鼠类对山杏种子存活和萌发的影响

山杏（Prunus armeniaca)是广布于北京山区阳坡的矮林或灌丛,易生存在土壤贫脊、干旱、或严重退化的山坡、裸地,对于保护生态环境,减少水土流失及促进山区经济发展均具有重要作用。有关鼠类在山杏更新中作用的研究较少,本研究主要是确定影响山杏更新的鼠类种类、鼠类对山杏种子的取食压力、人工埋藏种子及植被因素对种子存活和萌发的影响。于1997年10月3－4日,采用夹捕法同时调查取食花生和山杏种子的鼠类种类及种群密度。于1997年9月24－25日,通过在地表放置山桔种子,调查在鼠类取食下,地表种子消失的速度。于1997年10月20日,作种子埋藏实验,调查种子存活及萌发情况。于1997年10月26日,进行扣网实验,研究网内、外山杏种子存活及萌发情况。结果表明：大林姬鼠（Apodemus speciosus)、社鼠（Rattus confucianus),黑线姬鼠（Apodemus agrarius)为取食山杏种子的主要鼠种种类;与取食花生相比,社鼠更偏爱山杏种子,大林姬鼠对山杏种子喜食性略低,黑线姬鼠对二者喜食程度相近;山杏种子放置地表后1、10、20、30d的消失率分别为13.06%,64.46%,90.70%,96.69%;扣网实验说明,山杏在地表的萌发率极低,生长也慢;而埋入土层内可明显提高萌发率和生长率（若除去鼠类的取食,萌发率还要高）;人工埋藏实验表明,将山杏种子埋入土层5cm后,能够有效地减少鼠类对种子的取食;通过分析山杏种子萌发与植被的关系,发现山杏易在开阔、阳光充分的草丛中存活和生长,而不易在阴闭的灌丛下存活和生长。     

单性木兰种子雨与天然更新的初步调查

以位于广西木论国家级自然保护区内的单性木兰为对象,调查了其种子的天然散播和天然萌发、幼苗幼树的生长情况及鼠类对种子的取食危害情况。结果表明：单性木兰种子具休眠特性,种子到达地面后并不立即萌发,至次年4月初—4月中旬才见子叶出土;鼠类对单性木兰种子的取食具有长期性,从种子散播初期至种子萌发的这段时间鼠类均对其种子进行取食（包括地表和土壤中的种子）;利用铁丝网罩进行种子萌发的对比实验发现,即使是在无鼠类危害的情况下,单性木兰的种子萌发率也很低;单性木兰天然更新过程中由种子转化成幼苗这个阶段还存在着严重的障碍,低的种子萌发率难以满足单性木兰种群的正常更新。     

大兴安岭北部兴安落叶松种子在土壤中的分布及其种子库的持续性

 种子年后原始老龄林下自然散布的兴安落叶松土壤种子极为丰富,有生活力的土壤种子数量为190～320粒／m2,并且不同林型间有显著差异。70%～80%的种子主要居于土壤表层2～4cm范围内。落叶松老龄林种子年后第一年夏季土壤中丰富的种子即锐减,土壤中大多数种子的生活力保持1年,少数稍长,也不超过2年。显然,落叶松土壤种子库属于间断类型。人工撒播种子试验结果表明,位于土壤浅层(0～10cm)的种子生活力保存只1年,而深层(10～20cm)尽管对种子生活力保持有利,也不能超过2年。土壤病害是种子致死的重要原因。     

辽东山区长白落叶松(Larix olgensis)种子雨和种子库

长白落叶松是东北地区主要的用材树种,其种子雨和种子库研究鲜见报道。在辽东山区用收集器收集的种子分析了长白落叶松种子雨组成、质量和扩散距离,每隔2个月调查1次种子库数量,并结合靛蓝染色法测定每次种子的活力来分析土壤种子库动态。结果表明,辽东山区的长白落叶松种子雨从8月中旬开始,9月末到10月初达到高峰期,11月初结束。在起始期,种子雨以干瘪的不完整种子为主,而从高峰期开始,种子雨以完整种子为主。整个长白落叶松种子雨中不完整种子约占种子雨总量的45％,这些不完整种子由被动物取食、空粒和病虫害危害种子组成。完整种子的平均生活力为56．4％,即有活力的种子仅占整个种子雨的30％。种子雨集中在母树周围,在林缘1次扩散距离一般不超过1．5倍树高。种子雨到达地面之后,主要分布在枯枝落叶层,土壤0—5em层有少量分布,土壤5em以下没有种子分布;土壤种子库的种子主要在翌年雪融化后开始萌发、被取食、搬运以及腐烂,其中腐烂种子数占45．4％,动物取食为30．0％。种子库的种子数量和活力在冬季没有明显变化,而在翌年,种子数量和活力明显减少,4、6月和8月份种子数量分别为（506．3±35．56）粒m^-2,（267．1±17．47）粒m^-2和（143．6±9．83）粒m^-2,对应的活力分别为47．8％±4．68％,19．4％±3．39％和0％,这表明长白落叶松种子不能在地面形成连续的种子库。     

兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)火后种子萌发影响因子

林火干扰是影响兴安落叶松林结构和功能的主要因子之一。兴安落叶松种群火后更新受多种因子的影响,并决定着该群落演替轨迹。通过在大兴安岭呼中自然保护区的火烧迹地内设置原位控制实验,利用增强回归树分析方法,量化研究了落叶松火后恢复初期不同影响因子（温度、有机质层厚度、覆盖度等）对种子萌发的相对重要性。研究结果表明：落叶松火后种子萌发的最主要影响因子为温度,第二影响因子为种源,第三影响因子为草本覆盖度,分别解释了幼苗数量变异的28.51%、22.40%、20.66%;各影响因子的相对重要性在不同地形条件下有明显差异：温度在山坡顶部和阳坡底部占有重要影响,种源在阳坡中部和阴坡中部最为重要,土壤含水量在阴坡底部占有重要地位。同时,去除土壤表面有机质可以显著提高种子萌发数量,去除地面杂草则会使种子萌发数量降低。从研究结果可知,落叶松火后种子萌发在不同地形（环境条件）下的限制因子不同,人工辅助需因地制宜采取相应措施,才能更有效地促进种子萌发与森林恢复。     

火烧迹地木炭对兴安落叶松种子萌发的影响

通过对大兴安岭兴安落叶松火烧迹地木炭的野外调查和取样,分别选取不同来源（兴安落叶松,白桦,灌木,草本）的木炭,以及不同火烧时间（当年,1年,4年,5年）的木炭,研究不同种类木炭浸提液,以及相同种类不同火烧时间木炭浸提液对兴安落叶松种子萌发的影响。研究结果发现,不同来源、不同时间的木炭对兴安落叶松种子的萌发均有显著性的影响,但作用力的方向和大小也各不相同,这说明木炭对种子萌发的影响因素非常复杂。     

中度火干扰对兴安落叶松林土壤呼吸的影响

通过测定中度火干扰后塔河地区兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)林生长季土壤呼吸(R_s),并进一步探究火干扰后影响土壤呼吸变化的主要环境因子。选择在塔河林业局火烧4年后兴安落叶松林中度火烧迹地设置样地,选择临近未过火区域设置对照样地。土壤呼吸通量用LI-8100进行测量,土壤异养呼吸(R_h)采用壕沟法进行测量。火烧迹地与未火烧对照样地生长季土壤呼吸速率平均值分别为(3.67±1.03)μmol CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1),(4.21±1.25)μmol CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1)。火烧迹地土壤呼吸速率显著降低(P0.05)。生长季土壤呼吸组分的动态变化表明,土壤呼吸速率的降低是因为土壤自养呼吸(R_a)显著降低导致的(P0.05)。温度是控制这一地区生长季土壤呼吸变化的主要环境因子。与对照样地相比,火烧迹地土壤呼吸的变化与土壤温度具有更强的相关性。塔河地区兴安落叶松林火烧迹地和未火烧对照样地Q_(10)分别为5.85±1.06,4.25±1.19,火干扰后Q_(10)显著增加(P0.05)。研究结果表明:在全球气候变化的背景下火干扰后中国塔河地区兴安落叶松林生态系统对温度的变化更为敏感。本研究结果将为研究中国塔河地区火干扰后碳循环变化提供数据支持。     

寒温带岛状林沼泽土壤呼吸速率和季节变化

2011年生长季内利用静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了寒温带典型湿地白桦(Betula platyphylla)岛状林沼泽、兴安落叶松(Larix gmelinii)岛状林沼泽土壤呼吸速率的季节动态及其主要环境因子,利用壕沟隔断法对土壤呼吸各组分间的差异进行研究。结果表明:生长季白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽土壤呼吸速率具有明显的季节性规律,土壤呼吸总速率分别为368.60和312.46 mg m-2h-1,异养呼吸速率分别为300.57和215.70 mg m-2h-1,占土壤呼吸总速率的81.5%和69.0%;自养呼吸速率为68.03和96.76 mg m-2h-1,占土壤呼吸总速率的18.5%和31.0%。不同处理条件下的土壤呼吸在季节变化上表现基本一致,高峰期都发生在夏季;土壤呼吸与温度呈极显著相关性,但与土壤湿度的相关性较差。生长季白桦和兴安落叶松岛状林沼泽土壤呼吸总量分别为12.64和10.61 t/hm2。     

中国东北地区阔叶红松林与兴安落叶松林的碳通量特征及其影响因子比较

北半球中高纬度的森林生态系统在全球碳循环过程中扮演着非常重要的角色。基于中国东北地区阔叶红松林与兴安落叶松林2007年和2008年2a生长季的涡度相关通量资料及气象观测资料,比较分析了两类生态系统的碳通量特征及其环境控制因子。结果表明:研究期间,阔叶红松林与兴安落叶松林都表现为碳吸收,强度分别为199gCm-2(阔叶红松林2a生长季平均值)与49gCm-2(兴安落叶松林2008年生长季);阔叶红松林碳吸收强度在生长季的大部分时段都大于兴安落叶松林。半小时尺度上,两类生态系统的呼吸作用均与10cm土壤温度呈显著的指数相关,兴安落叶松林生态系统呼吸的温度敏感性(Q10=3.44)显著大于阔叶红松林(Q10=1.90);日尺度上,阔叶红松林与兴安落叶松林碳释放/吸收的转变临界温度为10℃左右。研究期间,兴安落叶松林生态系统的水分利用效率高于阔叶红松林生态系统。     

鼠类对山杏和辽东栎种子的贮藏

在北京市东灵山地区,选择灌丛生境,人工释放山杏和辽东栎种子,对两种种子在释放处被鼠类就地取食、存留动态、种子被搬运和贮藏的距离、位置、状态、微生境等进行了分析比较。采用活捕饲喂和咬痕比较的方法,对野外取食山杏和辽东栎种子的鼠类进行了鉴定。结果表明：1)取食山杏和辽东栎种子的鼠类主要是大林姬鼠和岩松鼠;2)山杏种子被鼠类搬运的平均距离大于辽东栎种子,两种种子大多数被搬运至21m之内,在9m之内最为集中;3)山杏种子的中位存留时间较辽东栎种子长;4)在释放处,鼠类对辽东栎种子的就地取食强度(54．83％)大于对山杏种子的取食(0．17％);5)在搬运之后,大部分山杏种子被埋藏起来,仅有3粒被取食;而辽东栎种子大部分被取食;6)鼠类趋向于把种子搬运到灌丛下方或灌丛边缘进行贮藏或取食。山杏种子在贮藏点的数量为1—3粒,而辽东栎种子在贮藏点的数量均为1粒。     

国家重点保护植物山红树濒危原因的研究

本研究从种子形态结构,种子贮藏与萌发、种子萌发与含水量、温度和光的关系等方面探讨了云南特有种、国家重点保护植物山红树(Pellacalyx yunnanensis Hu)濒危的原因。通过试验研究,阐明了山红树种子的成熟期及其种子生命力保持期与年周期性变化的气候条件的不协调性,种子萌发和幼苗生长要求严格的环境条件等是造成其衰落、稀有的重要因素。此外,还从地质历史的变迁论证了山红树既是自然稀有种,又是人为稀有种,并由此提出了对其有效保护的一些措施。     

Role of trichomes and pericarp in the seed biology of the desert annual Lachnoloma lehmannii (Brassicaceae)

In many angiosperms, the fruit rather than the seed is the dispersal/germination unit, and this is the case with Lachnoloma lehmannii, a desert annual ephemeral in central southwestern Asia with indehiscent nonmucilaginuous silicles covered with trichomes. The primary aim of this study was to assess the role of trichomes and pericarp in dispersal, anchorage of diaspores, and seed germination of this species. Mature silicles are dispersed by wind and gravity, and trichomes not only significantly increased their dispersal distance, adherence to sandy soil particles, mass of water imbibed and moisture content, but also decreased the rate of water loss and moisture content of seeds. A significantly higher percentage of seeds within silicles than of isolated seeds retained viability after exposure to 60 °C for 24 h. Seed dormancy is due to the pericarp and to nondeep physiological dormancy, as shown by the increase in germination percentage of isolated seeds following dry storage and treatment with GA₃. Removal of pericarp increased germination of 6-month-old seeds from 0 to 80–90 %, and leachate from both pericarp and trichomes significantly inhibited germination of isolated seeds. Ninety-five percent of seeds within silicles buried in soil for 2 years were viable, but only 28 % of them germinated in light at 15/2 °C; thus L. lehmannii forms a persistent soil seed bank. The pericarp and its trichomes may maximize plant fitness by determining the settlement location of silicles, thus helping to ensure that seeds germinate during the cool season for seedling survival in the desert environment.     

Dormancy Breaking and Storage Behavior of Garcinia cowa Roxb. (Guttiferae) Seeds: Implications for Ecological Function and Germplasm Conservation

The dormancy breaking and storage behavior of Garcinia cowa Roxb. seeds were investigated.The seeds of G. cowa had 8-11 months dormancy in their natural habitat. Seeds were matured and dispersed at the end of the rainy season (mid-late August to late September) and were scatter-hoarded by rodents as food for winter after the seeds had fallen to the ground. Seedlings often emerged in the forest during the rainy season (May to August) the following year. Intact seeds of G. cowa failed to germinate after being sown at 30 ℃ for 120 d and the mean germination time (MGT) of seeds cultured in a shade (50% sunlight)nursery was 252 d. The most effective method of breaking dormancy was to remove the seed coat totally,which reduced the MGT to 13 d at 30 ℃. Germination was also promoted by partial removal of the seed coat (excising the hilum and exposing the radicle) and chemical scarification (immersion in 1% H2O2 for 1 d).Unscarified seeds take up water rapidly in the first 96 h, but water was absorbed by the outside seed coat,without penetrating through it. The moisture content (MC) of G. cowa seeds was high (50% in fresh weight)at shedding. The seeds could tolerate desiccation to some extent, until the MC reached approximately 40%;below that, the viability decreases rapidly and all seeds died at approximately 17% of MC. Seed viability decreased rapidly when seeds were chilled at 4 ℃; germination was 2% after storage for 1 week. Even stored at 10 ℃, seeds began to be damaged after 4 weeks. Seed storage for 1 yr revealed that in both dry (relative humidity (35 ± 5)%) and moist (wet sand) storage conditions, seed viability declined, but germination percentages for seeds stored under moist conditions are better than for seed stored under dry conditions.Because of their low tolerance to desiccation, marked chilling sensitivity and relatively short lifespan, G.cowa seeds should be classified into the tropical recalcitrant category. The ecological implications of dormant recalcitrant seeds and cues on storing recalcitrant seeds were discussed.     

Seed survival of the tropical tree Cryptocarya aschersoniana (Lauraceae): Consequences of habitat disturbance

Seed survival in soil could be strongly influenced by habitat characteristics, but little is known about the behaviour of seeds sensitive to desiccation in seed banks installed in natural or disturbed habitats. Cryptocarya aschersoniana seeds disperse at the end of the rainy season but do not germinate immediately; thus, they may form seed banks in soil. This study evaluated the behaviour of C. aschersoniana seed banks induced in the natural environment of the species and in a disturbed area. Recently harvested C. aschersoniana germination units were characterized according to their water content, germination and viability. In 2011 and 2012, seed banks were established by burying samples of seeds in the understory of a semi‐deciduous forest. In 2012, samples were also buried in a disturbed area. The seed banks were sampled at certain time intervals, and the samples were characterized as described above. Precipitation and air temperature data were collected. As a result, seeds in the seed bank established in the natural environment form a transient seed bank and showed the same behaviour in both years studied. A germination peak was observed starting 210 days after burial (coinciding with the onset of the rainy season) and reached germination percentages higher than 80% at the end of the experiment for both years. Seed mortality did not exceeded 28% in the natural environment. However, in the disturbed environment, the seeds lost their viability more rapidly, with 90% of the seeds becoming unviable 240 days after burial. Germinated seeds in the disturbed environment (maximum 21%) were not able to establish seedlings. These results underscore the importance of maintaining a natural, undisturbed forest for the conservation of this species.     

濒危植物多毛坡垒种子萌发的生理生态特性

研究了多毛坡垒（Hopea mollissima）种子在自然条件下的寿命及成熟度、温度、光照、土壤水分条件对多毛坡垒种子萌发的影响,结果表明：多毛坡垒种子适宜萌发的温度范围是20～30℃,最适宜温度为25℃;光照对多毛坡垒种子的萌发没有显著性影响,但在周期性光照条件下以25～30℃萌发结果最好,全黑暗条件下以20～25℃萌发结果最好;种子适宜萌发的土壤含水量为20％～60％,最适含水量为50％～60％;种子成熟后在树上长时间宿存明显降低了种子的发芽率和活力;在室内自然摊放条件下,10天后发芽率减半,16天后完全丧失发芽能力。研究认为,该物种对热带湿性季节性雨林原生境有很强的依赖性,目前多毛坡牟的濒危状态主要是由于滥砍乱伐和森林破坏造成的,由于其种子具有顽拗性种子的一些特点,日前该物种宜采取活体保仔的方法,以就地保护为主,活植物迁地保护为辅。     

GERMINATION ECOLOGY OF PHACELIA DUBIA VAR. DUBIA IN TENNESSEE GLADES

The germination characteristics of a population of the winter annual Phacelia dubia (L.) Trel. var. dubia from the middle Tennessee cedar glades were investigated in an attempt to define the factor(s) regulating germination in nature. Factors considered were changes in physiological response of the seeds (after-ripening), temperature, age, light and darkness, and soil moisture. At seed dispersal (late May to early June), approximately 50 % of the seeds were non-dormant but, would germinate only at low temperatures (10–15 C). As the seeds aged from June to September, there was an increase in rate and total percent of germination at 10, 15, and 20 C, and the maximum temperature for germination increased to 25 C. Little or no germination occurred at the June, July, and August temperatures in 0- to 2-month-old seeds, even in seeds on soil that was kept continuously moist during this 3-month period. At the September, October, and November temperatures 3- to 5-month-old seeds germinated to high percentages. In all experiments seeds germinated better at a 14-hr photoperiod than in constant darkness. Inability of 0- to 2-month-old seeds to germinate at high summer temperatures allows P. dubia dubia to pass the dry summer in the seed stage, while increase in optimum and maximum temperatures for germination during the summer permits seeds to germinate in late summer and early fall when conditions are favorable for seedling survival and eventual maturation.     

Patterns of Seed Size,Germination and Seed Viability of Tropical Tree Species in Southern India1

Seed weight, days to germination and seed viability were observed for 99 species growing in the Western Ghats of Karnataka, India. Seed size was strongly correlated with days to germination; smaller seeds germinated faster than larger seeds. Species which flowered during the rainy season had lighter seeds than species which flowered during the dry season. It was also found that seed size and viability of seeds were related to the season of fruiting. Species which fruit during the rainy season had heavier seeds and shorter viability than species which fruit during the dry season. These flowering and fruiting patterns and varying seed sizes are argued to be adaptations to the time of dispersal, time of moisture availability in the habitat and seedling survival.     

沙丘区植物植冠储藏种子的活力和萌发特征

研究了科尔沁沙地10种植物的植冠储藏(成熟后在植冠中保留至翌年5月)种子的活力及萌发特性.结果表明：典型沙生植物(流动沙丘及半固定沙丘植物)沙蓬、乌丹蒿和差巴嘎蒿的植冠储藏种子80%以上具有活力,而非典型沙生植物的植冠储藏种子有活力的不足80%,甚至在30%以下;典型沙生植物的植冠储藏种子表现出“速萌型”的萌发特征.植冠种子库使典型沙生植物种子的脱落延迟到风季结束、雨季来临的时候,而且此时的种子活力较高、萌发迅速.植冠种子库是典型沙生植物适应流沙和季节性干旱的主要方式之一.     

THE NINETY-YEAR PERIOD FOR DR. BEAL'S SEED VIABILITY EXPERIMENT

In 1879 Dr. W. J. Beal selected seeds of 23 different species of locally common plants, mixed 50 seeds of each species with moist sand in unstoppered one-pint bottles, and buried the bottles in a sandy knoll to be unearthed and the viability of the seeds tested periodically. The year 1970 marked the ninetieth year the seed had been buried, and the thirteenth bottle was recovered to test for seed viability. Of the three species which had germinated in the 1960 test (curly dock, Rumex crispus; evening primrose, Oenothera biennis; and moth mullein, Verbascum blattaria), only V. blattaria had viable seed with 20% germination. No other species germinated. All ten seedlings of V. blattaria were grown to maturity, and seeds were then harvested to study the possible deviations from normality and the requirements for seed germination. All seedlings emerging from the first progeny seed appeared normal. The most prominent requirement for germination was light, and this is a possible explanation of why the seeds had remained viable but dormant for so long a period. One-third of the freshly harvested seed germinated in darkness and, furthermore, redrying of dark-moistened seed in the absence of light induced additional germination. Germination of dark-moistened seed was not completely restored when the still moist seeds were subsequently exposed to light. However, when dark-moistened seeds were dried and then remoistened in the light, germination was about 95 %. About 5 % of the seed did not germinate under the conditions used. We find that 5 % of the population of V. blattaria seeds are dormant for unknown reasons, that 30 % will germinate if supplied only with moisture, and that 65 % are inhibited and require light and moisture simultaneously for germination. Supplying this 65 % of the population with moisture in darkness results in the development of a second type of inhibition which is no longer light reversible. It appears that the simultaneous requirement for light and moisture is an important factor in permitting V. blattaria seeds to remain dormant during prolonged burial.