铝酞菁光敏反应中间产物的实验研究

铝酞菁(AISPC)是有潜力用于光动力癌症疗法(PDT)的新光敏剂.本文应用ESR波谱技术,对AISPC光敏反应的中间产物进行实验研究,探讨了重水,β—胡萝卜素、迭氧钠、SOD、细胞色素C、甘露醇及乙醇等活性氧增进或抑制剂对光敏反应的影响.结果表明,(Al-SPC)在水溶液中的光敏反应,除之有~1O_2生成外,还有O_2~-及·OH自由基产生.但以~1O_2.中间产物为主.光敏疗法是一种有希望的肿瘤治疗新方法.但由于光敏剂血卟啉衍生物(HPD)组份复杂、红光吸收太弱等局限性,1985年以来,探寻结构明了、成份稳定、主吸收峰位于红光区(人体绍织透射的最佳波段)的新光敏剂的研究工作不断增多,其中尤以对酞菁类染料的研究较为集中.我组在研究出可溶于水的磺化铝酞菁后,亦已在离体人癌细胞及小鼠移植瘤实验中(待发表)获得杀伤癌细胞、癌组织的功效.随着酞菁染料作为新光敏剂的潜力被挖掘,其反应机制的研究也受到重视,但目前尚不甚明了,且较系统的研究也不多.本文应用ESR波谐技术,可2、2.6、6—四甲基—4羟基哌啶醇为探针,并利用~1O_2,0_2~1·OH消除剂,研究了磺化铝酞菁的光敏反应中间产物,探讨了其可能的反应机制.     

磺化铝酞菁的磺化程度对光敏活性的影响

磺化铝酞菁为新一代的光敏剂,为了研究其平均磺化程度对光敏活性的影响,本文比较测定了平均磺化度为三的铝酞菁Alpcs(3)及平均磺化度为二的铝酞菁A1pcs(2)的单态氧(~1O)产率,细胞的吸收及光敏杀伤。结果表明,磺化度的不同并不影响~1O_2的生成及细胞的吸收动力学规律,但人体肝癌细胞对Alpcs(2)的摄入量比Alpcs(3)高出5倍左右,且Alpcs(2)比Alpcs(3)对癌细胞有更强的光敏杀伤效应。提示,可通过调节降低磺化程度,增进细胞吸收,获得更佳的光敏效率。     

激光、血卟啉对小鼠S-180V肿瘤细胞膜通透性的作用及其影响因素

通过Na_2~(51)CrO_4在肿瘤细胞膜内外的分布比值的测定,观察了激光血卟啉衍生物(简称HPD)对小鼠S-180V肿瘤细胞膜通透性的作用及其影响因素:(1)通过紫外吸收光谱的测定对肿瘤细胞摄取HPD的动态过程作了观察。选择了实验所需的合适HPD浓度和作用时间,并观察到细胞悬液中血清蛋白能阻抑细胞对HPD的摄取。(2)在氦氖激光照射后即可观察到含有HPD的肿瘤细胞膜外~(51)Cr/膜内~(51)Cr的比值明显增加,而单照激光或单加HPD两组的~(51)Cr比值与正常对照组相比无明显变化。(3)上述的~(51)Cr比值变化随着照后保温时间的延长而逐渐加大。与此同时细胞形态也发生相应的变化,细胞死亡率也逐渐增加。说明除了原初的光敏反应外,还有继发的细胞损伤。(4)细胞悬液中血清蛋白的存在虽然对激光血卟啉对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用有所减弱,但在这样条件下的光敏反应比较接近临床上治疗肿瘤的实际情况。     

HPD在胃癌细胞各时相中的转运分布和损伤部位的关系

本文探讨了HPD衍生物加红光对人胃低分化腺癌MGC 80-3细胞不同周期的生物学效应。我们观察到HPD的转运与分布决定于细胞周期。G_1期在30分至60分钟内HPD从膜转运至胞质;S、G_2期则直接进入胞质的不同部位;而M期在核部位弥散分布。同步化细胞经HPD加红光处理后,引起细胞大量光敏杀伤,S与G_1期较明显,而M期光敏性最小。我们还观察到:不同周期细胞HPD的分布和HPD的光敏损伤部位密切相关。核仁对HPD的选择性结合也很明显。     

吖啶橙激光光敏化对离体培养肝癌细胞系的生物学效应

吖啶橙(Acridine Orange,AO)具有肯定的光敏作用,已在原生动物、离体培养细胞和动物实验中得到了证明。我们除了研究AO激光光敏化杀伤离体培养人体肝癌细胞的效应,对激光光动力学作用的规律与机制也作了一定的探索。材料和方法一、光敏剂AO,中国医药公司进口分装。以无菌生理盐水配制成0.5微克/毫升或0.01微克/毫升的工作液,室温下处理细胞6分钟后弃之,Hanks     

血卟啉衍生物加光对人红血球膜蛋白构象的影响

大量资料表明,细胞质膜可能是光敏引起细胞死亡的临界靶结构之一。有的作者认为临界靶分子是膜上的蛋白质,有的则认为膜上的靶事件是膜脂的过氧化。由此可见,为了揭示光敏的靶分子机理,必需进一步探讨膜脂和膜蛋白在光敏损伤中的地位。血卟啉衍生物(HPD)除了能较多地潴留于癌细胞外,也能潴留在正常细胞膜中,它杀死正常细胞和癌细胞的靶分子机理是相似的。基于这一考虑,我们采用血影细胞为材料,观察了HPD对血影细胞的圆二色性的影响。     

激光、血卟啉对肿瘤细胞DNA单链断裂及其重接的影响

用简化的Kohn氏碱洗脱法,观察了光敏剂血卟啉衍生物(HPD)对小鼠S-180肿瘤细胞DNA单链断裂及其重接修复的影响。激光HPD能导致S-180细胞DNA单链断裂明显增加,而且这种断裂随着保温时间的延长,继续增多。在本实验条件下没有观察到HPD对X线的增敏作用,HPD不能增加X线所致的DNA单链断裂,也不能影响其重接。单链断裂重接动力学的实验进一步证明了这个论点。     

光动力疗法对体外培养人胰腺癌细胞株PANC-1作用

目的:探讨血卟啉注射液(Hematoporphyrin Derivative,HPD)光动力疗法(Photodynamic Therapy,PDT)对体外培养的人胰腺癌细胞株PANC-1的生物作用。方法:实验分为4组,空白对照组、单纯HPD组、单纯光照组及HPD+PDT组。采用MTT法检测光动力作用后细胞的存活率,并用Annexin V-FITC/P I双染法检测其凋亡率。结果:在光敏剂浓度为5mg/L,光照剂量为10J/cm2时,光动力对PANC-1细胞达到最佳的实验效果,与对照组相比差异有显著性。在此实验参数条件下,流式细胞术(FCM)检测各组人胰腺癌细胞PANC-1凋亡率:HPD+PDT实验组达(36.40±4.21)%,明显高于单纯HPD(6.76±0.44)%,单纯PDT组(8.30±0.32)%及空白组(5.00±0.53)%三个对照组(P<0.05),三个对照组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:PDT光动力作用对体外培养人胰腺癌细胞PANC-1有明确抑制效应,并与HPD浓度及光照强度相关。     

藻胆蛋白色素肽与癌光啉光敏作用的比较实验

目的：比较藻胆蛋白色素肽与癌光啉photofrinⅡ的光动力学疗法（photodynamic therapy,PDT）效果与日光光敏作用.方法：分析藻胆蛋白酶解产物藻红蛋白R-PE β亚基、藻蓝蛋白的CCP1、CCP3片段与photofrinⅡ的光谱特性,用MTT等方法检测其对小鼠S180细胞、小鼠移植瘤的PDT杀伤作用及对小鼠骨髓细胞、水蚤的日光光毒性.结果：photofrinⅡ在250 nm-650 nm区间有多个吸收峰,在紫外光区有很强的吸收峰,而三种蛋白酶解产物的光谱较单一,其中R-PE β亚基、CCP1在可见光区有1～2较强的吸收峰;当光敏剂在瘤体旁注射量为50μg/个（瘤体）,He-Ne激光照射剂量为120 J/cm^2,瘤体大小在直径为0.5 cm～0.7 cm,phofofrinⅡ、CCP1、CCP3在照射后7天的抑瘤率分别为61%、46%及81%;用广谱性碘钨灯为光源,当光敏剂的浓度为100μg/mL,光照剂量为45 J/cm^2,photofrinⅡ对小鼠S180细胞及骨髓细胞的光敏杀伤作用分别为20%及33%,而RPE β亚基则分别为68%及95%;如果用100μg/mL的CCP1、CCP3、photofrinⅡ及不同照射剂量的碘钨灯为激发光源处理水蚤,结果发现,光毒性对水蚤生存率长短的影响具时间积累效应,在相同光照强度条件下,photofrinⅡ的光毒性最大,CCP3次之,CCP1最弱.结论：藻胆蛋白酶解产物R-PE β亚基、CCP1、CCP3光谱单一、PDT作用效果良好、毒副作用弱且具一定的荧光活性可作为新一代光敏剂选择的对象.     

NaN_3血清等对血卟啉衍生物光敏致溶血作用的影响

含有血卟啉衍生物(HPD)的细胞在红光照射后,其光动力学过程的主要产物是一些HPD的自由基和单态氧等。这些极为活泼的物质使膜或其它细胞器上的重要大分子因过氧化而损伤,并进而可引起癌细胞或正常细胞死亡。人血红细胞材料容易得到,其死亡指标(溶血)容易测量,是一个研究光敏作用的良好模型。已有人用红细胞研究原卟啉等光敏机理。本文用人红血球为材料,探讨HPD的光动力学过程,以及某些~1O_2的淬灭剂对这一过程的影响及血清等的保护效应。     

A role for the transient increase of cytoplasmic free calcium in cell rescue after photodynamic treatment.

Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and T24 human bladder transitional carcinoma cells were treated with the photosensitizers aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPc) and hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), respectively. Exposure of both sensitized cell lines to red light caused an immediate increase of cytoplasmic free calcium, [Ca2+]i, reaching a peak within 5-15 min after exposure and then returning to basal level (approximately 200 nM). The level of the peak [Ca2+]i depended on the light fluence, reaching a maximum of 800-1000 nM at light doses that kill about 90% of the cells. Loading the cells with the intracellular calcium chelators quin2 or BAPTA prior to light exposure enhanced cell killing. This indicates that increased [Ca2+]i after photodynamic therapy (PDT) contributed to survivability of the treated cells by triggering a cellular rescue response. The results of experiments with calcium-free buffer and calcium chelators indicate that both in CHO cells treated with AlPc and with HPD-PDT of T24 cells extracellular Ca2+ influx is mainly responsible for elevated [Ca2+]i. PDT is unique in triggering a cell rescue process via elevated [Ca2+]i. Other cytotoxic agents, e.g., H2O2, produce sustained increase of [Ca2+]i that is involved in the pathological processes leading to cell death.     

Difference in the effects of surfactants and albumin on the extent of deaggregation of purpurin 18, a model of hydrophobic photosensitizer

Absorption, fluorescence and light scattering techniques have been used to monitor the deaggregation of purpurin 18, a model of hydrophobic photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy, in aqueous micelles, microemulsions and human serum albumin. The aggregates present in the neat aqueous solvents are found to undergo deaggregation in these media to different extents. Aqueous micelles and microemulsions are found to induce a complete deaggregation whereas the process is only partial in albumins. This could be an indication of the fact that such hydrophobic photosensitizers are likely to be aggregated in the blood stream, but are probably in monomeric form, upon cellular uptake. The formation of surfactant-induced aggregates at intermediate concentrations of the positively charged CTAB is also observed and is explained in the light of electrostatic interactions between the fluorophore and the surfactant.     

Inactivation of bovine herpesvirus-1 and bovine viral diarrhea virus in association with preimplantation bovine embryos using photosensitive agents

Hematoporphyrin (HP), hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD), and thiopyronine (TP) are photosensitive agents (PSA) that have a germicidal effect when they are activated by light: helium neon laser (He Ne ) light (HP, HPD), white light (HP, HPD), and yellow-green light (TP). Experiments were conducted with appropriate controls to determine the effect of photosensitive agents a) for inactivating bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1; titre 10(6) TCID(50) /ml) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV; titre 10(6) TCID(50) /ml); b) for disinfecting Day-7, zona pellucida-intact (ZP-I) bovine embryos that had been exposed to BHV-1 (titre 10(6) TCID(50) /ml) or BVDV (titre 10(6) TCID(50) /ml); and c) on the in vitro development of embryos. Exposure to HP, HPD and TP followed by light irradiation inactivated BHV-1 and BVDV. Embryos exposed to BHV-I were disinfected by HP or HPD (5 mug/ml) in combination with He Ne light, or by HP or HPD (10 mug/ml) in combination with white light. Embryos exposed to BVDV were disinfected by HPD (5 and 10 mug/ml) followed by He Ne or white light irradiation. Exposure of embryos to light alone or to light and HP or HPD had no detrimental effect on their in vitro development; however, exposure of embryos to TP (5 mug/ml) followed by irradiation caused embryonic degeneration. Exposure of embryos to 5 mug of HPD followed by He Ne light, or 10 mug/ml of HP or HPD, followed by white light, is simple methods of disinfecting them of BHV-I and BVDV.     

Simultaneous cell traction and growth measurements using light

Characterizing the effects of force fields generated by cells on proliferation, migration and differentiation processes is challenging due to limited availability of nondestructive imaging modalities. Here, we integrate a new real‐time traction stress imaging modality, Hilbert phase dynamometry (HPD), with spatial light interference microscopy (SLIM) for simultaneous monitoring of cell growth during differentiation processes. HPD uses holographic principles to extract displacement fields from chemically patterned fluorescent grid on deformable substrates. This is converted into forces by solving an elasticity inverse problem. Since HPD uses the epi‐fluorescence channel of an inverted microscope, cellular behavior can be concurrently studied in transmission with SLIM. We studied the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and found that cells undergoing osteogenesis and adipogenesis exerted larger and more dynamic stresses than their precursors, with MSCs developing the smallest forces and growth rates. Thus, we develop a powerful means to study mechanotransduction during dynamic processes where the matrix provides context to guide cells toward a physiological or pathological outcome.      

KillerOrange,a Genetically Encoded Photosensitizer Activated by Blue and Green Light

Genetically encoded photosensitizers, proteins that produce reactive oxygen species when illuminated with visible light, are increasingly used as optogenetic tools. Their applications range from ablation of specific cell populations to precise optical inactivation of cellular proteins. Here, we report an orange mutant of red fluorescent protein KillerRed that becomes toxic when illuminated with blue or green light. This new protein, KillerOrange, carries a tryptophan-based chromophore that is novel for photosensitizers. We show that KillerOrange can be used simultaneously and independently from KillerRed in both bacterial and mammalian cells offering chromatic orthogonality for light-activated toxicity.     

Effect of Substituents on Photochemical and Biological Properties of 13,15-<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-Cycloimide Derivatives of Chlorin p6

The effect of electron-accepting substituents in position 3 of the chlorine p6 macrocycle in neutral and carboxyl-containing negatively charged cycloimide derivatives of chlorin p6 (CIC) on the photochemical and biological properties of these photosensitizers was studied. The relationship between the structure and properties of CICs was analyzed on the basis of information on their photoinduced cytotoxicity, efficiency of generation of reactive oxygen species, photostability, intracellular localization, quantitative parameters of accumulation in cells, and cellular pharmakinetics. It was shown that these compounds can be used for the development of photosensitizers with intense light absorption at 740 nm, controlled intracellular localization, and a high photodynamic activity toward tumor cells.     

Effect of substituents on photochemical and biological properties of 13,15-N-cycloimide derivatives of chlorin p6

The effect of electron-accepting substituents in position 3 of the chlorine p6 macrocycle in neutral and carboxyl-containing negatively charged cycloimide derivatives of chlorin p6 (CIC) on the photochemical and biological properties of these photosensitizers was studied. A relationship between the structure and properties of CICs was analyzed on the basis of information on their photoinduced cytotoxicity, efficiency of the generation of reactive oxygen species, photostability, intracellular localization, quantitative parameters of accumulation in cells, and cellular pharmacokinetics. It was shown that these compounds can be used for the development of photosensitizers with intense light absorption at 740 nm, controlled intracellular localization, and a high photodynamic activity toward tumor cells.     

Influence of hematoporphyrin derivative concentration, incubation time, temperature during incubation and laser dose fractionation on photosensitivity of normal hemopoietic progenitors or leukemic cells

Photodynamic therapy represents a new approach for the local control of cancers. It has recently been claimed that photodynamic therapy mediated by hematoporphyrin derivative (HPD) is selectively more efficient for killing leukemic cells than normal progenitors. To improve this effect, we studied the influence of hematoporphyrin dose, temperature during incubation and/or treatment, hematoporphyrin derivative incubation time, and fractionation of the argon laser light (488-514 nm) used for hematoporphyrin stimulation. Plating efficiency calculated after a 7-day period of growth on collagen gel medium showed a dose-dependent phototoxicity of HPD reaching 0.01% for normal hemopoietic progenitors and 0.001% for leukemic cells (dose = 12.5 micrograms/ml). The 10:1 ratio of normal hemopoietic progenitors to leukemic cells was also found to be the same or increased when temperature was 37 degrees C during incubation and 4 degrees C during laser irradiation. Similar results were also found when incubation time was varied from 75-120 min, or when laser irradiation dose was fractionated into 2 or 3 periods. The ratio of normal progenitors to leukemic cells reached 100:1 when 75 J/cm2 were fractionated into 3 periods after an incubation time of 120 min with 10 micrograms/ml HPD. Selectivity in photodynamic treatment seems to occur between normal hemopoietic progenitors and leukemic cells. The mechanism of this selectivity remains unclear, but experiments with the fractionated irradiation dose suggest that as in radiotherapy, better potentially lethal damage repair in normal cells could be a factor for selectivity in photodynamic therapy. Our results obtained with leukemic cells are fully in agreement with data in the literature concerning similar experimental models.