structure analysis revealed that land plant PG genes resulted from differential intron gain and loss, with the latter event predominating. Differential intron losses partitioned the PGs into separate clades to be expressed differentially during plant development. Intron position and phase were not conserved between PGs of algae and land plants but conserved among PG genes of land plants from moss to vascular plants, indicating that the current introns in the PGs in land plants appeared after the split between unicellular algae and multicelluar land plants. The results demonstrate that the functional divergence and differentiation of PGs in land plants is attributable to intron losses.     

Growth schedule of Xanthium canadense: Does it optimize the timing of reproduction?

Summary The effects of nutrition on the timing of reproductive initiation of a short-day annual plant Xanthium canadense (cocklebur) were examined with the following hypotheses in mind: If the plant always follows an optimal growth schedule, low-nutrient plants will initiate reproductive growth earlier than high-nutrient plants. On the other hand, if the plant flowers in response to photoperiodic stimuli, both plants will initiate reproductive growth on the same day. The sand-culture experiment showed that high-nutrient plants flowered earlier than the low-nutrient plants, leading to rejection of the first hypothesis. The predicted optimal flowering time is 2 days later than the actual flowering time in high-nutrient plants and 10 days earlier in low-nutrient plants. These deviations from the optimal times reduced the reproductive yield by 0.1% and 2.3%, respectively. The ratio of the final reproductive yield to the vegetative mass at flower initiation was 1.10 in high-nutrient plants and 0.63 in low-nutrient plants. Since the expected ratio for the optimal growth schedule is 1.0, high-nutrient plants followed the opitmal growth schedule more closely than the low-nutrient plants. Cocklebur is a fast-growing annual which is common in relatively nutrient-rich environments. This study suggests that cocklebur adapts itself to such environments through its photoperiodic response.     

Biochemical studies of Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) gel of the field grown and micropropagated plants at different developmental stages

The biochemical composition of leaf gel isolated from vegetative and micropropagated Aloe vera plants at different stages of development had been compared. The total sugars, fructose, sucrose and starch were higher in micropropagated leaf gel at all developmental stages. The micropropagated plants have higher α-amylase activity at all stages with maximum at 6 month old. Catalase and peroxidase activities were higher in younger leaves (up to 4 month old) in both types of plants. The calcium and magnesium level increases up to maturity and ranges from 0.19 to 1.12% and 0.02 to 0.10% respectively, in conventionally grown plants whereas it was a little higher in micropropagated plants. Micropropagated plants had 12.5% higher phosphorus levels. The micropropagated plants (1 month old) have 60% higher phenol content as compared to conventional plants. The micropropagated mature plants have 55 and 18.6% higher saponin and sterol contents as compared to conventional plants. The composition of aloe vera gel depends upon the growth stages and method of propagation.