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1.
A yam potyvirus was isolated from Dioscorea alata samples collected in Nigeria. The virus was not transmissible mechanically but was transmitted by Aphis craccivora to four cowpea cultivars (Ife Brown, IT84S-2114, IT82E-10 and TVu2657), and from which it could be mechanically transmitted between the cowpea cultivars. In infectivity- tests using cowpea extracts, the virus had a dilution end point of 10-4, a thermal inactivation point of 60–65°C and longevity in vitro of 2 days at room temperature. The virus coat protein had an estimated molecular weight of 32 100 daltons. The virus was identified as an isolate of Dioscorea alata virus (DAV; syn. yam virus 1) due to its biological characteristics and its serological reaction with antiserum raised against DAV. The virus is not related to yam mosaic virus, but distantly related to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus and cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus. 相似文献
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采用AFLP分子标记方法对收集于6省不同地区的111份大薯种质资源进行遗传多样性分析。筛选到的8个AFLP引物组合扩增到1291个位点,其中1286个是多态性位点。利用多态性信息含量(PIC)、标记指数(MI)和解析强度(RP)分析不同引物组合的标记效率,获得引物的PIC平均值为0.22,MI平均值为35.67,RP平均值为50.50,表明引物扩增位点的高多态性和对大薯种质资源具有强辨别能力,其中引物E-AAC/CAG-M(PIC 0.24、MI 38.56、RP 56.35)具有较高的标记效率。111份大薯种质的遗传相似系数(GS)在0.30~0.82之间,平均为0.58,表明大薯种质资源的遗传相似性较低。采用UPGMA对大薯种质进行聚类分析,遗传相似系数在0.54时,111份材料被划分为4个类群和3个单独的分支,不同地区来源的大薯材料在聚类图中没有明显界限。 相似文献
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Marie Umber Denis Filloux Emmanuelle Muller Nathalie Laboureau Serge Galzi Philippe Roumagnac Marie‐Line Iskra‐Caruana Claudie Pavis Pierre‐Yves Teycheney Susan E. Seal 《Molecular Plant Pathology》2014,15(8):790-801
Several endogenous viral elements (EVEs) have been identified in plant genomes, including endogenous pararetroviruses (EPRVs). Here, we report the first characterization of EPRV sequences in the genome of African yam of the Dioscorea cayenensis‐rotundata complex. We propose that these sequences should be termed ‘endogenous Dioscorea bacilliform viruses' (eDBVs). Molecular characterization of eDBVs shows that they constitute sequences originating from various parts of badnavirus genomes, resulting in a mosaic structure that is typical of most EPRVs characterized to date. Using complementary molecular approaches, we show that eDBVs belong to at least four distinct Badnavirus species, indicating multiple, independent, endogenization events. Phylogenetic analyses of eDBVs support and enrich the current taxonomy of yam badnaviruses and lead to the characterization of a new Badnavirus species in yam. The impact of eDBVs on diagnosis, yam germplasm conservation and movement, and breeding is discussed. 相似文献
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采用正交试验设计方法,以大薯带节茎段为外植体,离体诱导类原球茎并建立大薯类原球茎的再生体系,以解决愈伤组织分化成苗和试管苗移栽成活率低的难题。结果表明：以带节茎段为外植体诱导类原球茎的最适培养基为MS（含3×Ca2＋）＋1.0 mg·L-1 6-BA＋0.2 mg·L-1 NAA＋0.1%PVP＋3%蔗糖,诱导率高达93.33%;类原球茎增殖的最适培养基为MS＋4mg·L-1 6-BA＋80 mg·L-1 Ad＋0.1%PVP＋3%蔗糖;类原球茎生根的最适培养基：1/2MS＋0.10 mg·L-1 NAA＋0.1%PVP＋3%蔗糖。将诱导得到的生根类原球茎植株进行炼苗,移栽基质珍珠岩：蛭石=2：1,移栽成活率可达到95%。 相似文献
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Studies were conducted to determine the timing and frequency of disease assessment required to effectively identify levels of resistance to yam anthracnose using tissue culture‐derived whole plant inoculation assay. The effects of inoculation methods (paint brush and spray), and disease scoring methods [individual leaf area (ILA) and whole plant area (WPA)] were also assessed. Spray inoculation resulted in rapid infection and higher variations among yam genotypes, leading to earlier discrimination of genotypes than with the paintbrush method. Both the ILA and WPA scoring methods showed variation among yam genotypes, and association between the two methods gave a high positive correlation (r > 0.90). However, the WPA was faster and had the advantage of detecting differences in reactions of yam genotypes to less aggressive pathogen isolates to which the ILA method showed no variation. A single disease evaluation at 7 days after inoculation was as good as the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) and the disease progress rate (Rd) derived from multiple evaluations. However, a significant time–genotype interaction, suggests a need for more than a single assessment for effective comparison of genotypes. AUDPC derived from two assessments (5 and 7 DAI) was better than AUDPC from three assessments (5, 7 and 9 DAI) in separating genotypes reactions to a less aggressive pathogen isolate. This study showed that the use of spray inoculation method, the WPA scoring method, and AUDPC derived from two assessments (5 and 7 DAI) provided best conditions for evaluating yam genotypes for levels of anthracnose resistance with the tissue culture‐derived whole plant assay. 相似文献
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Chiemi Moriya Takahiro Hosoya Sayuri Agawa Yasumasa Sugiyama Ikuko Kozone Kazuo Shin-ya 《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(9):1484-1492
Purple yam (Dioscorea alata L.), which is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, is characterized by its color and viscosity. Previous studies have shown that purple yams contain a variety of acylated anthocyanins that exhibit higher levels of antioxidant activity than the corresponding nonacylated compounds. In this study, the pigments found in purple yams from the Philippines (D. alata) were isolated and evaluated in terms of antioxidant activity. Four new acylated anthocyanins, alanins (1–4) were isolated from the MeOH extracts of purple yam, which were subsequently determined to be cyanidin (1, 2, and 4) and peonidin (3) type compounds, along with four known anthocyanins (5–8). The structures of 1–4 were determined by spectroscopic methods, including NMR and MS analyses. The antioxidant activities of anthocyanins 1–8 were investigated using oxygen radical absorbing capacity and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays. 相似文献
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Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, is the most severe foliar disease of water yam (Dioscorea alata) worldwide. The tetraploid breeding line, TDa 95/00328, is a source of dominant genetic resistance to the moderately virulent fast growing salmon (FGS) strain of C. gloeosporioides. Bulked segregant analysis was used to search for random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to anthracnose resistance in F1 progeny derived from a cross between TDa 95/00328 and the susceptible male parent, TDa 95–310. Two hundred and eighty decamer primers were screened using bulks obtained from pooled DNA of individuals comprising each extreme of the disease phenotype distribution. A single locus that contributes to anthracnose resistance in TDa 95/00328 was identified and tentatively named Dcg‐1. We found two RAPD markers closely linked in coupling phase with Dcg‐1, named OPI71700 and OPE6950, both of which were mapped on the same linkage group. OPI71700 appeared tightly linked to the Dcg‐1 locus; it was present in all the 58 resistant F1 individuals and absent in all but one of the 13 susceptible genotypes (genetic distance of 2.3 cM). OPE6950 was present in 56 of the 58 resistant progeny and only one susceptible F1 plant showed this marker (6.8 cM). Both markers successfully identified Dcg‐1 in resistant D. alata genotypes among 34 breeding lines, indicating their potential for use in marker‐assisted selection. OPI71700 and OPE6950 are the first DNA markers for yam anthracnose resistance. The use of molecular markers presents a valuable strategy for selection and pyramiding of anthracnose resistance genes in yam improvement. 相似文献
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In order to understand the various factors which affect Beet mosaic virus (BtMV) epidemics, different aspects of the relationships between this virus, its vectors and sugar beet were studied. The latency and incubation periods, determined under growth chamber and field conditions, responded inversely to the temperature and leaf growth rate. Field-infected plants could function as virus sources during the whole growing season. The virus was transmitted by Acyrthosiphon pisum, Aphis fabae, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, Metopolophium dirhodum, Myzus persicae and Ropalosiphum padi. Myzus persicae retained the virus for at least 16 h. Alatae and apterae of M. persicae transmitted the virus with the same efficiency, and in at least two consecutive probes. The proportion of infected plants increased as a logarithmic function of the number of alatae of six aphid species used in the arena tests. 相似文献
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G. DAHAL C. PASBERG-GAUHL F. GAUHL G. THOTTAPPILLY J d'A HUGHES 《The Annals of applied biology》1998,132(2):263-275
Monitoring of banana streak badnavirus (BSV) antigens and symptoms in naturally BSV-infected plantain and banana (Musa spp.) plants showed a great variation in symptom expression, distribution and relative concentration of BSV between and within plants. Expression and distribution of symptoms was erratic within individual leaves as well as between different leaves of the same plant. The concentration of BSV antigens detected by triple antibody sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA) varied in different plant parts including leaf lamina, midrib and pseudostem, roots and young ‘cigar’ leaf. The concentration of BSV antigens was high in symptomatic tissues but was low or below the limits of detection in most asymptomatic tissues. During ‘hot dry’ seasons when symptoms were not fully expressed, the concentration of BSV antigens in leaf tissues declined drastically, often below the detection limit of TAS-ELISA. These results suggested that for more reliable detection of BSV antigens by TAS-ELISA, it is advisable to index plants using composite tissue samples comprising as many leaves as possible for each plant and collected during cool and/or rainy seasons when symptom expression is generally severe. 相似文献
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Nihal Buzkan Serpil Karadaǧ Abdulmurat Kaya Saadettin Baloǧlu Angelantonio Minafra Yair Ben‐Dov 《Journal of Phytopathology》2010,158(6):448-449
Surveys were made in the main grape growing region (Southeast Anatolia) of Turkey for the occurrence of Grapevine leafroll‐associated virus‐5 (GLRaV‐5). Plant samples with typical leafroll symptoms and mealybugs, Planococcus ficus (Signoret) were used for assessing the occurrence of GLRaV‐5 by RT‐PCR. A 272 bp band representing GLRaV‐5 infection was successfully detected in plants and mealybugs in some vineyards of the Southeast Anatolia region and the virus is the first time reported in Turkish vineyards. 相似文献
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【目的】筛选对球孢白僵菌(Beauveria bassiana)具有较强拮抗作用的细菌菌株及检测菌株脂肽类代谢产物的拮抗活性。【方法】通过形态学观察、生理生化实验、16S rRNA和gyrA基因序列分析鉴定目标菌株;用滤纸片扩撒法(K-B法)测定抑菌圈的直径;采用甲醇萃取菌株发酵液以提取脂肽类代谢产物,并显微观察提取物对白僵菌分生孢子及菌丝的拮抗作用;高效液相色谱-质谱联用方法及靶基因克隆技术检测菌株脂肽类代谢产物的主要成分和基因。【结果】从植物盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H.Wright)组织内分离得到了一株对球孢白僵菌具有较强拮抗活性的菌株SWB16,该菌株属于解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens),其脂肽类提取物对球孢白僵菌分生孢子的发芽和菌丝生长均具有明显的抑制作用,质谱检测表明提取物的主要成分是芬枯草菌素和伊枯草菌素,从菌株基因组中克隆到编码芬枯草菌素和伊枯草菌素的fenB基因和ituA基因。【结论】解淀粉芽孢杆菌(B.amyloliquefaciens)SWB16菌株能产生脂肽类抗生素并对球孢白僵菌具有拮抗作用,拮抗活性显示该菌株对防治家蚕等经济昆虫的白僵病具有潜在的应用价值。 相似文献
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摘要：猪在甲型流感病毒生态分布和遗传进化中占有重要地位。猪的呼吸道上皮同时具有禽和人流感病毒2种类型的受体,因此人和禽流感病毒都可以感染猪,猪被认为是禽、人流感病毒的中间宿主和不同来源流感病毒的基因“混合器”。猪流感病毒（Swine influenza virus, SIV）的进化方式包括基因重配、抗原漂移和宿主适应性进化,其中基因重配是主要进化方式。与人类季节性流感病毒相比,SIV在全球的流行情况各不相同,呈地方流行性,并具有明显的地区差异。全球范围内流行的SIV亚型主要有3种：H1N1、H3N2和H1N2亚型,其中各亚型内病毒基因来源又不尽相同。欧洲、北美及我国猪群中流行的流感病毒在遗传进化和基因来源方面各具特色。目前欧洲猪群中流行的主要是类禽H1N1、H1N2和H3N2病毒,其中后两者是基因重配病毒。从1998年开始,古典猪H1N1、“人-猪-禽”三源基因重配H3N2、H1N1和H1N2病毒共存于北美的猪群中,其遗传变异日趋复杂。在基因进化上,欧洲和北美基因重配的SIV是目前新的人类大流感病毒-“甲型H1N1病毒”-的母源病毒。我国猪群中流感病毒主要是古典猪H1N1和类人H3N2病毒,但近年来在我国猪群中分离到遗传上与欧洲和北美SIV高度相关的病毒,提示我国SIV的进化趋势值得关注。1970年代以来,全球已报道了50多起人感染SIV事件,表明SIV也是一种值得重视的人兽共患病,预示了SIV可能成为人类大流感毒株或为大流感毒株提供基因。鉴于SIV在甲型流感病毒生态学上的重要意义,以及对人类公共卫生的潜在威胁,建议应尽早启动我国SIV的常规监测工作,密切关注SIV的流行动态,掌握其分子遗传进化规律。同时,将SIV的监测工作纳入整个流感病毒（人和动物流感病毒）的监测网络,在信息上实现共享,从生态学的高度把握我国流感病毒的流行和进化趋势,这对保护动物健康和预防人类大流感都有重要意义。 相似文献
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《Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry》2013,77(4):764-767
The Japanese mealybug, Planococcus kraunhiae, is suitable as a model insect for biosynthetic studies on mealybug pigments. Four yellow pigments, including two novel ones, were isolated from the mealybug bodies and characterized as endocrocin, a dicarboxylic acid named fujikonaic acid (1), emodin 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and 7-hydroxyemodin 1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2). The enzymatic activity of emodin 1-O-glucosyltransferase was observed in the extracts of insect bodies. 相似文献
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Argawi Kandito;Sedyo Hartono;Y. Andi Trisyono;Susamto Somowiyarjo; 《Journal of Phytopathology》2024,172(1):e13268
Indonesia is the third largest cocoa producer in the world with annual export value of more than 1.2 million USD. However, cacao production in Indonesia has decreased by approximately 50% in the last decade due to socioeconomic issues and the high prevalence of pests and diseases. Cacao mosaic disease caused by cacao mild mosaic virus (Badnavirus teselotheobromae, CMMV) is currently emerging in Indonesia. This study aims to map the distribution of CMMV in cacao-growing areas in Indonesia. Samples were collected in 2021–2023 in Java, Sumatera, Bali, and Sulawesi, which represent major cacao-growing areas in Indonesia. We successfully detected CMMV from all samples, indicating CMMV is already distributed widely in Indonesia. Sequencing data suggests the Indonesian isolates have a common ancestor with American isolates. These findings provide new information for the quarantine board, government, and industry to arrange the policy to control the emerging CMMV. 相似文献
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A.I. Bhat A. Siljo S. Devasahayam 《Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection》2013,46(9):1000-1009
Symptomless nature of Piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV) infection in three varieties of black pepper (Piper nigrum) (Panniyur 1, Panniyur 5 and Panchami) and a wild species of Piper (Piper colubrinum) was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using PYMoV specific primers. The virus could be transmitted from these PYMoV-infected symptomless plants onto symptom producing black pepper cv. Karimunda through mealybug vector, Ferrisia virgata and by graft transmission. About 20–50% seedlings showed typical symptoms of the PYMoV at 30 days after mealybug inoculations while it was 75–94% at 90 days after inoculation. PCR test of the inoculated seedlings confirmed the presence of PYMoV in 50–64%, 76–100% and 80–100% of plants in 30, 60 and 90 days after inoculation, respectively. Similarly, 50–66%, 91–100% and 100% of graft-transmitted plants showed typical symptoms of the disease at 30, 60 and 90 days after grafting. PCR test of the graft-transmitted plants showed 100% PYMoV infection at 60 days after grafting. The results clearly demonstrated the existence of PYMoV-infected symptomless plants that can act as source for secondary spread of the virus in the field. 相似文献
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G. DAHAL F. GAUHL C. PASBERG-GAUHL J d'A HUGHES G. THOTTAPPILLY B E L LOCKHART 《The Annals of applied biology》1999,134(2):181-191
Between 1991 to 1996, more than 50 Musa hybrids and 10 landraces were evaluated under field and screenhouse conditions for virus symptoms resembling those caused by banana streak badnavirus (BSV). The symptoms included chlorotic streaks, leaf deformation, stunting, cigar leaf death, distortion of the peduncle, bunch or fruits, and internal pseudostem necrosis. Immunosorbent electron microscopy (ISEM) of randomly selected plants with one or more of these symptoms confirmed the presence of BSV particles in 15 tropical Musa plantain hybrids (TMPx) and five Musa landraces. Under both field and screenhouse conditions, the incidence of symptomatic plants in the hybrids was significantly higher than in the landraces. The hybrids also generally had a higher concentration of BSV antigens, as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By contrast, most BSV-infected landraces were symptomless and had very low or undetectable amounts of BSV antigens. There was a significant variation in incidence of symptomatic plants between genotypes, experiments and year of observation. These results are discussed in relation to the higher natural BSV incidence observed on some Musa hybrids as compared with their parental genotypes. 相似文献
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Arturo Cocco Alessandra Mura Enrico Muscas Andrea Lentini 《Agricultural and Forest Entomology》2018,20(1):104-112
- Mealybugs are major pests in grape‐growing areas worldwide, causing direct and indirect crop damage. The vine mealybug Planococcus ficus (Signoret) is a key pest in most of grape‐producing countries, whereas the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) is reported as being destructive in Brazilian and Spanish vineyards.
- We examined the adaptation of the citrus mealybug to grapevine by investigating its development, reproduction and life‐history parameters under Mediterranean field conditions in comparison with those of P. ficus.
- Both mealybug species developed and reproduced successfully on grapevine. However, P. ficus showed a shorter development time, larger female body size, and higher fecundity, fertility and survival than P. citri.
- The life‐history parameters further highlighted the different growth potential of vine and citrus mealybug populations because P. ficus exhibited a net reproductive rate and an intrinsic rate of increase two‐ to four‐fold higher than that of P. citri. Furthermore, the vine mealybug population doubled its number in approximately half time with respect to the citrus mealybug.
- Overall, the results of the present study show a better development and reproductive performance and a higher population growth potential of P. ficus compared with P. citri, indicating a higher capacity of the vine mealybug to develop on grapevine in Mediterranean vineyards.