扁禾旱 蔗草的生物学特性及防治研究

 研究表明,扁秆藨草生育节律明显,有性繁殖对季节要求严,无性繁殖对季节要求宽,在“半遮光”条件下不能抽穗结实,无性繁殖受到抑制。扁秆藨草的阶段发育与叶龄相关显著,用主茎叶龄预测再生苗的线性回归方程式：Ŷa=-36.74+6.24x(1983)和Ya=-32.42+6.28x(1984年);预测块茎发生量的线性回归方程式：Ŷt= -67.97+10.12x(1983年)和Yt=-33.91+80.4x(1984年)。机械和人工除草可抑制块茎的形成和阻止抽穗结实,但能促进再生苗的蔓延。大田防治必须在扁秆藨草块茎形成之前用药,并做到株株受药,才能起到“斩草除根”的作用。扁秆藨草的发生分布与耕作栽培制度关系密切,实生苗萌发迟而集中,再生苗萌发早而分散,是防除的主要对象。实验表明,只有运用农业、生物、化学等综合防治手段,才能有效地控制扁秆藨草的为害。     

扁秆藨草种群内禀增长率的研究

采用“定期起苗”法,从６ 月１０ 日—８ 月３０ 日止,分别统计从越冬块茎上萌发出的再生苗及其后代蔓生枝系再生苗的数量,从而得出扁秆藨草再生苗各旬株数增长的指数方程;又用“定株观察”法,对１２ 株越冬块茎上的再生苗及其全部后代植株开花、结实数量进行统计,探讨扁秆藨草有性繁殖的能力,然后进行综合计算,求得扁秆藨草种群的内禀增长率ｒ＝７．２４,阐明了扁秆藨草很高的内禀增长率是其种群过度生长的根本原因;通过对其过度生长关键时刻的判断,选择灭草的关键期,有效地灭杀此种恶性杂草     

扁秆biao草种群内禀增长率的研究

采用“定期起苗”法,从６月１０日－８月３０日止,分别统计从越冬块茎上萌发出的再生苗及其后代蔓生枝系再生苗的数量,从而得出扁秆ｂｉａｏ草再生苗各旬株数增长的指数方程;又用“定株观察”法,对１２株越冬块茎上的再生苗及其全部后代植株开花、结实数量进行统计,探讨扁秆ｂｉａｏ草有性繁殖的能力,然后进行综合计算,求得扁秆ｂｉａｏ草种群的内禀增长率ｒ＝７．２４,阐明了扁秆ｂｉａｏ草很高的内禀增长率是其种群过度生     

莫莫格扁秆藨草恢复湿地土壤种子库对长芒稗入侵的响应

湿地恢复过程中,时常有外来种或本地杂草入侵。土壤种子库作为未来植被的潜在种源,对湿地恢复效果具有重要的指示意义。在莫莫格国家级自然保护区,以恢复白鹤栖息地(扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis)沼泽)为目的,进行了退化湿地的水文恢复;但退化湿地恢复2a后,一年生杂草长芒稗(Echinochloa caudata)在大部分区域成为建群种。以长芒稗入侵湿地和扁秆藨草自然湿地为研究对象,对比分析了长芒稗和扁秆藨草的土壤种子库及生长结实特征。结果表明,在自然湿地扁秆藨草种子库规模是长芒稗的18.42倍,而在恢复湿地长芒稗种子库大小是扁秆藨草的5.04倍。与自然湿地相比,扁秆藨草种子库密度在入侵湿地明显减少,但仍保留了一定量具有活力的种子(664.32±105.98)粒/m~2,这与研究区扁秆藨草较高的种子生产力(9210.4±1513.4)粒/m~2及种子较强的浮力(FP50=39.7d)有关,说明扁秆藨草具备通过种子库或水传播恢复的潜力。长芒稗土壤种子库密度在入侵湿地高达(3345.9±520.3)粒/m~2,明显高于自然湿地种子库规模(P0.01),说明恢复湿地受长芒稗入侵影响严重,这与长芒稗较高的种子生产力(7621.4±376.25)粒/m~2及较弱的种子浮力(FP0=5d)有关,同时也表明长芒稗通过水传播扩散的能力较弱。另外,研究区长芒稗平均高度超过1m,且盖度较大,不仅阻碍扁秆藨草种子的水播,也降低了到达地表的光照水平,从而抑制扁秆藨草更新。因此,在莫莫格受长芒稗入侵湿地,于开花结实前收获长芒稗地上植物体及凋落物应是限制长芒稗扩展、同时促进扁秆藨草恢复的有效措施。     

光照、水深交互作用对松嫩湿地芦苇种子萌发的影响

莫莫格国家级自然保护区位于松嫩平原西部, 以保护白鹤(Grus leucogeranus)等珍稀水禽及其栖息地为主要目的。扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculmis)是莫莫格湿地的重要植物, 也是白鹤在该区停栖的主要食源植物。莫莫格湿地水文恢复后, 芦苇(Phragmites australis)等高大挺水植物大量出现, 阻碍了扁秆藨草的恢复。种子萌发是植物生活史的重要阶段, 对于认识野外植物群落动态和植被管理十分重要。该研究在人工气候箱模拟野外环境条件, 分析了光照(全光、遮阴、黑暗)、水深(0、5、15和30 cm)及其交互作用对芦苇种子萌发的影响。结果表明: 光照和水深变化明显影响芦苇种子的萌发; 最终萌发比例在遮阴和黑暗条件下明显比在全光下高, 在3种光照处理下较深水位(5-30 cm)均抑制了芦苇种子的萌发。芦苇种子萌发也明显受光照和水深交互作用的影响; 在全光条件下, 萌发比例在0 cm水深(86.67% ± 2.36%)显著高于其他较深水位; 在遮阴和黑暗环境下, 0 cm水深与其他水深处理间的差异明显缩小, 这应是在遮阴和黑暗条件下(不考虑水深)萌发比例较高的重要原因。因此, 在芦苇建群初期, 及时进行清除处理并保持一定地表水位可以限制芦苇通过有性繁殖更新, 同时改善地表光辐射等生境条件, 促进扁秆藨草恢复。     

青藏高原东南缘五种火绒草属植物的核型

报道我国青藏高原东南缘5种6个居群火绒草属植物的染色体数目和核型.银叶火绒草Leontopodium souliei 2n =2x=24=13M+8m+3sm,1B;坚秆火绒草L.franchetii 2n=2x=26=6M+ 18m +2sm,2A;华火绒草L.sinense;四川木里海拔2406m的居群:2n=2x=26=4M+22m,1B,四川木里海拔3074m居群:2n=4x=52=16M+36m,1B;美头火绒草L.calocephalum 2n=4x=48=3M+43m +2sn,1B;毛香火绒草L.stracheyi 2n=4x=48=13M+35m,1A.对现有的染色体资料分析表明:火绒草属的染色体核型比较对称,但种间具一定的变异;多倍化可能是该属在我国青藏高原及其周边地区发生强烈物种分化的重要原因之一.     

海三棱藨草的组织培养与快繁体系

以海三棱藨草(Scirpus × mariqueter)成熟种子为外植体, 通过无菌萌发、丛生芽诱导、增殖、壮苗、生根和移栽等过程, 建立了海三棱藨草的无菌快繁体系。结果表明: 丛生芽诱导和增殖的最适培养基为MS+2.0 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.002 mg·L^-1 TDZ+0.2 mg·L^-1 IBA; 壮苗最适培养基为1/2MS+0.05 mg·L^-1 6-BA+0.01 mg·L^-1 IBA; 生根最适培养基为1/2 MS+0.2 mg·L^-1 IBA; 最适培养温度为30°C; 再生苗移入珍珠岩:草炭:蛭石=1:1:1 (体积比)的混合基质中, 移栽成活率可达85%以上。生根培养阶段选用容积较大的塑料容器育苗, 可以降低生产成本和提高生产效率。     

莫莫格自然保护区白鹤秋季迁徙停歇期觅食生境选择

2008年秋季(10月8日—20日)及2009年秋季(9月20日—10月16日),通过样方法对觅食生境11个生态因子进行调查,利用卡方检验、资源选择指数和资源选择函数在莫莫格保护区对秋季迁徙停歇期白鹤觅食生境选择进行研究。结果表明,白鹤对距人为干扰源距离、植被密度、盖度、高度、植物性食物密度以及水深均具有选择性,但对宏观尺度干扰因子的选择性较低。其偏好觅食生境的特点为:距一级路>5000m,>二级路1500m以上,>三级路1000m以上,>居民点1000m以上,农田>1000m;植被密度20~50株/m2,盖度<10%,高度<20cm,扁杆藨草密度1~50株/m2,藨草密度1~10株/m2,水深40~60cm。白鹤秋季觅食生境资源选择函数为Logistic(P)=0.663+0.565×与一级道路距离+0.042×与二级道路距离+0.519×与三级道路距离+0.353×与居民点距离+0.169×与农田距离–0.455×植被密度–0.618×植被盖度–0.548×植被高度–0.158×扁杆藨草密度–0.404×藨草密度+0.920×水深,T(x)=eLogistic(p)/[1+eLogistic(p)],模型正确预测率为82.9%。     

我国11种披碱草的核型研究

本文报道了中国产的11种披碱草属植物的核型,其中9种为首次报道。结果如下:老芒麦2n=4x=28=24m+4sm(2SAT);披碱草2n=6x=42=36m(2SAT)+6sm(4SAT);青紫披碱草2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(4SAT);垂穗披碱草2n=6x=42=34m+8sm(2SAT);圆柱披碱草2n=6x=42=32m+10sm(2SAT);短芒披碱草2n=6x=42=30m+12sm(4SAT);黑紫披碱草2n=6x=42=36m(6SAT)_1+6sm;毛披碱草2n=6x=42=30m+12sm(6SAT);紫芒披碱草2n=6x=42=22m=12sm(2SAT)+8st(4SAT);肥披碱草2n=6x=42=34m(2SAT)+6sm(4SAT)+2st;麦(?)草2n=6x=42=30m(4SAT)+12sm(2SAT)。     

根状茎型植物扁秆荆三棱对土壤养分异质性尺度和对比度的生长响应

土壤养分的空间异质性在自然界普遍存在, 而克隆植物被认为能很好地适应和利用土壤养分异质性。尽管尺度和对比度是异质性的两个重要属性, 但有关土壤养分异质性的尺度和对比度及其交互作用对克隆植物生长和分株分布格局影响的研究仍比较缺乏。在一个温室实验中, 根状茎型草本克隆植物扁秆荆三棱(Bolboschoenus planiculmis) (异名扁秆藨草(Scirpus planiculumis))被种植在由高养分斑块和低养分斑块组成的异质性环境中。实验为两种尺度处理(大斑块和小斑块)和两种对比度处理(高对比度和低对比度)交叉组成的4种处理组合。在每个处理中, 高养分和低养分斑块的总面积相同; 在所有4种处理中, 土壤养分的总量也完全相同。无论在整个克隆(植株)水平, 还是在斑块水平, 尺度、对比度及其交互作用对扁秆荆三棱的生物量、分株数、根状茎长和块茎数的影响均不显著。然而, 在斑块水平, 扁秆荆三棱在高养分斑块中的生物量、分株数、根状茎长和块茎数均显著高于低养分斑块, 而在高养分斑块中相邻分株间的距离(间隔物长)小于低养分斑块, 并且这种效应均不依赖于斑块尺度的大小和对比度的高低。因此, 在土壤养分异质性环境中, 扁秆荆三棱可以通过缩短间隔物长, 并可能通过提高根状茎的分枝强度, 把较多的分株和潜在分株放置在养分条件好的斑块中。这种响应格局体现出克隆植物的觅食行为, 有利于整个克隆对异质性资源的吸收和利用。然而, 该实验中的尺度和对比度对扁秆荆三棱分株的放置格局均没有显著效应。作者推测, 在一个更大的斑块尺度和(或)对比度范围内, 扁秆荆三棱对土壤养分异质性的响应可能不同。因此, 下一步的研究应涉及更广泛的尺度和对比度。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.