土施多效唑对小桐子营养生长与生殖生长的影响

小桐子(Jatropha curcas)是一种具有多种用途的植物,其种子含油量高达40％,是一种很有应用前景的能源植物.小桐子在温度、湿度较高的地区,特别是其修剪后新萌发的枝条经常出现营养生长旺盛,成花量较少的现象,导致其种子产量较低.本研究采用多效唑(paclobutrazol,PAC)对小桐子进行土施处理,结果表明:多效唑的使用剂量为0.8g·m-1树冠直径时,可有效抑制小桐子的营养生长,降低株高;同时促进小桐子的生殖生长,增加开花和结果枝条数量,增加花序和果序数量,增加单个花序的总花数和雌花的比例,可将小桐子单株种子产量提高2.4倍.此外,多效唑处理使小桐子的开花期和结果期更加集中,便于田间管理和采收.多效唑作为赤霉素合成的抑制剂,可以有效地促进小桐子由营养生长向生殖生长的转变,对于了解赤霉素在调控小桐子花发育方面的作用具有重要意义;同时也有助于克隆有关功能基因,进一步采用转基因技术对小桐子进行遗传改良.     

Paclobutrazol Improved the Reproductive Growth and the Quality of Seed Oil of Jatropha curcas

Jatropha curcas was treated by soil drench paclobutrazol (PBZ) (0, 2, and 3 g m^?1 of canopy diameter) and foliar spray PBZ (0, 500, 800, and 1,200 ppm). The results showed that PBZ treatments greatly retarded vegetative growth and improved reproductive growth. The lengths of new branches were greatly decreased, whereas the number of fruits per inflorescence, fruit-bearing branches per tree, and total fruit load per tree were increased. Only the 2-g soil drench and the 1,200-ppm foliar PBZ spray significantly increased fruit load. The 2-g soil drench PBZ treatment resulted in a decrease in seed S and Cu contents of J. curcas, whereas Mn and B were greatly or moderately increased. A higher dose (3-g soil drench PBZ) reversed the improvement in reproductive growth and alleviated the negative effects on element contents in seeds compared with the 2-g soil drench PBZ. Finally, soil drench PBZ treatments significantly improved seed oil content and oil quality by reducing the oil acid value, increasing stearic acid and oleic acid contents, and reducing palmitic acid and linoleic acid content. The optimum drench dose was below 2 g m^?1 of canopy diameter. The optimum foliar spray concentration of PBZ was not determined in this study but our results suggest that it is higher than 1,200 ppm.     

多效唑浸种对NaCl胁迫麻疯树幼苗的生长调节效应

以'南油1号'麻风树幼苗为材料,通过盆栽试验研究了200 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫处理对不同浓度(0～1 000 mg·L-1)多效唑(PP333)浸种麻疯树幼苗生长和光合作用的影响.结果显示:在盐胁迫下,不同浓度的PP333浸种处理均显著降低麻疯树植株株高,但是均显著提高了盐胁迫下株高相对生长速率,同时提高了其干物质积累速率、根含水量、根冠比、叶绿素含量和净光合速率;并提高了幼苗根、叶的K+含量,降低根、叶的Na+和Cl-含量,从而提高根、叶的K+/Na+比率.研究表明,PP333浸种能缓解盐胁迫下麻疯树幼苗的失水程度和光合色素的下降幅度,有效改善其光合作用效率,同时维持体内的离子平衡,从而减轻盐胁迫伤害,促进植株生长,并以600 mg·L-1 PP333浸种效果最好.     

Drought stress response in Jatropha curcas: Growth and physiology

Tolerance to drought remains poorly described for Jatropha curcas accessions from different geographical and climatic origins. To address this issue we studied the response of two J. curcas accessions, one from Indonesia (wet tropical climate) and the other from Cape Verde islands (semi-arid climate). Potted seedlings (with 71 days) of both accessions were subjected to continuous well watered conditions (control) or to a drought stress period followed by re-watering. To mimic natural conditions in which drought stress develops gradually, stress was imposed progressively by reducing irrigation (10% reduction every 2 days, on a weight base), for a period of 28 days, until a field capacity of 15% (maximum stress) was achieved, followed by one week under well-watered conditions. We measured soil and plant water status, growth and biomass partitioning, leaf morphology, leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence. Both accessions maintained high leaf relative water content (70–80%) even at maximum stress. Net photosynthesis (A_n) was not affected by mild to moderate stress but it abruptly dropped at severe stress. This was due to reduced stomatal conductance, which showed earlier decline than A_n. Plant growth (stem elongation, leaf emergence and total leaf area) was reduced, minimizing water loss, but no significant differences were found between accessions. Drought stress did not reduce chlorophyll contents but led to reduced chlorophyll a/b. Both accessions showed fast recovery of both stomatal and photochemical parameters suggesting a good tolerance to water stress. Both J. curcas accessions showed a-dehydration-avoidant behaviour, presenting a typical water saving strategy due to strict stomatal regulation, regardless of their provenance.     

Benzyladenine Treatment Significantly Increases the Seed Yield of the Biofuel Plant Jatropha curcas

Jatropha curcas, a monoecious perennial biofuel shrub belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae, has few female flowers, which is one of the most important reasons for its poor seed yield. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of the plant growth regulator 6-benzyladenine (BA) on floral development and floral sex determination of J. curcas. Exogenous application of BA significantly increased the total number of flowers per inflorescence, reaching a 3.6-fold increase (from 215 to 784) at 160 mg/l of BA. Furthermore, BA treatments induced bisexual flowers, which were not found in control inflorescences, and a substantial increase in the female-to-male flower ratio. Consequently, a 4.5-fold increase in fruit number and a 3.3-fold increase in final seed yield were observed in inflorescences treated with 160 mg/L of BA, which resulted from the greater number of female flowers and the newly induced bisexual flowers in BA-treated inflorescences. This study indicates that the seed yield of J. curcas can be increased by manipulation of floral development and floral sex expression.     

航天搭载对小桐子种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

研究了航天搭载对两个种源地小桐子种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响.结果表明:航天搭载降低了种子的活力;在幼苗生长方面,航天搭载对小桐子幼苗的成苗率没有显著影响,航天搭载扩大了版纳种源当代幼苗株高及地径的变异范围,对元阳种当代幼苗的株高及地径影响不明显.这说兑叫不同种源地的植物对太空环境的反应有所不同.本研究为航天技术有效的运用于小桐子诱变育种提供依据.     

Potential of the predatory mite Amblydromalus zannoui to control pest mites on Jatropha curcas

Amblydromalus zannoui Sourassou, Sarmento and Moraes is a phytoseiid mite of the limonicus group described from central Brazil from leaves of physic nut, Jatropha curcas L. (Malpighiales: Euphorbiaceae), a plant potentially useful as a source of biofuel. This plant is often attacked by the mites Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Prostigmata: Tarsonemidae) and Tetranychus bastosi Tuttle, Baker and Sales (Prostigmata: Tetranychidae). The objectives of this work were to evaluate the predation rate of A. zannoui on those phytophagous mites, to assess its life cycle on these prey and on pollen of Ricinus communis L. (Euphorbiaceae), and to determine its attraction to physic nut leaves infested by P. latus or T. bastosi. Amblydromalus zannoui attacked more nymphs and adults than eggs of P. latus, and more eggs and larvae than adults of T. bastosi. The life table parameters suggest that A. zannoui performs better on P. latus (r_m: 0.20, R_o: 18.77; λ: 1.23) and pollen (r_m: 0.18, R_o: 23.32, λ: 1.18). The predator seems to be attracted to plants with P. latus, but attraction was not clear cut for plants with T. bastosi. The results suggested that A. zannoui is a potential control agent to be used against P. latus on physic nut plants, and that R. communis pollen can be used as supplementary food to maintain the predator population in the absence of prey.

     

Isolation and identification of miRNAs in Jatropha curcas

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that play crucial regulatory roles by targeting mRNAs for silencing. To identify miRNAs in Jatropha curcas L, a bioenergy crop, cDNA clones from two small RNA libraries of leaves and seeds were sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatic tools. Fifty-two putative miRNAs were found from the two libraries, among them six were identical to known miRNAs and 46 were novel. Differential expression patterns of 15 miRNAs in root, stem, leave, fruit and seed were detected using quantitative real-time PCR. Ten miRNAs were highly expressed in fruit or seed, implying that they may be involved in seed development or fatty acids synthesis in seed. Moreover, 28 targets of the isolated miRNAs were predicted from a jatropha cDNA library database. The miRNA target genes were predicted to encode a broad range of proteins. Sixteen targets had clear BLASTX hits to the Uniprot database and were associated with genes belonging to the three major gene ontology categories of biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Four targets were identified for JcumiR004. By silencing JcumiR004 primary miRNA, expressions of the four target genes were up-regulated and oil composition were modulated significantly, indicating diverse functions of JcumiR004.     

麻疯树几丁质酶性质的研究

为了评价麻疯树几丁质酶的性质,本研究采用不同pH的提取缓冲液提取麻疯树种子的几丁质酶,并比较分析了不同温度、不同反应时间对几丁质酶活性的影响。结果表明,在提取液pH为7．0时获得的几丁质酶活性最高;且在55℃时与底物胶体几丁质温育60min后可达最高酶活性。同时,本研究还提取麻疯树幼苗不同器官几丁质酶,并比较其比活力,结果表明,在叶中几丁质酶比活力最高,而根中比活力最低。实验结果为进一步研究麻疯树提供了理论依据。     

镉胁迫下麻疯树转录组测序分析

麻疯树是一种能适应多种恶劣环境条件的能源植物,目前关于其抵抗重金属胁迫的分子调控机理尚不清楚。从组学水平整体分析其基因表达模式对于筛选关键基因、解析镉胁迫响应调控网络和促进分子育种具有重要意义。利用Illumina测序技术对水培条件下培养的处理组(Cd 100)和对照组(CK)麻疯树幼苗叶的转录组进行高通量测序,两个数据库的测序数据经de novo组装得到50448条高质量的Unigene。两个样品中发现了2551条差异表达基因,其中539条上调基因,2012条下调基因。根据不同数据库的注释信息,发现麻疯树镉胁迫引起叶片中多种代谢途径的变化,包括碳代谢,光合作用,植物激素信号转导以及植物病原响应途径。DAVID分析显示镉胁迫引起了麻疯树叶中与离子转运相关基因的变化,导致叶片中Na离子和铁离子稳态的变化。转录因子分析发现WRKY和ZIP在镉胁迫中发挥重要作用。用qRT-PCR技术对随机挑选的5个基因进行荧光定量验证,结果与测序数据一致,证实了差异表达基因数据的有效性。深入探讨了麻疯树镉胁迫的分子机理,为进一步应用于基因工程和植物修复提供基础。     

小桐子ISSR-PCR体系的优化

采用正交试验设计方法.建立了小桐子ISSR-PCR反应体系和扩增程序.结果表明,在20μl反应体系中含有1×PCR缓冲液、200μmol/L dNTP、0.5μmol/L引物、2.0mmol/L MgCl2、0.5U Tag DNA聚合酶和90ng模板DNA最适用于小桐子ISSR-PCK扩增.适宜的扩增程序为94℃ 7min;94℃ 1min,44℃～56℃(退火温度随引物不同而定)45s,72℃ 1min,35个循环;72℃7min;4℃保存.     

麻疯树的组织培养及植株再生

1　植物名称　麻疯树 (Ｊａｔｒｏｐｈａｃｕｒｃａｓ)。2　材料类别　无菌萌发的种子苗 (种子采自四川省攀枝花 )。3　培养条件　基本培养基为ＭＳ。无菌苗萌发培养基 :( 1 )ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 5 .0ｍｇ·Ｌ- 1 (单位下同 ) ＩＢＡ 0 .1 ;( 2 )ＭＳ 6 ＢＡ 2 .5 ＩＢＡ 0 .1 ;     

Evaluation of Multispecies Plant-Growth-Promoting Consortia for the Growth Promotion of Jatropha curcas L.

Direct interactions that occur between members of different microbial types often result in the promotion of key processes that benefit plant growth and health. In the present study, four isolates, Brevibacillus brevis (MS1), Bacillus licheniformis (MS3), Micrococcus sp. (MS4), and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (MS5), were used to develop multispecies consortia. They have the ability to produce IAA, solubilize inorganic P, and produce ACC deaminase and siderophore. The growth profile of MS1 was similar in monospecies and mixed-species cultures, but about a 24?% increase in mean growth rate was recorded for MS5. They enhanced the growth of Jatropha curcas in individual trials. Plant growth further improved maximally when the three were applied together. All four strains enhanced Jatropha growth in greenhouse and field experiments. Co-inoculation provides the largest and most consistent increases in shoot weight, root weight, total biomass, shoot and root length, total chlorophyll, shoot width, and grain yield.     

Maximum Vegetative Growth Potential and Seasonal Patterns of Resource Dynamics during Peach Growth

The maximum vegetative growth potential of two peach [Prunuspersica (L.) Batsch] cultivars that differ in the timing ofresource demand for reproductive growth was determined in termsof stem extension, stem and leaf dry weight accumulation, andtrunk radial increment on defruited trees. The maximum vegetativegrowth potentials were similar on the two cultivars indicatingthat the greater partitioning of dry weight to vegetative growthfrequently observed on early maturing cultivars compared tolate maturing cultivars is the result of a shorter period ofcompetition between reproductive and vegetative growth, ratherthan a genetic difference in vegetative growth potential. Onboth cultivars, stem extension and leaf dry weight accumulationceased in mid-summer, however stem dry weight accumulation andtrunk radial increment increase continued through the autumn. The presence of fruit did not have a detectable effect on thefinal stem length, stem dry weight or leaf dry weight on theearly maturing cultivar, but it reduced final stem length anddry weight by 43 and 56%, respectively on the late maturingcultivar. The presence of fruit did decrease stem length, stemdry weight and leaf dry weight on the early maturing cultivarfor 1 month prior to and 1 month after fruit harvest. Fruitdecreased final trunk radial increment by 42 and 77% on theearly and late maturing cultivars, respectively. These reductionsin vegetative growth indicate that resource partitioning tovegetative growth was reduced by competition with fruit growth. Comparison of stem relative extension rates and stem and leafrelative growth rates on fruited and defruited trees indicatedthat vegetative growth was resource-limited shortly after vegetativebud break on fruited trees of both cultivars. This period ofresource-limited vegetative growth corresponded to a periodof resource-limited fruit growth identified in an earlier study.During the period of resource-limited vegetative growth, assimilatesupply was low due to low leaf area index, and carbohydratedemand was relatively high due to high vegetative and reproductivegrowth potentials, creating resource-limited growth conditions.Copyright1995, 1999 Academic Press Maximum vegetative growth potential, carbon economy, partitioning, resource availability, resource limitation, source-limited growth, growth analysis, relative growth rate, peach, Prunus persica (L.) Batsch     

Combined Effects of CO2 Enrichment and Drought Stress on Growth and Energetic Properties in the Seedlings of a Potential Bioenergy Crop Jatropha curcas

The rapid growth of worldwide energy demands has led to mounting concerns about energy shortages and has promoted the development of biofuels, which are susceptible to climate change. To evaluate the effects of future environmental changes such as CO₂ enrichment and water stress on the growth and biodiesel production of bioenergy plants, we exposed Jatropha curcas to two levels of CO₂ concentration (ambient and elevated) and three watering regimes (well-watered, moderate drought, and severe drought) to study its biomass accumulation and allocation, energy cost-gain properties, and photosynthetic response. Elevated CO₂ enhanced biomass accumulation of J. curcas by 31.5, 25.9, and 14.4 % under well-watered, moderate drought, and severe drought treatments, respectively, indicating that the stimulating effect was greater under optimum water conditions than in water-deficit conditions. Drought stress significantly increased the biomass allocation to roots, especially the fine roots. CO₂ enrichment also increased the root mass fraction, though not significantly. CO₂ enrichment significantly enhanced the photosynthetic rate measured under growth CO₂ concentration (A _growth) and decreased foliar N content and therefore construction cost irrespective of watering conditions. Under elevated CO₂, J. curcas employed a quicker return energy use strategy indicated by the higher photosynthetic energy use efficiency and lower payback time. There was a pronounced downregulation in the light-saturated photosynthetic rate under the common CO₂ concentration (P _max) under long-term CO₂ exposure, due to a decrease in the initial and total ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activities and partially lower foliar N content. The significant interaction of CO₂ enrichment and watering regimes implied that the stimulation of plant growth by CO₂ enrichment may be negated by soil drought in the future. Long-term field experiments manipulating multiple factors simultaneously are needed to explore how the ecophysiological traits measured for J. curcas translate into bioenergy production.     

麻疯树分子生物学研究进展

麻疯树Jatropha curcas L.作为一种新兴的生物柴油型能源树种已经得到广泛的认可,关于它的各项研究持续升温。文中综述了近年来国内外关于麻疯树分子生物学方面的研究进展,一是揭示麻疯树遗传多样性和系统分类的分子标记研究;二是全面解析麻疯树分子网络的基因组、转录组和蛋白质组研究;三是以培育优质高抗品系为目标的代谢和发育调控相关基因的分离、克隆和功能研究;最后讨论了目前研究的不足和麻疯树未来分子生物学研究的方向。     

Chemical Constituents from Roots of Jatropha curcas

Thirteen compounds were isolated from the roots of datropha curcas L. Combining the determination of physico-chemical constants and spectral analyses (IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, EIMS, FABMS), the structures of the compounds were identified as 5α-stigmastane-3, 6-dione (1), nobiletin (2), β-sitosterol (3), taraxerol (4), 2S-tetracosanoic acid glyceride-1(5),5-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin (6), jatropholone A (7), jatropholone B (8), 6-methoxy-7-hydroxycoumarin (9), caniojane (10), 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzaldehyde (11), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (12) and daucosterol (13). Among them, compound 5 is a new compound which has never been reported in China and abroad, compound 1, 2, 9, 10, 11, 12 were first time isolated from the plant, 7 and 8 are a pair of stereoisomers which can be inverted in dilute basic solution. 10 is a diterpenoid containing peroxide bridge.     

麻疯树育种与栽培研究进展（综述）

近年来,能源植物麻疯树的育种和栽培技术取得了一系列进展.本文从麻疯树种质资源收集、常规与分子育种、适宜区区划以及栽培技术等方面进行综述,并对当前栽培育种研究中存在的问题和今后的发展策略进行探讨.     

Growth and photosynthetic responses in Jatropha curcas L. seedlings of different provenances to watering regimes

Seedlings from four provenances of Jatropha curcas were subjected to 80, 50, and 30% of soil field capacity in potted experiments in order to study their responses to water availability. Our results showed that with the decline of soil water availability, plant growth, biomass accumulation, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance (g_s), and transpiration rate (E) decreased, whereas leaf carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C), leaf pigment contents, and stomatal limitation value increased, while maximal quantum yield of PSII photochemistry was not affected. Our findings proved that stomatal limitation to photosynthesis dominated in J. curcas under low water availability. The increase of δ¹³C should be attributed to the decrease in g_s and E under the lowest water supply. J. curcas could adapt to low water availability by adjusting its plant size, stomata closure, reduction of E, increasing δ¹³C, and leaf pigment contents. Moreover, effects of provenance and the interaction with the watering regime were detected in growth and many physiological parameters. The provenance from xeric habitats showed stronger plasticity in the plant size than that from other provenances under drought. The variations may be used as criteria for variety/provenance selection and improvement of J. curcas performance.