嗜热地芽胞杆菌(Geobacilluskaustophilus)DY115普鲁兰酶基因的克隆、表达和酶学性质

采用基因工程方法对嗜热地芽胞杆菌(Geobacillus kaustophilus)DY115的普鲁兰酶基因pulA在大肠杆菌中进行了克隆表达。该基因ORF全长为2 157bp,编码718个氨基酸。重组PulA在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)中能够有效表达,经Ni-Sepharose亲和层析获得纯化的重组PulA蛋白。PulA最适作用温度为70℃,最适pH为8.0,在65℃和碱性条件下具有良好的热稳定性;K+和Mn2+对PulA活性有明显促进作用,Cu2+和Zn2+则强烈抑制PulA活性;PulA对普鲁兰糖水解能力最强,且其水解支链淀粉和糯米淀粉的能力明显高于直链淀粉;PulA可水解普鲁兰糖的α-(1,6)糖苷键生成麦芽三糖,属于I型普鲁兰酶。这是首次对来源于地芽胞杆菌属(Geobacillus)的高温碱性普鲁兰酶进行报道,由于PulA具有较好的水解淀粉支链的能力,因此其在淀粉加工业以及洗涤业上应用前景良好。     

嗜热地芽胞杆菌(Geobacillus kaustophilus)DY115普鲁兰酶基因的克隆、表达和酶学性质

采用基因工程方法对嗜热地芽胞杆菌(Geobacillus kaustophilus)DY115的普鲁兰酶基因pulA在大肠杆菌中进行了克隆表达。该基因ORF全长为2 157bp,编码718个氨基酸。重组PulA在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)BL21(DE3)中能够有效表达,经Ni-Sepharose亲和层析获得纯化的重组PulA蛋白。PulA最适作用温度为70℃,最适pH为8.0,在65℃和碱性条件下具有良好的热稳定性;K~+和Mn~(2+)对PulA活性有明显促进作用,Cu~(2+)和Zn~(2+)则强烈抑制PulA活性;PulA对普鲁兰糖水解能力最强,且其水解支链淀粉和糯米淀粉的能力明显高于直链淀粉;PulA可水解普鲁兰糖的α-(1,6)糖苷键生成麦芽三糖,属于I型普鲁兰酶。这是首次对来源于地芽胞杆菌属(Geobacillus)的高温碱性普鲁兰酶进行报道,由于PulA具有较好的水解淀粉支链的能力,因此其在淀粉加工业以及洗涤业上应用前景良好。     

嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶基因的表达与重组酶的性质

克隆嗜热枯草芽孢杆菌WY-34普鲁兰酶基因并在大肠杆菌中进行表达,对重组酶进行纯化和酶学性质研究,根据枯草芽孢杆菌的普鲁兰酶蛋白序列,设计PCR引物对WY-34的普鲁兰酶基因进行克隆及异源表达.对表达蛋白的最适pH、pH稳定性及最适温度、温度稳定性等特性进行研究,并测定重组普鲁兰酶的底物特异性.将普鲁兰酶基因pluA克隆及分析序列后,发现基因长度为2.2 kb,编码718个氨基酸,在大肠杆菌中异源表达.通过Ni-IDA亲和层析一步纯化得到比活力为93.2 U/mg的纯酶,SDS-PAGE和凝胶层析测定的分子量分别为76.2 kD和74.3 kD.酶学性质研究表明,该酶的最适温度为40℃,在温度不高于45℃条件下稳定;最适pH为6.0,同一温度下pH 6.0-9.0范围内处理30 min可以保持80％以上的酶活力,此酶对普鲁兰糖有很强的底物特异性.此重组普鲁兰酶的酶学性质表明此酶具有一定的工业化应用价值.     

蜡样芽胞杆菌GXBC-3三个普鲁兰酶基因的表达及其酶学特性

探索获得优良的新型普鲁兰酶基因,丰富普鲁兰酶理论,对实现普鲁兰酶国产化具有重要意义。分析GenBank数据库中蜡样芽胞杆菌假定Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型普鲁兰酶基因序列,从实验室保藏的蜡样芽胞杆菌Bacilluscereus GXBC-3中克隆得到3个普鲁兰酶基因pulA、pulB、pulC,并分别导入大肠杆菌进行胞内诱导表达。纯化重组酶酶学性质研究表明重组酶PulA能水解α-l,6-和α-l,4-糖苷键,为Ⅱ型普鲁兰酶,以普鲁兰糖为底物时,最适反应温度及pH分别为40℃和6.5,比活力为32.89 U/mg;以可溶性淀粉为底物时,最适反应温度及pH分别为50℃和7.0,比活力为25.71 U/mg。重组酶PulB和PulC二者均只能水解α-l,6-糖苷键,为I型普鲁兰酶,以普鲁兰糖为底物时,其最适反应温度及pH分别为45℃、7.0和45℃、6.5,比活力分别为228.54 U/mg和229.65 U/mg。     

地衣芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶编码基因的鉴定

对地衣芽孢杆菌基因组序列分析显示。其中标注为amyX的基因可能编码普鲁兰酶。以PCR方法,从地衣芽孢杆菌染色体DNA中扩增出amyX基因蛋白编码区,插入大肠杆菌表达载体pET28aT7启动予下游。含重组质粒的大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）在IPTG诱导下表达出有活性的普鲁兰酶。酶学性质初步分析表明,重组普鲁兰酶最适反应温度为40℃,最适pH值为6．0。     

长野芽胞杆菌(Bacillus naganoensis)普鲁兰酶在大肠杆菌中的活性表达与分泌调控

[目的]从长野芽胞杆菌(Bacillus naganoensis)JNB-1中克隆出普鲁兰酶基因并在大肠杆菌系统中表达,通过优化诱导条件和使用化学添加剂提高了胞外酶活.[方法]采用PCR方法,从B.naganoensis基因组中扩增出普鲁兰酶基因pul,构建重组菌E,coli BL21/pET-20b-pul.通过优化,确定优化后的IPTG诱导条件以及甘氨酸、Na+的最佳添加参数.[结果]普鲁兰酶在大肠杆菌中得到有效表达,其相对分子质量为ll9kDa.在优化后的诱导条件(诱导温度20℃,IPTG终浓度0.4 mmol/L,在菌体OD600至1.2时诱导)下,普鲁兰酶的总酶活达到10.8 U/mL.添加甘氨酸和Na+均能有效促进普鲁兰酶的分泌.在诱导时添加终浓度0.08 mol/L的甘氨酸和0.2 mol/L Na+,胞外酶活提高至8.1 U/mL,是不加任何添加剂的10.3倍.[结论]该重组菌的构建为普鲁兰酶制剂的工业生产提供了有价值的菌株,对化学添加剂促进分泌的研究也为重组酶的高水平胞外生产提供了有效的方法.     

重组枯草芽孢杆菌发酵廉价原料生产普鲁兰酶

[目的]构建长野芽孢杆菌普鲁兰酶突变体枯草芽孢杆菌工程菌株,优化发酵条件,筛选廉价的培养基原料生产普鲁兰酶。[方法]利用分子生物学手段,将基因pul324和表达载体p WB980连接,构建表达质粒p WB-pul324并转化Bacillus subtilis WB600;对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE分析和初始酶活的测定。进一步优化发酵条件,对不同碳源和氮源进行发酵培养基的筛选,同时研究不同金属离子的添加和培养基初始p H、接种量对发酵产酶的影响。[结果]获得基因工程菌B.subtilis WB600/p WB-pul324,SDS-PAGE电泳结果显示在89 k Da处有特异性条带,发酵初始酶活为12.34 U/ml;筛选得到玉米淀粉水解液和玉米浆干粉为培养基最适碳源和氮源,其最适浓度分别为50 g/L和30 g/L。Mn~(2+)、Fe~(3+)、Fe~(2+)和Tween-80的添加能提高发酵产酶活力。在最适初始p H 6.5,以最适5%接种量接种于优化后的培养基中,摇瓶发酵80 h普鲁兰酶的酶活达到414.48 U/ml。[结论]实现了普鲁兰酶突变体在枯草芽孢杆菌中的高效表达,筛选获得的培养基主要原料经济低廉,经过发酵条件优化后,重组菌酶活达到414.48 U/ml,是之前研究结果(20.16U/ml)的20倍。     

普鲁兰酶基因在解淀粉芽孢杆菌BF7658菌株中的分泌表达

根据文献报道的核苷酸序列合成Bacillus deramificans普鲁兰酶成熟肽编码基因BdP。将BdP基因插入芽孢杆菌分泌表达载体pUC980信号肽编码区下游,获得重组质粒pUC980-BdP,重组质粒转化中温α-淀粉酶生产菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌BF7658菌株。摇瓶发酵实验表明,重组转化子发酵液有明显普鲁兰酶酶活,约48h酶活达到最高水平,为2．8ASPU／mL。酶学性质分析表明,重组酶最适作用温度约为60℃,最适反应pH为5．0,60℃保温3h仍保存50％的活性。重组酶性质适合淀粉糖化工艺的要求。     

一株产耐热普鲁兰酶菌株Anoxybacillus sp.LM14-2分离鉴定及酶学性质研究

从云南轮马热泉下游淤泥中筛选得到了一株产耐热普鲁兰酶菌株LM14-2.根据形态特征及16S rRNA序列同源性分析,初步判定为Anoxybacillus sp.LM14-2.该菌株发酵上清液中有耐热普鲁兰酶积累,其反应最适pH值为6.0,最适温度为70℃.利用染色体步移技术获得了完整的普鲁兰酶编码基因(HQ660582),经序列相似性进一步分析,确定该蛋白与Ⅰ型普鲁兰酶保守区b相吻合.通常的普鲁兰酶在高温下很快失活,难以满足淀粉加工,洗涤剂等相关工业的需求,而该新型的耐热普鲁兰醇的作用温度广泛,热稳定性较好,65℃保温55 h后达到其半衰期,具有广阔的开发应用前景.     

重组大肠杆菌产普鲁兰酶的高密度发酵工艺研究

以表达普鲁兰酶的重组大肠杆菌作为出发菌株,在摇瓶培养的基础上,建立了大肠杆菌工程菌产普鲁兰酶的高密度发酵工艺。通过测定细胞密度、细胞干重、分离菌体可溶性成分与不溶性成分及SDS-PAGE电泳,分析重组大肠杆菌的生长和普鲁兰酶的表达情况。摇瓶试验使用合成培养基和LB培养基,重组大肠杆菌在合成培养基生长较慢,诱导5 h的普鲁兰酶表达量高于LB培养基,包涵体比例低于LB培养基。重组大肠杆菌的高密度发酵使用合成培养基,补料阶段采用指数流加的工艺,在设定细胞的比生长速率为0.12的前提下,限制补料中碳源的供应,以阻止乙酸的产生。当细胞密度OD600达到70.0开始诱导,最终细胞密度为每升53.3 g细胞干重,细胞内可溶性普鲁兰酶为每升1.35 g。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.