草原沙蜥秋季食性分析

利用剖胃法对采自内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯库布齐沙漠的草原沙蜥(Phrynocephalus frontalis)进行食性分析研究。结果表明,该地区的草原沙蜥在8～9月间,以昆虫类动物为主要食物,占全部食物的95.8%。不同性别草原沙蜥取食的食物种类差异不显著,雌雄个体的食物百分率相似性指数及营养生态位重叠值均较大,雄性的食物多样性指数(IFD)及营养生态位宽度(BTN)均大于雌性。成体和亚成体之间以及亚成体和幼体之间食物种类存在差异但不显著,而成体和幼体间的食物种类差异极显著,不同年龄草原沙蜥的食物百分率相似性指数较小,IFD值与BTN值均是成体最大,幼体最小。总有益系数、不同性别的有益系数分别为V总=22.44%,V雌=12.76%,V雄=9.83%,草原沙蜥是对荒漠化草原有益的类群。     

Polyandry enhances offspring survival in an infanticidal species

The adaptive significance of polyandry is an intensely debated subject in sexual selection. For species with male infanticidal behaviour, it has been hypothesized that polyandry evolved as female counterstrategy to offspring loss: by mating with multiple males, females may conceal paternity and so prevent males from killing putative offspring. Here we present, to our knowledge, the first empirical test of this hypothesis in a combined laboratory and field study, and show that multiple mating seems to reduce the risk of infanticide in female bank voles Myodes glareolus. Our findings thus indicate that females of species with non-resource based mating systems, in which males provide nothing but sperm, but commit infanticide, can gain non-genetic fitness benefits from polyandry.     

羊草草地对原地放垡振动间隔松土的响应

以虚实并存耕作理论为指导,运用原地放垡振动间隔松土技术,采用野外观测、实地取样与室内分析相结合的方法研究了原地放垡振动间隔松土对羊草草地的改良效果。结果表明,原地放垡振动间隔松土提高了羊草草地植物高度、盖度、生物量和多样性,增加了优良类牧草所占比例和载畜力;运用原地放垡振动间隔松土技术改良羊草草地使每公顷草地植物生产层平均每年增加直接经济收益为1119.0元,动物生产层增加直接经济收益2142.0元,前植物生产层潜在(固碳)经济效益为219.5元。通过样地监测和分析可以得出,原地放垡振动间隔松土措施适用于大面积改良羊草草地和其它优质高产的根茎型草地。     

Models for Trypanosoma evansi (surra), its control and economic impact on small-hold livestock owners in the Philippines

Simple demographic and infectious disease models of buffaloes and other domestic hosts for animal trypanosomosis (surra) caused by Trypanosoma evansi were developed. The animal models contained deterministic and stochastic elements and were linked to simulate the benefit of control regimes for surra in village domestic animal populations in Mindanao, Philippines. The impact of the disease on host fertility and mortality were key factors in determining the economic losses and net-benefit from the control regimes. If using a high (99%) efficacy drug in surra-moderate to high risk areas, then treating all animals twice each year yielded low prevalence in 2 years; targeted treatment of clinically sick animals, constantly monitored (monthly), required 75% fewer treatments but took longer to reach a low prevalence than treating all animals twice each year. At high drug efficacy both of these treatment strategies increased the benefit over untreated animals by 81%. If drug efficacy declined then the benefit obtained from twice yearly treatment of all animals declined rapidly compared with regular monitoring and targeting treatment to clinically sick animals. The current control regimen applied in the Philippines of annual sero-testing for surra and only treating sero-positive animals provided the lowest net-benefit of all the control options simulated and would not be regarded as effective control. The total net-benefit from effective surra control for a typical village in a moderate/high risk area was 7.9 million pesos per annum (US $158,000). The value added to buffaloes, cattle, horses, goats/sheep and pigs as a result of this control was US $88, $84, $151, $7, $114 per animal/year, respectively.     

A novel insight into the cost–benefit model for the evolution of botanical carnivory

Background The cost–benefit model for the evolution of botanical carnivory provides a conceptual framework for interpreting a wide range of comparative and experimental studies on carnivorous plants. This model assumes that the modified leaves called traps represent a significant cost for the plant, and this cost is outweighed by the benefits from increased nutrient uptake from prey, in terms of enhancing the rate of photosynthesis per unit leaf mass or area (A_N) in the microsites inhabited by carnivorous plants.Scope This review summarizes results from the classical interpretation of the cost–benefit model for evolution of botanical carnivory and highlights the costs and benefits of active trapping mechanisms, including water pumping, electrical signalling and accumulation of jasmonates. Novel alternative sequestration strategies (utilization of leaf litter and faeces) in carnivorous plants are also discussed in the context of the cost–benefit model.Conclusions Traps of carnivorous plants have lower A_N than leaves, and the leaves have higher A_N after feeding. Prey digestion, water pumping and electrical signalling represent a significant carbon cost (as an increased rate of respiration, R_D) for carnivorous plants. On the other hand, jasmonate accumulation during the digestive period and reprogramming of gene expression from growth and photosynthesis to prey digestion optimizes enzyme production in comparison with constitutive secretion. This inducibility may have evolved as a cost-saving strategy beneficial for carnivorous plants. The similarities between plant defence mechanisms and botanical carnivory are highlighted.     

种植牧草在白浆土改良中的作用

研究了农田生态系统中引种紫花苜蓿对土壤生态环境的影响.结果表明,紫花苜蓿种植3年以后,白浆土的通气孔隙增加2.37-5.34%,渗透系数增加0.7-5.5倍,土壤有机碳增加0.349-0.600%,作物产量平均提高25%.种植苜蓿比单种作物的产投比高0.36-0.39.     

胶茶人工群落的生态效应及经济效益评价

根据生态学原理,按植物的生态特性,在橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)林下配植云南大叶茶(Camellia sinensis),组成胶茶人工群落。现根据中国科学院云南热带植物研究所定位试验点(西双版纳勐仑)胶茶间作群落的测定资料,分析其生态效益和经济效益。研究结果表明,这种人工组合的间作结构,其生态效应和经济效益都优于单一种植方式。     

种植牧草在白浆土改良中的作用

研究了农田生态系统中引种紫花苜蓿对土壤生态环境的影响。结果表明,紫花苜蓿种植3年以后,白浆土的通气孔隙增加2.37—5.34％,渗透系数增加0.7—5.5倍,土壤有机碳增加0.349—0.600％,作物产量平均提高25％。种植苜蓿比单种作物的产投比高0.36—0.39。     

上海三级甲等综合性医院收益变化趋势及其影响因素分析

目的 揭示政策对三甲医院经营行为的导向、存在的问题,为新一轮改革进程中有关三甲医院相关政策的制定提供实证依据。方法 回顾性统计描述分析上海10所三甲医院1997—2006年收益变化趋势及其影响因素。结果 （1）1999—2004年平均药品加成率持续快速递增,由13.0%跃升至30.9%,但2004年之后开始下降。（2）万元医疗收入卫生材料支出总体呈现增长趋势,卫生材料支出占医疗收入比重由1997年19.0%升至2006年29.3%;平均人员经费支出占业务收入比重经1999年跃升后维持在27%～30%之间。（3）1999年以来,10所医院平均医疗收入支出比从未超过1.00,总体呈略降趋势,反映医疗服务亏损率增加;同时,药品收入支出比一直维持在1.10以上且呈上升趋势,反映药品利润率增加。2004年后药品收支比呈下降趋势,在时间上与药品集中招标采购政策实施相吻合。（4）平均业务收入结余率、净资产结余率从未超过9.0%,2006年经费自给率低于100%。结论 （1）由于对医院实行“以药养医”补偿机制,为了维持盈亏平衡,医院是以不断增加的药品盈利来弥补不断增加的医疗服务的亏损,致使医院对药品依赖不弱反强。（2）在药品占医院收入比重受制于政策导向不断下降情况下,医院通过不断提高药品加成率来扩大药品盈利,但2004年上海开始实施药品集中招标采购等政策,抑制了医院药品加成率的增长趋势,导致药品盈利减少,最终将打破以药品盈利弥补医疗服务亏损的平衡。（3）医院经营状况呈现收入与资产快速递增,但医疗服务与药品收入结构没有显著改善,且医护人员工作负荷不断加重的趋势。     

水污染损失估算与治理水污染生态效益实例分析

采用模糊数学法和机会成本法对沈阳市某大型企业排放废水所造成的环境损失价值进行估算,将两种方法所得结果进行比较,结果表明这两种方法在对污染损失价值核算方面具有一定可行性．利用所得结果对该企业的污水治理的生态效益进行评价和分析．     

山核桃免耕经营的经济效益和生态效益

摘要：免耕经营能够有效的提高经济和生态效益,防止水土流失,保护林下植被和增加土壤有机质。浙江杭州地区山核桃长期免耕,取得良好的经济和生态效益。本文调查了主产区临安市、淳安县4个重点乡镇,5个重点村和215户的亩产及人均山核桃收入,分析免耕经营前后地壤肥力变化情况。结果表明：4个重点乡镇成林平均亩产山核桃74.68Kg,亩产值2987元,人均山核桃收入7028元;5个重点村平均亩产95.1kg,亩产值2800元,人均山核桃收入14818.9元; 215户近4年平均亩产125.03Kg,亩产值5001元,投入产出之比达1:8以上。土壤分析表明,施肥前25年土壤有机质含量、土层厚度保持不变,而全氮、全磷、水解氮、速效磷均缓慢上升;免耕加施肥后,土壤肥力显著提高,产量成倍增加,产量年变异系数由施肥前的39.76%下降到19.60%。由于重点产区山核桃纯林过于集中连片,水源涵养功能下降,病虫害日趋严重;同时存在施肥过量,肥料配比失调,林地土壤含氮量全部超标,含钾量严重不足的问题,今后施肥必须注意“控氮、稳磷、增钾”。     

安徽涡阳县桐农间作类型及其效益分析

一、概况涡阳县位于黄淮平原南部,安徽省的西北部。全县土地面积2.09×10~5ha,其中耕地面积1.44×10~5ha。人口105万。本县属暖温带半湿润季风气候区,年平均气温14.6℃,降水量824mm,蒸发量1974.5mm。太阳辐射总量5.22×10~5J·m~(-2)。气候温和,水热同季,     

高寒林区引种中国沙棘和红皮云杉人工混交模式的研究

高寒林区引种辽宁种源的中国沙棘,完全适应该地的生态条件,中国沙棘生长茂盛,已正常开花结果,引种的中国沙棘与红皮云杉营造人工混交林,林分生长良好,伴生树种中国沙棘生态效益和经济效益显著。