莴笋对不同形态氮素的反应

探讨了不同形态氮素对莴笋生长发育的影响及其营养特性。结果表明,莴笋幼苗根系对NH4^+ -N的亲和力稍大于NO3^- -N的亲和力;分别供给NO3^- -N+NO3^- -N及NH4^+ -N,莴笋的生物学产量和吸N量均依次递减（分别为100：56.9：12.4,100：48.9：8.6）,因此在水培条件下,NO3^- -N是最适合莴笋生长发育的氮源,NH4^+ -N与NO3^- -N各占50％时对莴笋的生长发育已有一定的抑制作用,仅以NH4^+ -N作氮源则莴笋很难生长;NH4^+ -N与NO3^- -N各占50％时,莴笋倾向于吸收较多的NH4^+ -N,而且在培养不同阶段NH4^+/NO3^-吸收比例均大于1,莴笋表现出喜铵性,但NH4^+ -N并非莴笋很适合的氮源;营养液中NO3^- -N不足,主要影响莴笋茎叶的生长,而NH4^+ -N所占比例达50％时,莴笋根系生长受到抑制,且有明显的受害症状;以NO3^- -N作氮源预培养两周,以含微量NO3^- -N的自来水为水源,再单独以NH4^+ -N为氮源,对莴笋生长有极大的促进作用,同时还大幅度降低了体内硝酸盐的含量。尿素作氮源莴笋未出现受害症状,但莴笋的生长发育状况明显劣于其它氮源。     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4^＋-N和NO3^--N的比例,研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗（Phellodendron amurense）幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明,硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长,叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4^＋-N／NO3^--N为25／75时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下,黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶（NR）活性则较高,叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

不同氮素形态及水分胁迫对水稻苗期水分吸收、光合作用及生长的影响

采用室内营养液培养,聚乙二醇（PEG6000）模拟水分胁迫处理、HgCl2抑制水通道蛋白活性的方法,在3种供氮形态下（NH4^＋-N／NO36-N为100／0、50／50和0／100）,研究了水稻苗期水分吸收、光合及生长的状况。结果表明,在非水分胁迫下,水稻单位干重吸水量以单一供NO3^--N处理最高,加HgCl2抑制水通道蛋白活性后,单一供NO3^--N、NH4^＋-N和NH4^＋-N／NO3^--N为50,50处理的水稻水分吸收分别下降了9．6％、20．7％和16．0％;但在水分胁迫下,单一供N03^--N的处理水分吸收量显著降低,低于其它2个处理,加HgCl2抑制水通道蛋白活性后,水分吸收量分别降低了1．0％、18．8％和23．5％。在2种水分条件（水分胁迫与非水分胁迫）下,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和细胞间隙CO2浓度等指标均以单一供NH4^＋-N处理最大,NH4^＋-N／NO3^--N为50,50处理次之,单一供NO3^--N处理最小。HgCl2处理结果表明,不同形态氮素营养能够影响水稻幼苗根系水通道蛋白活性。在2种水分条件下,NH4^＋-N／N03^--N为50,50处理的生物量（干重）均最大。本研究为水稻苗期合理施肥以壮苗提供了理论依据。     

水曲柳幼苗根系吸收不同形态氮的动力学特征

采用常规耗竭法研究水曲柳幼苗根系吸收不同形态氮素特征的结果表明:二年生水曲柳幼苗根系对NO3-和NH4 离子的亲和力比一年生幼苗要小许多,二年生幼苗对氮素的吸收优势比较明显;苗木根系吸收NH4 离子的最大吸收速率(Imax)均大于对N03一的吸收,而米氏常数(Km)则相反;在低浓度范围内随着NO3-浓度的增加,根系吸收NO3-的速率增大并趋稳定:NH4 的存在明显抑制根系对NO3-吸收,其对一年生幼苗的影响大于二年生幼苗.     

形态对不同小麦基因型氮素吸收的光合作用的影响

利用水培试验,研究了3个小麦基因型对不同形态N素吸收和积累的差异,结果表明,在不同N浓度优势,与次敏感型莱州953和钝感到江东门相比,敏感型扬麦158不仅具有较强的NO3^-和NH4^ 吸收能力,而且具有最强的增铵营养吸收能力,增铵营养促进了扬麦158和莱州953对NO3^-和NH4^ 的吸收,但在一定程度上抑制了江东门对NO3^-的吸收,与NO3^-营养及NH4^ 营养相比,增铵营养显著提高了杨表158和莱州953的全株、地上部N积累量和叶片合速率,而对江东门影响较小,因此,增铵营养促进了植株的N吸收,提高了N积累和光合速率,从而促进了小麦生长。     

氮素形态对黄檗幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响

通过改变水培溶液中NH4+-N和NO3--N的比例, 研究了不同氮素形态对黄檗(Phellodendron amurense)幼苗生长及氮代谢相关酶类的影响。结果表明, 硝态氮比例较高的营养供给比铵态氮比例较高的营养供给有利于黄檗幼苗的生长, 叶片叶绿素含量和可溶性蛋白含量也高。在NH4+-N/NO3--N为25/75 时黄檗幼苗具有最大生物量。在铵态氮比例大的营养供给下, 黄檗幼苗的谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性增强,而在硝态氮比例大的营养供给下幼苗的硝酸还原酶(NR)活性则较高, 叶片中的硝态氮较低。营养液的氮素形态及其组成通过影响GS与NR的活性而调控黄檗幼苗的氮素代谢。     

不同形态氮素培养下水稻叶片中蛋白质差异表达

硝态氮除作为主要氮源外,还作为一种潜在的信号物质,在植物生长发育过程中起着重要作用,其作用方式的直接性或间接性近年来成为了研究热点。利用双向电泳（2-DE）技术,对不同形态氮素（NO3^-与NH4^＋）培养的水稻叶片蛋白表达谱进行了比较分析,结果在硝态氮和铵态氮培养的叶片中分别分辨出26个和6个增量表达蛋白。质谱分析结合数据库检索鉴定出11个蛋白,其中7个硝态氮上调的蛋白为：光系统Ⅱ放氧复合蛋白1（N1）、抗性相关蛋白MLA13（N2）、光系统Ⅱ23kD多肽（N3）、翻译激活因子（N5）、光系统Ⅱ放氧复合蛋白2前体（N8）、未知蛋白（N17）和泛素载体蛋白（N18）;4个铵态氮上调蛋白为：ATP合酶β亚基（A1）、转氨酶（A3）和两个功能未知的蛋白（A5,A6）。上述研究结果有助于了解水稻适应不同氮素营养时的生物化学基础及可能的生物学意义,同时也为深入阐明水稻响应NO3^-与NH4^＋信号的反应提供了蛋白水平的证据。     

C3和C4植物的氮素利用机制

提高植物的氮素利用效率(NUE)不仅有利于保障全球粮食安全, 也是实现农业可持续发展的重要途径。近半个世纪以来, 植物氮素利用机理研究已取得重要进展, 但NUE的调控机制仍不明确, NUE的提高仍然十分有限。高等植物集光合碳素同化和氮素同化于一体, 只有碳氮代谢相互协调, 才能维持植物体内的碳氮平衡, 保证植物正常生长发育。由于C₃和C₄植物的光合氮素利用率(PNUE)存在差异, 对氮素的利用效率也会存在差异。为了更有效地提高作物的NUE, 须更全面地了解C₃和C₄植物对氮素吸收、转运、同化和信号转导等关键因子的功能和调控机制。此外, 面对大气CO₂浓度增高和全球气候变暖条件下的植物碳氮同化及其机理的研究也不容忽视。该文综述了C₃和C₄植物氮素利用关键因素的差异及其调控机制, 并对提高C₃禾本科作物氮素利用效率的遗传改良途径进行了展望。     

黄土高原典型土壤有机氮矿化过程

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象,采用Bremner淹水培养法,研究黄土高原典型土壤有机氮的矿化过程。结果表明,淹水培养期间矿化出的部分NH4^＋-N会被粘土矿物固定,固定量因土壤不同而异,因此在测定有机氮矿化量时,只有考虑这一部分氮素,才可获得可靠结果。不同土壤有机氮量矿化明显不同,表现为土垫旱耕人为土〉黄土正常新成土〉简育干润均腐土〉干润砂质新成土,从南到北氮素矿化量呈减小趋势。添加C／N低（C／N比为21．7）的紫花苜蓿（Medicago stativa）茎叶有利于促进土壤有机氮矿化,而添加C／N高（C／N比为43．3）的长芒草（Stipa bungeana）会促进矿质氮的生物固定;不同类型植被土壤间在培养20、40d和60d时的矿化量差异显著（P值分别为0．0177、0．0109和0．0073）,均表现为均为林地土壤〉裸地土壤〉草地土壤〉农田土壤;从平均看,加（NH4）2SO4后有机氮矿化量有一定减少。在不同培养阶段,不同土类间氮素矿化率不同,在20d和40d时存在显著差异（P分别为0．0092和0．0381）,60d时差异不显著,不同土类氮素矿化率的大小顺序为于润砂质新成土〉黄土正常新成土〉土垫旱耕人为土〉简育干润均腐土,这一结果说明在淹水条件下,黄土高原土壤从南到北易矿化氮所占全氮比例呈增加趋势。     

开花结实期小麦氮素损失的初步研究

在气候箱试验条件下,用密闭箱法研究了开花结实期小麦植株NH3、N2O、NO和NO2挥发特征及规律.结果表明:(1)只保留小麦根系处理有明显挥发NH3的作用,但在气候箱控制、白昼有相对良好的光照条件下,小麦地上部没有显著净挥发NH3作用效果;(2)开花结实期小麦植株有明显从空气吸收NO和NO2的效应,NO净吸收速率在0.5～2.7 ug·pot-1·h-1之间,NO2净吸收速率约0.4～1.6 ug·pot-1·h-1;(3)小麦根系是产生N2O的重要部位,只保留小麦根系和保留完整小麦植株处理均有显著净挥发N2O的作用效果.研究发现,开花结实期小麦植株氮素挥发损失是以N2O为主而不足NH3;这一时期小麦植株有净吸收NO、NO2明显效应,但其吸收速率远低于小麦植株N2O排放速率;开花结实期小麦N2O排放速率基本可以表征其氮素挥发损失数量.     

氮添加对亚热带常绿阔叶林土壤溶液化学特性的影响

土壤溶液被称作"土壤的血液",是土壤中各种生物化学反应的中介物质,在外界环境发生变化时,土壤溶液化学成分能在其他土壤指标尚无变化之前对环境变化做出迅速响应。为了探索持续增加的大气氮（N）沉降对森林生态系统的影响,以华西雨屏区亚热带常绿阔叶林为对象,设置对照（CK,0 g m^-2 a^-1）,低N（LN,5 g m^-2 a^-1）,高N（HN,15 g m^-2 a^-1）三种N处理,通过人工施加硝酸铵（2017年9月起改施硝酸钠及氯化铵）的方法模拟N沉降增加情景,N处理42个月后,使用负压土壤溶液采样器定位收集A层（37-45 cm）及B层（52-60 cm）土壤溶液,并进行分析（每月1次,为期1 a）。结果表明：对照处理中A、B两层土壤溶液NO₃^-浓度达（3.94±0.77）mg/L、（4.27±1.13）mg/L,N添加显著提高两层土壤溶液NO₃^-浓度和B层NH₄⁺浓度;N添加显著降低土壤溶液pH,且显著增加Al³⁺浓度,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量有增加趋势,但影响不显著;N处理使A层土壤溶液可溶性有机碳（DOC）浓度显著降低,对两层土壤溶液芳香化指数（AI）无显著影响;两层土壤溶液电导率（EC）及氧化还原电位（Eh）显著增加;此外,两层土壤溶液中许多化学成分均呈现极显著相关,特别是NO₃^-与EC相关系数达到了0.855。本研究中,对照处理极高的NO₃^-含量以及B层土壤溶液硝酸盐浓度高于A层,表明该亚热带常绿阔叶林N的有效性超过植物和微生物的总营养需求而发生淋溶,该生态系统已达到氮饱和状态,此外N添加会显著促进土壤酸化和铝离子活化,表层土壤溶液DOC的降低一定程度反映了凋落物分解受N添加的抑制作用,显著升高的氧化还原电位可能导致土壤中某些金属元素的迁移率降低。     

The effects of sheep faeces on soil solution composition

To elucidate changes occurring in soil solution under sheep faeces we collected faeces from sheep grazing on an improved podzol in Scotland in summer and re-applied it (150 g of fresh weight) to patches, each with an area of 0.018 m². Faeces and/or intact soil cores (0–50 mm deep) from underneath the patches were sampled at intervals up to 224 days and nutrients measured in the soil solution isolated by centrifugation. The treatment with faeces increased the soil solution concentrations of P, N, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Ca, Mg and K. The greatest increases occurred at day 56 for P, Ca, Mg and K, day 84 for N, and day 112 for DOC. Most of the P in the faeces applied to the soil was in inorganic form, but organic P made a substantial proportion (nearly 50%) of the P in soil solution at the time of maximum effect. The faecal residue became indistinguishable from the soil between 84 and 112 days following periods of persistent rainfall. The data provides a new insight into the effects of sheep faeces on soil solution composition unperturbed by chemical extraction and a contrast with the effects of sheep urine on soil solution composition.Section Editor: N.J. Barrow     

Soil and solution chemistry under pasture and radiata pine in New Zealand

The conversion of hill country pasture to exotic forest plantations is occurring rapidly (70,000 ha yr^–1) in New Zealand. Impacts of this land-use change on soil properties, soil fertility, and water quality are only beginning to be investigated. This study examines the effects of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) on soil and soil solution chemistry, in a region of low atmospheric pollution, 20 years after plantation establishment, assuming that the pasture and pine research sites had comparable soil properties before planting pine. The primary effects of conversion on soil chemistry were a decrease of organic carbon in the mineral soil that was balanced by an accumulation of the surface litter layer, a decrease in soil N, soil acidification, and increased pools of exchangeable Mg, K, and Na. Soil solution studies revealed a large input of sea salts by enhanced canopy capture of sea salts that contributed to much larger solute concentrations and elemental fluxes in the pine soil. Sea salts appear to accumulate in the micropores of pine soil during the dry summer period and are slowly released to macropore flow during the rainy season. This results in a progressive decrease in solute concentrations over the period of active leaching. While chloride originating from sea salt deposition was the dominant anion in the pine soil, bicarbonate originating from root and microbial respiration was the dominant anion in the pasture soil. Carbon dioxide concentrations in the soil atmosphere were 12.5-fold greater in the pasture soil than in the pine soil due to greater rates of root and microbial respiration and to slower diffusion rates resulting from wetter soil conditions in the pasture. Although elemental fluxes from the upper 20 cm of the soil profile were substantially greater in the pine soil, these losses were compensated for by increased elemental inputs resulting from nutrient cycling and enhanced canopy capture of sea salts.     

The effects of ammonium sulphate deposition and root sinks on soil solution chemistry in coniferous forest soils

The effects of enhanced (NH_{4 2}SO₄deposition on soil solution cation and anion concentrations and annualionic fluxes were followed using a standardised experimental protocolin six European coniferous forests with contrasting soil types, pollutioninputs and climate. Native soil cores containing a ceramic suction cupwere installed in the field, roofed and watered every two weeks withlocal throughfall or local throughfall with added(NH₄)₂SO₄ at 75 kgNH₄ ⁺-N ha^-1 a^-1. Livingroot systems were established in half of the lysimeters.Untreated throughfall NH₄ ⁺-N deposition at thesites ranged from 3.7 to 29 kg ha^-1 a^-1Soil leachates were collected at two weekly intervalsover 12 months and analysed for volume, andconcentrations of major anions and cations. Increasesin soil solution NO₃ ^- concentrations inresponse to N additions were observed after 4–9months at three sites, whilst one sandy soil with highC:N ratio failed to nitrify under any of thetreatments. Changes in NO₃ ^- concentrationsin soil solution controlled soil solution cationconcentrations in the five nitrifying soils, withAl³⁺ being the dominant cation in the more acidsoils with low base saturation. The acidification responses ofthe soils to the (NH_{4 2}SO₄additions were primarily related to the ability of thesoils to nitrify the added NH₄ ⁺. pH and soiltexture seemed important in controllingNH₄ ⁺ leaching in response to the treatments,with two less acidic, clay/clay loam sites showingalmost total retention of added NH₄ ⁺, whilstnearly 75% of the added N was leached asNH₄ ⁺ at the acid sandy soils. The presenceof living roots significantly reduced soil solutionNO₃ ^- and associated cation concentrations attwo of the six sites. The very different responses of the sixsoils to increased (NH₄)₂SO₄deposition emphasise that the establishment of N critical loadsfor forest soils need to allow for differences in N storagecapacity and nitrification potential.     

Soil N mineralization and nitrification in relation to nitrogen solution chemistry in a small forested watershed

Spatial variations in soil processes regulating mineral N losses to streams were studied in a small watershed near Toronto, Ontario. Annual net N mineralization in the 0–8 cm soil was measured in adjacent upland and riparian forest stands using in situ soil incubations from April 1985 to 1987. Mean annual rates of soil N mineralization and nitrification were higher in a maple soil (93.8 and 87.0 kg.ha^–1) than in a pine soil (23.3 and 8.2 kg.ha^–1 ). Very low mean rates of mineralization (3.3 kg.ha^–1) and nitrification (3.4 kg.ha^–1) were found in a riparian hemlock stand. Average NO₃-N concentrations in soil solutions were 0.3–1.0 mg.L^–1 in the maple stand and >0.06mg.L^–1 in the pine stand. Concentrations of NO₃–N in shallow ground water and stream water were 3–4× greater in a maple subwatershed than in a pine subwatershed. Rapid N uptake by vegetation was an important mechanism reducing solution losses of NO₃–N in the maple stand. Low rates of nitrification were mainly responsible for negligible NO₃–N solution losses in the pine stand.     

不同氮处理下速生柳对水体氮的吸收、分配及生理响应

采用水培法,研究了旱柳苗在外源添加不同氮水平(贫氮、中氮、富氮、过氮)的铵态氮(NH+4-N)和硝态氮(NO-3-N)的生长、氮吸收、分配和生理响应。结果表明:一定范围氮浓度的增加能够促进旱柳苗的生长,但过量氮会抑制其生长,且NH+4-N的抑制作用大于NO-3-N;两种氮处理下,旱柳表现出对NH+4-N的吸收偏好,在同一氮水平时,旱柳各部位氮原子百分含量Atom%15N(AT%)、15N吸收量和来自氮源的N%(Ndff%)均为NH+4-N处理大于NO-3-N处理,且随着氮浓度的增加,差异增大,且在旱柳各部位的分布为根﹥茎﹥叶;2种氮素过量和不足均会对旱柳根和叶生理指标产生不同的影响,其中在过氮水平时,NH+4-N和NO-3-N处理下根系活力比对照减少了50.61%和增加了19.53%;在过氮水平时,NH+4-N处理柳树苗根总长、根表面积、根平均直径、根体积和侧根数分别对照下降了30.92%、29.48%、19.44%、27.01%和36.41%,NO-3-N处理柳树苗相应的根系形态指标分别对对照下降了1.66%、5.65%、1.49%、5.06%和25.72%。可见,高浓度NH+4-N对旱柳苗的胁迫影响大于NO-3-N,在应用于水体氮污染修复时可通过改变水体无机氮的比例,削弱其对旱柳的影响,从而提高旱柳对水体氮污染的修复效果。     

Atmospheric nitrogenous compounds and ozone – is NOx fixation by plants a possible solution?

Air quality thresholds for O₃ for the protection of human health and vegetation set by the European Union (EU) have been exceeded in Europe regularly in the 1990s. Because target reductions for oxides of nitrogen (NO_x) set for the year 2000 are unlikely to be achieved, these O₃ exceedances are likely to continue into the next millenium. Improvements of plant tolerance towards O₃ are being investigated but very little work has been done to explore NO_x tolerance and plant acclimation to NO₂ and NO. However, it is clear that within the populations of some plant species there is wide variation, and some individuals can fix NO_x and use the nitrogen directly from the atmosphere, rather than rely upon, for example, root uptake of nitrate. It is possible that individuals capable of fixing NO_x could be selected for a range of species, and genotypes with high rates of uptake could be of value as crops or for forestation in polluted areas (e.g. landscaping in the vicinity of motorways) to reduce tropospheric concentrations of NO_x significantly and also to decrease the potential for O₃ production.     

The response of soil solution chemistry in European forests to decreasing acid deposition

Acid deposition arising from sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) emissions from fossil fuel combustion and agriculture has contributed to the acidification of terrestrial ecosystems in many regions globally. However, in Europe and North America, S deposition has greatly decreased in recent decades due to emissions controls. In this study, we assessed the response of soil solution chemistry in mineral horizons of European forests to these changes. Trends in pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), major ions, total aluminium (Al_tot) and dissolved organic carbon were determined for the period 1995–2012. Plots with at least 10 years of observations from the ICP Forests monitoring network were used. Trends were assessed for the upper mineral soil (10–20 cm, 104 plots) and subsoil (40–80 cm, 162 plots). There was a large decrease in the concentration of sulphate () in soil solution; over a 10‐year period (2000–2010), decreased by 52% at 10–20 cm and 40% at 40–80 cm. Nitrate was unchanged at 10–20 cm but decreased at 40–80 cm. The decrease in acid anions was accompanied by a large and significant decrease in the concentration of the nutrient base cations: calcium, magnesium and potassium (Bc = Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺ + K⁺) and Al_tot over the entire dataset. The response of soil solution acidity was nonuniform. At 10–20 cm, ANC increased in acid‐sensitive soils (base saturation ≤10%) indicating a recovery, but ANC decreased in soils with base saturation >10%. At 40–80 cm, ANC remained unchanged in acid‐sensitive soils (base saturation ≤20%,  ≤ 4.5) and decreased in better‐buffered soils (base saturation >20%,  > 4.5). In addition, the molar ratio of Bc to Al_tot either did not change or decreased. The results suggest a long‐time lag between emission abatement and changes in soil solution acidity and underline the importance of long‐term monitoring in evaluating ecosystem response to decreases in deposition.     

Dry matter production and boron concentrations of vegetative and reproductive tissues of canola and sunflower plants grown in nutrient solution

Prediction of nitrogen (N) mineralization is important for specifying the optimum rate of N fertilizer for flooded rice at the time of sowing. To develop a predictive test, soils (0–0.1 m) were sampled from 22 farms throughout the rice-growing region of southern Australia over a 4-year period. Near infrared reflectance (NIR) spectra of the soils were compared with sixteen biological and chemical soil tests for the prediction of N-uptake by rice plants from these soils in the field and glasshouse. The aim of the study was to develop a soil-NIR calibration as an accurate, rapid and economical mineralization test. Nitrogen uptake by field-grown and glasshouse-grown plants was poorly correlated (r = 0.30), even though significant NIR calibrations were developed with both. Since N uptake by rice in the field was affected by varying weather and management, the field calibration is probably spurious. The calibration of soil NIR spectra with N uptake by glasshouse plants was satisfactory, with a standard error (SE) of 13 kg ha^–1 over a range of 11 – 95 kg ha^–1, and a correlation between calculated and measured N uptake (r = 0.87, P<0.001). An even better soil-NIR calibration was found with N-mineralization after 21 days of anaerobic incubation (SE 16 mg kg^–1, range 52–175 mg kg^–1). Analysis of the soil spectra showed that similar wavelengths were correlated with both plant-N uptake and mineralization. NIR spectroscopy shows considerable potential to predict soil N mineralization, and may assist future fertiliser decision support.     

大气氮沉降对阔叶林红壤淋溶水化学模拟研究

在氮饱和的森林生态系统中,氮沉降的增加将导致NO3-淋溶的增加及土壤酸度的提高,从而影响土壤质量及林业的可持续发展。然而,大气氮沉降对我国南方红壤地区森林生态系统中土壤的影响研究还很少,尤其是氮沉降引起的土壤淋溶液化学组成方面。研究中,以中国科学院红壤生态实验站林草生态试验区阔叶林红壤为对象,在恒温(20℃)条件下,通过土壤淋洗柱(直径10cm、高60cm)进行了8个月间隙性淋溶试验,来模拟研究不同氮输入量(0、7.8、26mg月-1.柱-1和52mg月-1柱-1)对阔叶林红壤NO3-、NH4 、SO42-、H 和土壤盐基离子(Ca2 、Mg2 、K 和Na )的淋溶和土壤酸度的影响。结果表明,随氮输入量增加,淋溶液中NO3-、EC、H 和总盐基离子逐渐增加,但淋溶液中无NH4 。不同氮处理时,土壤有机氮总表观矿化量分别为189.6、263.9、372.8mg月-1.柱-1与554.2mg柱-1,氮输入明显促进了土壤有机氮的矿化,且土壤有机氮的表观矿化量与氮输入量间呈正线性相关(R2=0.997**)。无氮(0mg月-1柱-1)、低氮(7.8mg月-1柱-1)、中氮(26mg月-1柱-1)和高氮(52mg月-1柱-1)输入处理下,土壤交换态盐基淋溶总量分别占土壤交换性盐基总量的13.6、18.4、27.7%和48.1%。不同的盐基离子对氮输入的反应不同,Ca2 和Mg2 淋溶量随氮输入量的增加而增加,对Na 和K 则无明显影响。土壤交换态离子中随淋洗液输出最多的为Ca2 (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为22.6、31.4、46.7%和82.5%),其次为Na (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为16.0、10.7、17.6%和26.3%),最少的为Mg2 (无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮输入处理的土壤交换态输出量占土壤交换态的比例分别为5.0、6.9、11.1%和16.9%),几乎没有土壤交换性K 输出。与对照相比,有氮处理后土壤中硫酸根离子的淋失量明显减少(p<0.05)。表层土壤pH值随氮输入量的增加而显著下降,各处理间差异极显著(p<0.01)。可见,大气氮沉降的增加将加速阔叶林红壤的养分淋失和土壤酸化的程度。