三峡库区5 个鲢群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

研究利用10 个高度多态的微卫星标记对三峡水库秭归、巫山、云阳、忠县、木洞等5 个库区鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)的野生群体进行了遗传多样性分析。检测到161 个等位基因, 群体共有等位基因84 个, 每个微卫星位点的等位基因数729 不等。平均观测杂合度Ho 为0.7840.846, 平均期望杂合度He 为0.8280.847, 平均多态信息含量PIC 为0.7970.817。Fst 值为-0.0010.009, 表明5 个鲢群体间没有遗传分化。Hardy-Weinberg 平衡检验表明巫山、云阳、木洞群体在一些位点上偏离遗传平衡。Bottleneck 分析显示长江三峡库区江段的鲢群体可能在历史上经历了遗传瓶颈。5 个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.8910.950, 遗传距离为 0.0500.115, 根据 Nei's 遗传距离所绘制的聚类图, 表明鲢群体间的遗传距离与其地理距离基本一致。贝叶斯分析结果也证实三峡库区5 个鲢群体可视为一个类群。尽管没有检测到遗传分化, 数据清晰地表明三峡库区的鲢群体仍有很高的遗传多样性, 研究结果为三峡地区和长江上游的鲢种质资源保护和种群评估提供了参考。       

利用30个微卫星标记分析长江中下游鲢群体的遗传多样性

摘要: 利用30对微卫星分子标记对长江中下游5个鲢群体进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明: 在30个基因座中, 共检测到144个等位基因, 每个座位检测到的等位基因数为1～10个, 其中有25个座位具有多态性, 多态位点百分率为83.33,5个群体的平均等位基因数A为4.0/4.1, 平均有效等位基因数Ne为2.4445～2.6332, 平均观察杂合度Ho为0.3233～0.3511, 平均期望杂合度He为0.4421～0.4704, 平均多态信息含量PIC为0.4068～0.4286。对数据进行F-检验, Fst值表明群体间的遗传分化程度中等, 并对基因型进行了基于Hardy-Weinberg平衡的卡方检验, 所得P值说明5个群体均一定程度上偏离了平衡。5个群体间的遗传相似系数为0.8466～0.9146,遗传距离为0.0893～0.1665, 并根据Nei氏标准遗传距离用UPGMA方法对5个鲢群体进行亲缘关系聚类。     

草鱼野生和养殖群体间遗传变异的微卫星分析

运用微卫星标记对江苏境内草鱼(Ctenopharyngodonidella)一个野生群体(邗江群体)和两个养殖群体(淡水中心群体和无锡前洲群体)遗传多样性进行了分析。在10个座位中,每个座位检测到的等位基因数2~8个。有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、期望杂合度、平均表观杂合度均以邗江草鱼野生群体最高,分别为3·9、0·5068、0·6939、0·7;无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体最低,分别为2·2、0·1796、0·5235、0·5286;淡水中心草鱼养殖群体各参数均介于两者之间,分别为3·5、0·2902、0·5418、0·5429。以上结果表明:草鱼野生群体遗传多样性更为丰富,而草鱼养殖群体存在杂合度降低,遗传多样性下降的现象。邗江草鱼野生群体与淡水中心草鱼养殖群体和无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数分别为0·219和0·246,而两个草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数为0·034。这表明草鱼野生群体与草鱼养殖群体间分化严重,而草鱼养殖群体间分化微弱。各座位分化程度的χ2检验结果表明,10个座位中有GM18、MFW1-1、MFW1-2三个座位群体间分化达到极显著水平,GM03-2、MFW5两个座位群体间分化差异显著,其他座位分化不显著。针对每个座位对各群体进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现:由于草鱼养殖群体在GM03-1、GM03-2、GM18三个位点杂合子缺失,草鱼野生群体在位点GM19杂合子过剩而严重偏离平衡。实验表明:近交容易引起草鱼遗传多样性下降,纯合速度加快。     

草鱼野生和养殖群体间遗传变异的微卫星分析

运用微卫星标记对江苏境内草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)一个野生群体(邗江群体)和两个养殖群体(淡水中心群体和无锡前洲群体)遗传多样性进行了分析。在10个座位中，每个座位检测到的等位基因数2～8个。有效等位基因数、多态信息含量、期望杂合度、平均表观杂合度均以邗江草鱼野生群体最高，分别为3.9、0.506 8、0.693 9、0.7；无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体最低，分别为2.2、0.179 6、0.523 5、0.528 6；淡水中心草鱼养殖群体各参数均介于两者之间，分别为3.5、0.290 2、0.541 8、0.542 9。以上结果表明：草鱼野生群体遗传多样性更为丰富，而草鱼养殖群体存在杂合度降低，遗传多样性下降的现象。邗江草鱼野生群体与淡水中心草鱼养殖群体和无锡前洲草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数分别为0.219和0.246，而两个草鱼养殖群体间遗传分化系数为0.034。这表明草鱼野生群体与草鱼养殖群体间分化严重，而草鱼养殖群体间分化微弱。各座位分化程度的χ2检验结果表明，10个座位中有GM18、MFW1-1、MFW1-2三个座位群体间分化达到极显著水平，GM03-2、MFW5两个座位群体间分化差异显著，其他座位分化不显著。针对每个座位对各群体进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验发现：由于草鱼养殖群体在GM03-1、GM03-2、GM18三个位点杂合子缺失，草鱼野生群体在位点GM19杂合子过剩而严重偏离平衡。实验表明：近交容易引起草鱼遗传多样性下降，纯合速度加快。     

太平洋牡蛎养殖与野生群体遗传变异的微卫星研究

应用微卫星标记技术研究5个中国太平洋牡蛎养殖群体和2个日本太平洋牡蛎野生群体的遗传变异。研究中所使用的7个微卫星位点在养殖和野生群体中都显示出了高多态性,平均等位基因数为19.1～29.9,平均期待杂合度为0.916～0.958。养殖群体和野生群体的平均等位基因丰度及观察杂合度没有显著性差异。遗传分化系数及等位基因杂合度分析显示所有的群体间都有显著性差异。构建的NJ树中,7个群体聚为3支,养殖群体和野生群体可以清楚地分开,在养殖群体中又分为南北两支。分配检验中,97%～100%的正确率证明了微卫星标记在群体识别分析中的可行性。本研究结果对太平洋牡蛎管理模式的设计和选择育种具有重要意义。     

利用线粒体COI和微卫星标记分析文蛤7个地理群体的遗传变异

利用线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基I(COI)和微卫星标记分析了文蛤7个地理群体(朝鲜新义州,辽宁丹东、蛤蜊岗和盘山,山东东营,江苏如东和启东)的遗传多样性和群体分化。PCR扩增获得142条602 bp的COI核苷酸片段,比对到13个变异位点,包括11个转换和2个颠换,定义了22个单倍型,共享单倍型12个,新义州、丹东和启东群体分别拥有特有单倍型。单倍型多样性最高的是如东群体(h=0.900),最低的是东营群体(h=0.600);核苷酸多样性最高的是丹东群体(π=0.00350),最低的是蛤蜊岗群体(π=0.00115)。基于COI数据的Fu's Fs中性检验和核苷酸不配对分析揭示文蛤种群历史上曾经历过群体扩张事件。分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,群体内遗传变异占71.64%,群体间遗传变异占28.36%,群体间发生显著的遗传分化(P0.05)。7个微卫星标记扩增280个个体共获得54个等位基因,平均等位基因数为7.7个,平均观测杂合度和期望杂合度分别为0.3878和0.7996。江苏群体具有较高的遗传多样性,但7个群体间遗传多样性不存在显著差异(Kruskal-Wallis检验,P0.05)。Hardy-Weinberg平衡检验结果显示49个群体-位点组合中有18个偏离平衡(P0.05),表现为杂合子缺失。单倍型邻接(NJ)树显示聚类未展示地域性特色,但某几个同一或者相近地理群体的单倍型具有聚类现象(如东和启东部分单倍型出现地理聚类)。依据群体间遗传距离以Kimura 2-parameter为模型建立UPGMA系统发育树,显示丹东群体和江苏的如东和启东群体聚为一支,暗示江苏苗种的异地养殖已经污染丹东文蛤的遗传背景。     

用微卫星多态性和RAPD分析广东地方鸡种的群体遗传变异

用５个座位的微卫星标记和７０个１０碱基引物得出的ＲＡＰＤ,研究分析了惠阳胡须鸡、杏花鸡和清远麻鸡３个广东地方鸡种和培育品种粤黄鸡的群体遗传变异及相互间的关系,并讨论了微卫星多态性和ＲＡＰＤ这两种标记在应用于群体遗传变异及亲缘关系等方面分析的意义。微卫星多态性分析结果说明,样本采自保种群的惠阳胡须鸡和杏花鸡以及经长期封闭选育的粤黄鸡的杂合度均较低,而在起源地采样的清远麻鸡杂合度较高,但总的说来这几个鸡种的杂合度仍然是较低的。ＲＡＰＤ分析结果说明,４个鸡种群体间变异较小,但在惠阳胡须鸡发现具有品种特异性的ＲＡＰＤ图带。微卫星多态性和ＲＡＰＤ分析都说明４个鸡种的亲缘关系较近。由于微卫星标记多态性程度高且等显性遗传,因而通过它计算杂合度可以较好地反映群体内的变异;ＲＡＰＤ则在反映群体间的区别甚至某一群体的特征时可提供明确而直接的信息。     

德宏水牛微卫星标记分析的群体遗传变异

德宏水牛是云南省地方水牛的优良品种之一,为了进一步阐明其群体遗传变异和遗传结构,筛选了分别位于水牛14条染色体上的15对微卫星引物,对德宏水牛81个个体进行了检测分析.共检测到62个等位基因,每个座位等位基因数目从2到6个不等,平均等位基因数为4.13,该水牛群体期望杂合度和多态信息含量分别为0.6520±0.1526和0.5863±0.1789,各座位的遗传分化系数在0～0.0919之间,平均值为0.0202.每个座位的基因流较大,平均12.1502.研究结果表明德宏水牛群体遗传多样性较丰富,亚群间的遗传分化程度低,基因流较大,且很少发生近交.     

草鱼野生群体遗传变异的微卫星分析

利用12个微卫星标记, 对来自长江水系(邗江、吴江、九江、石首、木洞和万州)、珠江水系(肇庆)和黑龙江水系(嫩江)的8个草鱼野生地理群体进行了遗传多样性及遗传结构等分析。遗传多样性分析显示, 12个微卫星位点均为高度多态位点(PIC=0.755~0.930), 8个草鱼野生群体显示出较高的遗传多样性水平(Ho=0.839~0.893), 其中长江水系的6个群体和肇庆群体的多样性水平高于嫩江群体。瓶颈效应分析显示, 嫩江、肇庆群体及2个长江上游群体(木洞、万州)近期出现了瓶颈效应, 群体数量发生下降。群体间遗传分化指数F^ST及AMOVA分析显示, 群体间出现极显著遗传分化(P<0.01), 整体分化水平较低(F^ST<0.05)。遗传距离分析结果显示, 长江水系的6个群体与肇庆群体遗传距离较近, 与嫩江群体较远; 基于此的UPGMA聚类树显示, 长江水系下游、中游和上游的群体依次聚类, 然后与肇庆群体聚类, 最后与嫩江群体聚类, 遗传距离与地理距离呈现出较强的正相关性。遗传结构分析显示, 所有样本被划分为5个理论群, 肇庆和嫩江群体中个体的遗传结构相对独立, 而长江上游、中游和下游群体中个体的遗传结构则存在一定程度的混杂。综上所述, 中国草鱼野生资源具有较高的遗传多样性, 地理群体间存在遗传分化, 具有进一步遗传改良的潜力; 但部分群体出现的瓶颈效应也需要引起重视。     

用微卫星标记分析皱纹盘鲍群体的遗传变异

利用微卫星标记技术, 对皱纹盘鲍山东长岛和辽宁獐子岛的两个野生群体以及山东崆峒岛一个养殖群体的遗传变异进行了分析。对6个微卫星基因座的多态性进行了评估, 各基因座的多态信息含量(PIC)值均大于0.5, 适合对鲍群体遗传结构的分析。结果表明, 这6个基因座在3个皱纹盘鲍群体中共获得57个等位基因, 等位基因数(A)平均为9.50, 有效等位基因数(N_e)平均为5.8572, 平均杂合度观测值(H_o)和期望值(^H_e)分别为0.6925和0.7966; 两个野生群体的杂合度观测值(H_o)和期望值(H_e)均高于养殖群体。上述结果为保护和利用皱纹盘鲍的遗传多样性提供了依据。     

Genetic diversity of common carp from two largest Chinese lakes and the Yangtze River revealed by microsatellite markers

Six polymorphic microsatellites (eight loci) were used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of common carp from Dongting Lake (DTC), Poyang Lake (PYC), and the Yangtze River (YZC) in China. The gene diversity was high among populations with values close to 1. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 11, and the average number of alleles among 3 populations ranged from 6.5 to 7.9. The mean observed (H _O) and expected (H _E) heterozygosity ranged from 0.4888 to 0.5162 and from 0.7679 to 0.7708, respectively. Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium expectation were found at majority of the loci and in all three populations in which heterozygote deficits were apparent. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the percent of variance among populations and within populations were 3.03 and 96.97, respectively. The Fst values between populations indicated that there were significant genetic differentiations for the common carp populations from the Yangtze River and two largest Chinese freshwater lakes. The factors that may result in genetic divergence and significant reduction of the observed heterozygosity were discussed.     

Native bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix populations in the Pearl River are threatened by Yangtze River introductions as revealed by mitochondrial DNA

Bighead carp Hypophthalmichthys nobilis and silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix have been two economically important aquaculture species in China for centuries. In the past decades, bighead and silver carp have been introduced from the Yangtze River to many river systems in China, including the Pearl River, in annual, large-scale, stocking activities to enhance wild fisheries. Nonetheless, few studies have assessed the ecological or genetic impacts of such introductions on native conspecific fish populations. An mtDNA D-loop segment of 978 bp from 213 bighead carp samples from 9 populations and a 975 bp segment from 204 silver carp samples from 10 populations were obtained to evaluate genetic diversity and population integrity. Results from a haplotype network analysis revealed that most haplotypes of the Pearl River clustered with those of Yangtze River origin and only a small proportion were distinct, suggesting that both the native Pearl River bighead and silver carp populations are currently dominated by genetic material from the Yangtze River. The genetic diversity of Pearl River populations is high in both species because of this inter-population gene flow, but the diversity of native Pearl River populations is low. To preserve the native genetic diversity, stocking of non-native fingerlings should cease immediately and native Pearl River bighead and silver carp fish farms should be established. This research demonstrates the danger to native biodiversity across China because of the substantial, ongoing stock-enhancement activities without prior genetic assessment.     

Genetic variation in populations of Populus davidiana Dode based on microsatellite marker analysis

Populus davidiana Dode, the only aspen in Korea, is useful for restoration because of its fast growth and vigorous reproduction. This study was conducted to estimate the genetic diversity and subdivision in populations of P. davidiana in South Korea using microsatellite markers. DNA from 113 individuals from five populations was amplified using five microsatellite primers. Fifty-three alleles were detected, and the expected heterozygosity was 0.603. The populations of P. davidiana in Korea have high genetic variation despite their peripheral distribution. R _ST (0.213) indicated a significant level of genetic subdivision among populations compared to the differentiation among other aspen populations. The high conservation value of the populations is attributed to its ecological and commercial importance.     

Genetic variation analysis within and among Chinese indigenous swine populations using microsatellite markers

The genetic structure of five types of Taihu pig (Erhualian, Middle Meishan, Small Meishan, Mizhu and Shawutou), Jiangquhai and Dongchuan pigs in China were investigated, by means of 27 microsatellite markers proposed by the Food and Agriculture Organisation, International Society for Animal Genetics (FAO-ISAG). The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium test indicated that genetic drift had occurred in these populations, which may be caused by founder effects, intensive selection and close breeding. Genetic heterozygosity and the effective number of alleles per population were calculated, and showed that the genetic variability of the Jiangquhai pig was the largest, while the Small Meishan had the lowest. Genetic differentiation was within each population as shown by the fixation index (F(ST)=0.18). Both a neighbour-joining (NJ) tree constructed from Nei's standard genetic distance and principal component analysis based on allele frequencies can distinguish types of Taihu pig from the other two breeds. Among Taihu pig populations, Erhualian and Mizhu grouped into one branch, while Middle Meishan, Small Meishan and Shawutou clustered as another branch. By including previously published data on European pigs reported, we confirmed that Chinese indigenous pigs and European pigs have diverged into two distinct groups.     

Genetic variation at twentythree microsatellite loci in sixteen human populations

We have analysed genetic variation at 23 microsatellite loci in a global sample of 16 ethnically and geographically diverse human populations. On the basis of their ancestral heritage and geographic locations, the studied populations can be divided into five major groups, viz. African, Caucasian, Asian Mongoloid, American Indian and Pacific Islander. With respect to the distribution of alleles at the 23 loci, large variability exists among the examined populations. However, with the exception of the American Indians and the Pacific Islanders, populations within a continental group show a greater degree of similarity. Phylogenetic analyses based on allele frequencies at the examined loci show that the first split of the present-day human populations had occurred between the Africans and all of the non-African populations, lending support to an African origin of modern human populations. Gene diversity analyses show that the coefficient of gene diversity estimated from the 23 loci is, in general, larger for populations that have remained isolated and probably of smaller effective sizes, such as the American Indians and the Pacific Islanders. These analyses also demonstrate that the component of total gene diversity, which is attributed to variation between groups of populations, is significantly larger than that among populations within each group. The empirical data presented in this work and their analyses reaffirm that evolutionary histories and the extent of genetic variation among human populations can be studied using microsatellite loci.     

50年来长江鲢、鳙形态特征的变迁(英文)

采用多元分析方法,对采自长江中游的上世纪中期(下称早期)和本世纪初(下称当前)的121尾1龄鲢、鳙的30项形态度量性状进行了分析。依据对判别贡献最大的5个参数所建立的判别公式,对鲢、鳙早期和当前群体的平均判别准确率分别达94.2%和98.%,显示鲢或鳙的当前与早期群体间在总体上存在着显著差异。单因素方差分析显示,在早期和当前群体间,鲢有12个特征差异极显著、8个差异显著,鳙分别有8个特征差异极显著或显著。其中,鲢和鳙的6个显著或极显著变大的特征参数集中在头部,而14个鲢和10个鳙的显著或极显著变小的特征参数则主要集中在躯干部与尾部。研究表明,最近50年来长江鲢、鳙的头及头部特征有相对变大的趋势,而躯干部与尾部的许多特征参数则有相对变小的趋势,这些形态演变趋势符合人们喜食鱼头、追求高经济效益的期望。     

Major histocompatibility complex and microsatellite variation in two populations of wild gorillas

In comparison to their close relatives the chimpanzees and humans, very little is known concerning the amount and structure of genetic variation in gorillas. Two species of gorillas are recognized and while the western gorillas number in the tens of thousands, only several hundred representatives of the mountain gorilla subspecies of eastern gorillas survive. To analyse the possible effects of these different population sizes, this study compares the variation observed at microsatellite and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) loci in samples of wild western and mountain gorillas, collected using a sampling scheme that targeted multiple social groups within defined geographical areas. Noninvasive samples proved a viable source of DNA for sequence analysis of the second exon of the DRB loci of the MHC. Observed levels of variation at the MHC locus were similar between the two gorilla species and were comparable to those in other primates. Comparison of results from analysis of variation at multiple microsatellite loci found only a slight reduction in heterozygosity for the mountain gorillas despite the relatively smaller population size.     

微卫星标记分析罗非鱼群体的遗传潜力

利用25个微卫星标记,对奥利亚罗非鱼2个群体["夏奥1号"(ZA)、广西群体(GA)]和尼罗罗非鱼4个群体[埃及品系(ZN)、88品系(XN)、广西群体(GN)、美国品系(MN)]进行检测。共检测到7 775个扩增片段,长度在100~400 bp;等位基因数3~8个不等,共计143个等位基因;平均每个基因座扩增得到5.72个等位基因。各群体平均观测杂合度(H o)在0.7253~0.8160之间,平均期望杂合度(He)在0.5146~0.6834之间,平均多态信息含量(PIC)在0.4212~0.6105之间,平均有效等位基因数(A e)在2.20~3.23之间。ZA与GA遗传相似系数最高(0.9130),ZA与ZN遗传相似系数最低(0.4352)。总的说来,4个尼罗罗非鱼群体的遗传潜力较高,2个奥利亚罗非鱼群体的遗传潜力适中。