Effects of drainage and soil organic content on growth of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in an artificial salt marsh mesocosm

An artificial salt marsh mesocosm was constructed using 680-L polypropylene tanks to determine the effect of soil drainage depth and organic content on growth and rhizome proliferation of the salt marsh smooth cordgrass Spartina alterniflora. Soil drainage depth had no effect on accumulation of aerial or subsurface plant tissue, but tanks that had 2.5% soil organic content supported enhanced aerial tissue and rhizome growth compared to tanks that contained sand alone. We propose a mathematical model for predicting the mass of photosynthetically significant leaf tissue without cutting and drying leaves. Implications of these findings for salt marsh creation projects are discussed.     

近10年艾比湖湿地不同植物群落土壤水分 盐分 养分变化特征

为研究新疆准噶尔盆地艾比湖湿地不同植物群落近10年土壤水盐及养分的动态变化,以环湖1周160km范围内的典型植被梭梭-柽柳、梭梭、胡杨、芦苇群落为研究对象,分析其在2006和2015年土壤含水量、盐分含量、pH值和有机质含量的变化和空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)近10年艾比湖湿地不同植物群落土壤有机质含量和含水量明显下降且整体水平较低,二者分别下降了24.65%~48%和5.41%~20.16%;土壤含盐量、pH值分别上升81.92%~128.74%和2.99%~4.21%,土壤盐碱程度加强。(2)通过土壤水分-盐分-养分空间分布分析显示,各群落近10年土壤盐渍化增加、养分降低程度大小表现为梭梭-柽柳群落胡杨群落梭梭群落芦苇群落,其中梭梭-柽柳群落土壤达到重度盐化水平,有机质降到6级,而其他群落土壤均为中度盐化,有机质为4级,但芦苇群落土壤退化程度较小。研究发现,近10年艾比湖湿地不同植物群落土壤养分不断下降、水分含量降低、盐渍化程度加剧,土壤处于退化状态;土壤质地、降水和气温暖干化是不同植物群落下土壤退化程度差异的基础,人口、耕地面积和农业用水等人类活动使各群落土壤退化程度的差异更加显著。     

表施和混施污泥对团花根系生长的影响

林地利用被认为是污泥资源化利用的重要方式,但施用污泥对林木根系生长的影响报道较少。本研究通过根箱试验,分析表施和混施10%污泥对速生树种团花不同土层根系形态、土壤pH值和电导率动态变化及根系重金属含量的影响,并拟合土壤pH值、电导率和根系重金属含量与根长的关系。结果表明: 与不施污泥(对照)相比,混施污泥显著抑制了团花根长、根表面积和根体积增长,混施污泥120和240 d后,0～20 cm土层总根长分别为不施污泥的76.9%和67.4%;表施污泥对团花根长和根表面积的影响不显著,但显著提高了根体积。混施污泥显著提高了土壤pH值和电导率及根系重金属含量,混施污泥0～20和20～40 cm土层根系镉含量分别是不施污泥的11.5和10.0倍。线性回归拟合分析显示,不同处理0～20 cm土层的电导率与根长均呈显著负相关;表施和混施污泥根系镉含量与根长呈极显著负相关。上述结果表明,混施污泥抑制了团花根系生长,这可能是由于混施污泥提高了土壤电导率和根系镉含量所致,而表施污泥对团花根系生长的作用不明显。     

Bioaccumulation and phyto-translocation of arsenic,chromium and zinc by Jatropha curcas L.: Impact of dairy sludge and biofertilizer

The present study was planned to remediate the metalloid and metal contaminated soil by using non-edible and economic plant species Jatropha curcas L. The experiment was conducted on pots to improve the survival rate, metal tolerance and growth response of the plant on soil; having different concentrations of arsenic, chromium and zinc. The soil was amended with dairy sludge and bacterial inoculum (Azotobacter chroococcum) as biofertilizer. The results of the study showed that the bioaccumulation potential was increased with increase in metalloid and metal concentration in soil system. Application of dairy sludge significantly reduces the DTPA-extractable As, Cr and Zn concentration in soil. The application of organic amendment stabilizes the As, Cr and Zn and reduced their uptake in plant tissues.     

Functioning and toxicity of artificial soil mixtures with metal-bearing sewage sludge

Various artificial soil mixtures were prepared by mixing two different toxic metals containing sewage sludge from Ljubljana and Maribor wastewater treatment plants with natural mineral soil. The plots with mixtures were exposed to field environmental conditions for a period of 1 year, after which we assessed soil toxicity (germination test with Lactuca sativa), potential metal phyto-accessibility (diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid – DTPA extraction test), soil functioning (by soil enzymes activity) and conducted a field growth test with Lollium perenne L. as a metal bio-indicator plant. The metal phyto-accessibility extraction test (DTPA) showed lower values than the metal accumulation test with L. perenne L., which also showed higher metal concentrations in roots compared to leaves. With the exception of the mixture containing 30% (w/w) of sludge from the Ljubljana wastewater treatment plant, all mixtures containing more than 20% of sludge negatively affected root elongation of L. sativa seeds, indicating an increase in artificial soils toxicity. Increasing the ratio of sludge from the Ljubljana plant increased dehydrogenase and decreased phosphomonoesterase, while the addition of sludge from the Maribor plant increased phosphomonoesterase activity. Overall, the effect of sludge addition on artificial soil properties, toxicity and functioning not only depended on dosage but was also sensitive to the source and pre-treatment of the sewage sludge.     

Fifteen Years of Vegetation and Soil Development after Brackish-Water Marsh Creation

Aboveground biomass, macro‐organic matter (MOM), and wetland soil characteristics were measured periodically between 1983 and 1998 in a created brackish‐water marsh and a nearby natural marsh along the Pamlico River estuary, North Carolina to evaluate the development of wetland vegetation and soil dependent functions after marsh creation. Development of aboveground biomass and MOM was dependent on elevation and frequency of tidal inundation. Aboveground biomass of Spartina alterniflora, which occupied low elevations along tidal creeks and was inundated frequently, developed to levels similar to the natural marsh (750 to 1,300 g/m²) within three years after creation. Spartina cynosuroides, which dominated interior areas of the marsh and was flooded less frequently, required 9 years to consistently achieve aboveground biomass equivalent to the natural marsh (600 to 1,560 g/m²). Aboveground biomass of Spartina patens, which was planted at the highest elevations along the terrestrial margin and seldom flooded, never consistently developed aboveground biomass comparable with the natural marsh during the 15 years after marsh creation. MOM (0 to 10 cm) generally developed at the same rate as aboveground biomass. Between 1988 and 1998, soil bulk density decreased and porosity and organic C and N pools increased in the created marsh. Like vegetation, wetland soil development proceeded faster in response to increased inundation, especially in the streamside zone dominated by S. alterniflora. We estimated that in the streamside and interior zones, an additional 30 years (nitrogen) to 90 years (organic C, porosity) are needed for the upper 30 cm of created marsh soil to become equivalent to the natural marsh. Wetland soil characteristics of the S. patens community along upland fringe will take longer to develop, more than 200 years. Development of the benthic invertebrate‐based food web, which depends on organic matter enrichment of the upper 5 to 10 cm of soil, is expected to take less time. Wetland soil characteristics and functions of created irregularly flooded brackish marshes require longer to develop compared with regularly flooded salt marshes because reduced tidal inundation slows wetland vegetation and soil development. The hydrologic regime (regularly vs. irregularly flooded) of the “target” wetland should be considered when setting realistic expectations for success criteria of created and restored wetlands.     

Effect of wastewater discharge on nutrient contamination of mangrove soils and plants

The ecological impact of sewage discharges to a mangrove wetland in Futian National Nature Reserve, the People's Republic of China was assessed by comparing the plant community, plant growth and nutrient status of soils and vegetation of a site treated with settled municipal wastewater (Site A) with those of a control adjacent site (Site B) which did not receive sewage. During the one year study, the total and available N and P, and organic carbon concentrations of mangrove soils in Site A did not significantly differ from those of Site B. In both sites, the soil organic C, total N, NH₄ ^}-N and total P content exhibited a descending trend from landward to seaward regions, with the lowest measurements obtained from the most foreshore location. Seasonal variation in N content of soil samples was more obvious than any difference between wastewater treated and the control sites. The soil N content was lower in spring and summer. This was attributed to the higher temperature in these seasons which facilitated degradation of organic matter and absorption of nitrogen by the plants for growth. No significant difference in plant community structure, plant growth (in terms of tree height and diameter) and biomass was found between Sites A and B. Leaf samples of the two dominant plant species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum collected from Site A had comparable content of organic carbon, N, P and K to those Site B. These preliminary results indicated that the discharge of a total volume of 2600 m³ municipal wastewater to an area of 1800 m² mangrove plants over the period of a year did not produce any apparent impact on growth of the plants. The soils and plant leaves of Site A were not contaminated, in terms of nutrient content, by the discharged sewage.     

Strong associations between plant genotypes and bacterial communities in a natural salt marsh

Although microbial communities have been shown to vary among plant genotypes in a number of experiments in terrestrial ecosystems, relatively little is known about this relationship under natural conditions and outside of select model systems. We reasoned that a salt marsh ecosystem, which is characterized by twice‐daily flooding by tides, would serve as a particularly conservative test of the strength of plant–microbial associations, given the high degree of abiotic regulation of microbial community assembly resulting from alternating periods of inundation and exposure. Within a salt marsh in the northeastern United States, we characterized genotypes of the foundational plant Spartina alterniflora using microsatellite markers, and bacterial metagenomes within marsh soil based on pyrosequencing. We found significant differences in bacterial community composition and diversity between bulk and rhizosphere soil, and that the structure of rhizosphere communities varied depending on the growth form of, and genetic variation within, the foundational plant S. alterniflora. Our results indicate that there are strong plant–microbial associations within a natural salt marsh, thereby contributing to a growing body of evidence for a relationship between plant genotypes and microbial communities from terrestrial ecosystems and suggest that principles of community genetics apply to this wetland type.     

Establishment of Restoration Trajectories for Upland Tundra Communities on Diamond Mine Wastes in the Canadian Arctic

Mining in the arctic amplifies restoration challenges due to inherent environmental conditions by removing soil, vegetation, and the propagule bank, adding coarse textured wastes with low water holding capacity and nutrients, and introducing salt and metal contamination. Short‐term reclamation focuses on rebuilding soil and providing rapid native plant cover for erosion control, supporting longer term reestablishment of ecological processes for sustainable tundra communities that provide essential wildlife habitat. This study evaluated methods to restore soil and plant communities 5 years after implementation of treatments at a diamond mine in the Canadian arctic. Five substrates including mine waste materials (processed kimberlite, glacial till, gravel, and mixes), four amendments (inorganic fertilizer, salvaged soil, sewage sludge, and water treatment sludge), five native species seed mixes and natural recovery were investigated. Soil and plant response were assessed annually. Soil chemistry was ameliorated with time. Chromium, cobalt, and nickel concentrations in processed kimberlite remained high and potentially toxic to plants. Adding fine textured materials such as glacial till to mine wastes improved nutrient and water retention, which in turn enhanced revegetation. Sewage and inorganic fertilizer increased available nitrogen and phosphorus, plant density and cover. Soil amendment increased species richness. Seeding was essential to establish a vegetation cover. After 5 years, seed mix composition and diversity had no effect on plant community development; soil and plant community properties among treatments changed considerably, providing evidence that restoration in the arctic is dynamic yet slow and success cannot be determined in the short term.     

高寒湿地退化对植物群落特征与土壤特性的影响

以黄河首曲湿地为研究对象,基于野外采样数据和不同退化程度（无明显退化ND;轻度退化LD;中度退化MD;重度退化HD）,分析植物群落、土壤特性及其关系。结果表明,随湿地退化程度增加,禾本科重要值呈减少趋势而毒杂草重要值呈增加趋势,且植物高度、盖度及地上生物量显著降低;重度退化程度下Patrick物种丰富度指数最低,表明植物群落结构由复杂趋向简单。土壤有机碳、全氮随退化程度增加均显著降低,碳氮比与pH值则呈相反变化,表明高寒湿地退化不利于养分的积累,且土壤逐渐呈碱性。pH、有机碳及全氮为高寒湿地响应退化的理化因子;湿地不同退化程度影响植物群落的土壤因子略有不同,且尤以电导率最为明显,这与土壤养分状况相关。湿地退化过程中植物群落的生长、结构发生改变,植物与土壤理化性质相互作用进而影响湿地生态功能。因此,探究植物群落与土壤理化特征可为修复退化湿地提供依据。     

Soil phosphorus flux from emergent marsh wetlands and surrounding grazed pasture uplands

Phosphorus (P) release from wetland soils to overlying waters is important to consider when restoring wetland hydrology. Soil physicochemical characteristics influence P dynamics between underlying soil and overlying water. Our study initially characterized wetland and surrounding upland soils prior to flooding. Deep marsh wetland soils had greater moisture content, soil organic matter, nitrogen (N), P, and lower bulk density than surrounding upland pasture soils, which indicates a nutrient concentration gradient between wetland and upland soils. To determine the short-term P dynamics between soils and overlying water, we conducted four laboratory soil water core studies during a 15-month period. Surface soils (0-10 cm) collected October 2005, February 2006, October 2006 and December 2006 from wetlands and their surrounding uplands within cow-calf grazed pastures were flooded for 7 days, and we measured P release from soil to overlying water. Phosphorus release rates from wetland (deep marsh and shallow marsh) and upland soils were similar. Values ranged between ?20 mg m^?2 d^?1 (retention) and 77 mg m^?2 d^?1 (release). There was a significant, although weak, negative linear relationship between P release from deep marsh soils and hydroperiod. Thus, it may be important for land managers to consider increasing hydroperiod of wetland soils to decrease P release and increase retention. In addition, there was a significant negative exponential relationship between P release and days since deep marsh soil inundation. This suggests that to decrease P release from soils, soils should be wet rather than dry for prolonged periods, prior to flooding. We found significant relationships between P release from upland soils and their nutrient content (N, P and carbon). Reducing nutrient content in upland soils may help reduce the magnitude of P release from soil.     

盐城海滨湿地盐沼植被对土壤碳氮分布特征的影响

在盐城海滨湿地不同植被带下采集土壤样品,研究了土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布特征,分析了盐沼植物对湿地土壤碳、氮分布的影响.结果表明：在盐城海滨湿地,表层土壤中有机碳和全氮含量分别介于1.71～7.92 g·kg^-1和0.17～0.36 g·kg^-1之间,变幅较大,不同植被带之间存在显著差异,且各植被带表层土壤中有机碳、全氮含量均高于光滩.垂直方向上,各植被带土壤中有机碳、全氮的分布均呈自表向下逐渐降低的趋势,15 cm以下其含量基本保持稳定.土壤有机碳与全氮、碳氮比呈显著正相关,但全氮与碳氮比无显著相关性.     

Effects of Municipal Sewage Sludge Doses on the Chlorophyll Contents and Heavy Metal Concentration of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera)

The present study was conducted to assess the suitability of sewage sludge amendment (SSA) in soil for Beta vulgaris var. saccharifera (sugar beet) by evaluating the heavy metal accumulation and physiological responses of plants grown at a 10%, 25%, and 50% sewage sludge amendment rate. The sewage sludge amendment was modified by the physicochemical properties of soil, thus increasing the availability of heavy metals in the soil and consequently increasing accumulation in plant parts. Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cu concentrations in roots were significantly higher in plants grown at 25% as compared to 50% SSA; however, Cr and Zn concentration was higher at 50% than 25% SSA. The concentrations of heavy metal showed a trend of Zn > Ni > Cu > Cr > Pb > Cd in roots and Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Pb > Cd in leaves. The only instance in which the chlorophyll content did not increase after the sewage sludge treatments was 50%. There were approximately 1.12-fold differences between the control and 50% sewage sludge application for chlorophyll content. The sewage sludge amendment led to a significant increase in Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Ni concentrations of the soil. The heavy metal accumulation in the soil after the treatments did not exceed the limits for the land application of sewage sludge recommended by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). The increased concentration of heavy metals in the soil due to the sewage sludge amendment led to increases in heavy metal uptake and the leaf and root concentrations of Ni, Zn, Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, and Zn in plants as compared to those grown on unamended soil. More accumulation occurred in roots and leaves than in shoots for most of the heavy metals. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, and Pb were more than the permissible limits of national standards in the edible portion of sugar beet grown on different sewage sludge amendment ratios. The study concludes that the sewage sludge amendment in the soil for growing sugar beet may not be a good option due to risk of contamination of Cr, Pb, and Cd.     

Ecosystem Development After Mangrove Wetland Creation: Plant–Soil Change Across a 20-Year Chronosequence

Mangrove wetland restoration and creation efforts are increasingly proposed as mechanisms to compensate for mangrove wetland losses. However, ecosystem development and functional equivalence in restored and created mangrove wetlands are poorly understood. We compared a 20-year chronosequence of created tidal wetland sites in Tampa Bay, Florida (USA) to natural reference mangrove wetlands. Across the chronosequence, our sites represent the succession from salt marsh to mangrove forest communities. Our results identify important soil and plant structural differences between the created and natural reference wetland sites; however, they also depict a positive developmental trajectory for the created wetland sites that reflects tightly coupled plant-soil development. Because upland soils and/or dredge spoils were used to create the new mangrove habitats, the soils at younger created sites and at lower depths (10–30?cm) had higher bulk densities, higher sand content, lower soil organic matter (SOM), lower total carbon (TC), and lower total nitrogen (TN) than did natural reference wetland soils. However, in the upper soil layer (0–10?cm), SOM, TC, and TN increased with created wetland site age simultaneously with mangrove forest growth. The rate of created wetland soil C accumulation was comparable to literature values for natural mangrove wetlands. Notably, the time to equivalence for the upper soil layer of created mangrove wetlands appears to be faster than for many other wetland ecosystem types. Collectively, our findings characterize the rate and trajectory of above- and below-ground changes associated with ecosystem development in created mangrove wetlands; this is valuable information for environmental managers planning to sustain existing mangrove wetlands or mitigate for mangrove wetland losses.     

Using Functional Trajectories to Track Constructed Salt Marsh Development in the Great Bay Estuary, Maine/New Hampshire, U.S.A.

A growing number of studies have assessed the functional equivalency of restored and natural salt marshes. Several of these have explored the use of functional trajectories to track the increase in restored marsh function over time; however, these studies have disagreed as to the usefulness of such models in long‐term predictions of restored marsh development. We compared indicators of four marsh functions (primary production, soil organic matter accumulation, sediment trapping, and maintenance of plant communities) in 6 restored and 11 reference (matched to restored marshes using principal components analysis) salt marshes in the Great Bay Estuary. The restored marshes were all constructed and planted on imported substrate and ranged in age from 1 to 14 years. We used marsh age in a space‐for‐time substitution to track constructed salt marsh development and explore the use of trajectories. A high degree of variability was observed among natural salt marsh sites, displaying the importance of carefully chosen reference sites. As expected, mean values for constructed site (n = 6) and reference site (n = 11) functions were significantly different. Using constructed marsh age as the independent variable and functional indicator values as dependent variables, nonlinear regression analyses produced several ecologically meaningful trajectories (r ²> 0.9), demonstrating that the use of different‐aged marshes can be a viable approach to developing functional trajectories. The trajectories illustrated that although indicators of some functions (primary production, sediment deposition, and plant species richness) may reach natural site values relatively quickly (<10 years), others (soil organic matter content) will take longer.     

EDTA-Facilitated Phytoremediation of Soil with Heavy Metals from Sewage Sludge

The objective of this research was to determine the effect of the chelate EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), which is used in phytoremediation, on plant availability of heavy metals in liquid sewage sludge applied to soil. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was grown under greenhouse conditions in a commercial potting soil; the tetrasodium salt of EDTA (EDTA Na₄) was added at a rate of 1 g kg^-1 to half the pots. Immediately after seeds were planted, half of the pots with each soil (with or without EDTA) were irrigated with 60 ml sludge, and half were irrigated with 60 ml tap water. For the subsequent five irrigations, plants in soil with EDTA received either sludge or tap water containing 0.5 g EDTA Na₄ per 1000 ml, and plants in soil without EDTA received sludge or tap water without EDTA. Of the four heavy metals whose extractable concentrations in the soil were measured (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn), only Zn had a higher concentration in sludge-treated soil with EDTA compared to sludge-treated soil without EDTA. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, and Mn were similar in sludge-treated soil with and without EDTA. Of the three heavy metals whose total concentrations in the soil were measured (Cd, Pb, Cr), Pb (<10 mg kg^-1) and Cd (< 1 mg kg^-1) were below detection limits, and Cr was unaffected by treatment. The concentration of all measured elements in plants (Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn, Pb) was higher than the concentrations measured in the soil. With no EDTA, sludge-treated plants had a higher concentration of the five heavy elements than plants grown without sludge. Cadmium was lower in sludge-treated plants with EDTA than plants with EDTA and no sludge. After treatment with EDTA, the concentrations of Cu, Fe, and Zn were similar in plants with and without sludge. Lead was higher in plants with EDTA than plants without EDTA, showing that EDTA can facilitate phytoremediation of soil with Pb from sewage sludge.     

施用污泥对油菜根际养分和不同种类重金属的影响

根际是控制植物养分动态的重要因素,养分动态也影响着根际土壤环境。当土壤被污水污泥改良后,根际土壤中的养分和重金属性质也会发生变化。目前很少有人研究施用污泥的土壤中植物根系对根际重金属有效性和分布的影响。采用根垫—冰冻薄层切片法对施用污泥后土壤中油菜根际的养分和重金属分布情况进行研究,以期探明污泥改良土壤中根际重金属的活化特征。当土壤施用污泥后,根际土壤中DTPA提取态Zn,Cd,Ni,Mn,有效磷,有效钾和铵态氮被显著消耗,而根际土壤中DTPA提取态Cu没有明显的消耗或积累。当土壤中施用大量污泥时,根际土壤的pH值随着离根表面距离的增加而增加。无论土壤是否用污泥处理,油菜根际土壤中可交换态Cu都显著减少。当土壤被50%污泥改良时,在距离根表面0—2 mm处的油菜根际土壤中碳酸盐结合态,铁锰氧化物结合态,有机物结合态,残渣态的Cu和Zn都被消耗较多。污泥的施用对油菜的生长有促进作用。随着污泥施用量的增加,油菜地上部分Cu和Zn的含量没有显著变化。施用污泥量小于25%的土壤中,污泥没有增加重金属的可利用性和移动性。除了Cu,油菜根际土壤中DTPA提取态Zn,Cd,Ni的减少表明施用污泥的土壤中重金属的活化是非常有限的。     

克隆植物芦苇叶片功能性状对异质环境的响应

芦苇叶片功能性状的空间变化反映克隆植物的资源分配格局,而其与土壤环境因子的耦合关系体现了克隆植物对异质环境的生态适应策略。本研究以中国西北内陆湿地克隆植物芦苇为对象,分析了湿生生境、盐沼生境、荒漠生境条件下芦苇叶片功能性状及其对土壤环境因子的响应。结果表明: 从湿生生境到荒漠生境,芦苇叶片C、N、P含量分别下降7.2%、40.0%、64.1%,N、P利用效率增加,芦苇叶长、叶宽、叶面积、叶干重、比叶面积和叶厚度均表现出减小趋势。芦苇叶片功能性状间存在协同变化的特征,比叶面积与叶片营养元素表现出显著相关关系。土壤容重、盐分和水分分别是驱动湿生生境、盐沼生境和荒漠生境芦苇叶片功能性状变异的最重要的环境因子。     

Phytostabilization of Acidic Soils with Heavy Metal Contamination Using Three Forage Grasses in Combination with Organic and Inorganic Amendments

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic amendments on metal stabilization and the potential of three forage grasses, i.e., Pennisetum americanum × Pennisetum, Euchlaena mexicana, and Sorghum dochna, for phytostabilization of acidic heavy metal-contaminated soils. The three grasses died 5 days after transplanting into the contaminated soils. Organic fertilizer (pig slurry and plant ash) only or combined with lime, NPK fertilizer, and sewage sludge resulted in adequate grass growth in the contaminated soils through a significant increase in the soil pH, N, P, K, and organic matter contents, and a decrease in the metal concentrations. The shoot biomass of P. americanum×P. purpureum and S. dochna was 1.92 and 2.00 times higher than that of E. Mexicana. The solubility of Cd, Pb, and Zn strongly depends on organic matter, while the solubility of Cu strongly depends on both soil organic matter and pH. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Zn in plant shoots growing in soil with a mixed amendment were significantly lower than plants growing in soil amended with an organic fertilizer only, whereas the Cu concentrations in plant shoots exhibited the opposite trend. The results indicated that 5% organic fertilizer only or combined with 5% sewage sludge were appropriate amendments and S. dochna and P. americanum × Pennisetum are suitable plants for phytostabilization of acidic heavy metal-polluted soils.     

构树的污泥适应性及养分和重金属吸收累积特征

构树是我国重要速生经济树种,具有适应性强、生物量大和重金属富集能力强等优点,而污泥中含有大量养分和重金属,在污泥中种植构树有望同时实现污泥生态修复和构树资源生产。本研究通过盆栽试验,分析在对照(赤红壤)、50%污泥(污泥、赤红壤混合基质,重量比各50%)和100%污泥基质中构树生长及不同部位(根、茎、叶)养分和重金属吸收累积特征,并通过主成分分析和隶属度函数对吸收累积能力进行综合评价。结果表明: 构树在50%和100%污泥中均可正常生长且株高、生物量显著高于对照,在100%污泥中长势最好,质量指数(1.02)分别是对照和50%污泥处理的4.3和2.4倍。50%和100%污泥处理构树各部位N含量和茎P含量显著高于对照,100%污泥处理构树茎、叶K含量显著低于对照。构树对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、Ni的吸收部位以根为主,根系重金属含量与污泥比例呈正相关,叶Pb、Cd含量符合《饲料卫生标准》(GB 13078—2017)。构树对Cd的吸收累积效果好于其他重金属元素。与对照相比,50%和100%污泥处理构树根部Zn、Pb、Cd滞留率显著提高(57.8%~85.8%),100%污泥处理构树根部Cu、Ni滞留率显著提高(67.5%和74.8%)。污泥处理全株养分和重金属累积量均显著大于对照,其中100%污泥处理显著大于50%污泥处理。与50%污泥处理相比,100%污泥处理构树各部位及全株养分和重金属累积量大幅提高。不同处理下构树污泥适应性和元素吸收累积的综合评价得分为100%污泥(0.848)>50%污泥(0.344)>对照(0.080)。构树对污泥具有良好的适应性,在纯污泥中能够正常生长并具有较强的吸收累积养分和重金属能力,可在修复污泥的同时进行构树资源生产。