干旱胁迫下红砂幼苗非结构性碳水化合物动态变化特征

该试验以荒漠区主要建群种红砂幼苗为研究对象,设置适宜水分(CK)、轻度干旱(MD)、中度干旱(SD)和重度干旱(VSD)4个胁迫处理(即田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%),采用盆栽控水试验,分别测定干旱胁迫15、30、45和60 d时红砂幼苗的叶、茎、粗根和细根中非结构碳水化合物(NSC)及其组分的含量,分析不同胁迫强度下不同干旱持续时间红砂幼苗NSC的动态变化及各组分差异,以揭示红砂NSC对干旱胁迫的响应机制。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫强度和胁迫持续时间对红砂幼苗不同器官NSC及其组分均有显著影响,其中胁迫持续时间对NSC动态变化的影响尤为显著。(2)干旱胁迫初期,红砂叶中的NSC含量呈下降趋势,而茎中的NSC含量呈上升趋势,粗根和细根中NSC含量在各胁迫处理下基本保持稳定。(3)干旱胁迫后期,红砂叶和茎中的可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量逐渐增加,而粗根和细根中的淀粉和NSC含量呈下降趋势(中度干旱除外),且这一时期重度干旱处理下各器官可溶性糖和NSC的含量明显高于CK。研究发现,重度干旱胁迫能显著诱导提高红砂幼苗不同器官中的NSC含量,并通过分解根中淀粉和增加叶片中可溶性糖含量的方式来调节细胞渗透势平衡,以维持细胞活力,进而保持红砂在干旱胁迫后期的存活。     

蒙古莸幼苗干旱致死过程中非结构性碳水化合物的变化

以一年生蒙古莸幼苗为对象,设置适宜水分、慢速干旱致死和快速干旱致死3个处理,研究不同干旱强度致死下蒙古莸幼苗各器官中非结构性碳水化合物(NSC,包括可溶性糖和淀粉)的含量变化及其分配规律.结果表明:慢速干旱致死胁迫下各器官可溶性糖含量与适宜水分组无显著差异.随时间的推移,茎可溶性糖含量先增加后减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;粗根可溶性糖含量减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加;叶可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉和NSC含量减少.致死时(80 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为6.2%、7.8%、8.3%和7.4%.快速干旱致死胁迫下,各器官可溶性糖含量均高于适宜水分处理组,而淀粉和NSC含量均低于适宜水分组.随时间的推移,根可溶性糖含量下降,淀粉和NSC含量上升;茎可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均上升;叶可溶性糖含量上升,淀粉和NSC含量下降.致死时(30 d),叶、茎、粗根和细根的NSC含量分别为5.9%、6.6%、8.9%和7.7%.应对不同的干旱致死情况,蒙古莸幼苗各器官间非结构性碳水化合物呈现出不同的动态变化.在慢速干旱致死胁迫下,NSC优先为维持各器官生理代谢活动提供能量;而在快速干旱致死下,NSC主要以可溶性糖形式维持植物代谢,调节渗透势,促进吸水,应对急剧的干旱胁迫.     

Responses of nonstructural carbohydrates to shoot removal and soil moisture treatments in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix nigra</Emphasis>

Aboveground disturbances are common in dynamic riparian environments, and Salix nigra is well adapted with a vigorous resprouting response. Soil moisture stresses are also common, and S. nigra is flood tolerant and drought sensitive. The objective of this study was to quantify nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) reserves in S. nigra following shoot removal and soil moisture treatments. NSC reserves provide energy for regeneration of shoot tissue until new functional leaves are developed. Three soil moisture treatments: well-watered (W), periodic flooding (F) and drought (D); and three shoot removal treatments: no shoots removed (R0), partial shoot removal (R1), and complete shoot removal (R2) were applied. Plants were harvested when new shoot development was observed (day 13). Statistical significance in the 3 × 3-factorial design was determined in two-factor ANOVA at P < 0.05. Both roots and cuttings were important reservoirs for NSC during resprouting response, with decreases in root (31%) and cutting (14%) biomass in R2 compared to R0. Rapid recovery of photosynthetic surface area (from 15 to 37% of R0) was found in R1. A clear pattern of starch mobilization was found in roots in R0, R1 and R2, with lowest root starch concentration in W, F higher than W, and D higher than F. Shoot starch concentration was lower in F and D compared to W in R0, however, in R1 shoot starch was reduced in W compared to F and D, possibly indicating reduced rates of translocation during soil moisture stress. Evidence of osmotic adjustment was found in roots and shoots with higher total ethanol-soluble carbohydrates (TESC) during soil moisture stress in F and D treatments. Total plant NSC pool was greater in F and D treatments compared to W, and progressively reduced from R0 to R1 to R2. Results indicated negative effects of drought, and to a lesser extent periodic flooding on resprouting response in S. nigra, with implications for reduced survival when exposed to combined stresses of aboveground disturbance and soil moisture.     

干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿幼苗非结构性碳水化合物代谢对NO的响应

以紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）为材料,采用盆栽试验方法,用聚乙二醇（PEG-6000）作为渗透介质模拟干旱胁迫,外源喷施NO供体硝普钠,NO清除剂（carboxy-PTIO,cPTIO）,对紫花苜蓿幼苗叶片、根系中非结构性碳水化合物含量及相关酶活性的变化进行研究,探讨NO对紫花苜蓿耐旱机制的作用。结果表明：外源NO促进了紫花苜蓿叶片中淀粉的分解、根系中淀粉的积累,提高叶片及根系中可溶性糖（蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖）含量,降低了渗透势,促进细胞吸水,缓解干旱造成的损伤。此外,外源NO能提高干旱胁迫下紫花苜蓿叶片中蔗糖合成酶（SS）、酸性转化酶（AI）和中性转化酶（NI）活性,降低了蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）的活性,提高根系中SS、SPS和转化酶活性,使蔗糖的合成与分解处于高水平的动态平衡,增强了紫花苜蓿的抗旱性。而NO清除剂cPTIO则会不同程度的抑制紫花苜蓿幼苗中非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）及其相关酶活性。因此,NO可以通过调控NSC的代谢响应干旱胁迫,缓解干旱胁迫造成的不利影响,在紫花苜蓿的抗旱中扮演着重要的角色。     

氮添加与降雨变化对红砂幼苗非结构性碳水化合物的影响

非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)在植物体内的含量及分配对植物生长和存活至关重要。开展氮沉降和降雨变化对幼苗NSC影响的研究,为揭示干旱导致幼苗死亡机理及预测气候变化背景下幼苗自然更新及培育提供依据。本研究以1年生红砂幼苗为对象,测定了不同降雨(降雨减少(W-)、自然降水(W)和降雨增多(W+))和氮添加(N0(0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、N1(4.6 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、N2(9.2 g N·m^-2·a^-1)、N3(13.8 g N·m^-2·a^-1))条件下红砂幼苗各器官NSC及其组分含量。结果表明:红砂幼苗各器官NSC含量为28.8~71.8mg·g-1,叶片含量最高,茎含量最低。氮添加和降雨变化对红砂幼苗叶片和根系淀粉及总NSC含量有显著影响,而对茎无显著影响。各降雨条件下,氮添加均促进了红砂幼苗叶片淀粉和总NSC累积,在降雨增加30%的条件下氮的促进效应更显著,中高氮(N2和N3)叶片淀粉与总NSC含量显著高于低氮水平(N1和N0);在低氮降雨减少30%(N1W-)处理下,红砂叶片淀粉和NSC含量最小,而根系淀粉和NSC含量最大,即低氮干旱胁迫下红砂可通过NSC在不同器官的重新分配来适应胁迫环境。在自然降雨和降雨增加30%情况下,根系淀粉和NSC的含量随氮添加的增加而减小,且中高氮处理(N2和N3)显著低于对照(N0)。可见,叶片是红砂NSC的源,氮添加会促进红砂幼苗叶片NSC的累积,且这种促进效应与水分紧密相关,在降水增加情况下其效应更显著;而过量的氮添加会抑制根系NSC含量的积累,在低氮干旱胁迫下红砂也可通过叶片NSC向根系转移来适应逆境胁迫。     

Accumulation of stem sugar and its remobilisation in response to drought stress in a sweet sorghum genotype and its near‐isogenic lines carrying different stay‐green loci

• Near isogenic lines (NILs) of sweet sorghum genotype S35 into which individual stay green loci were introgressed, were used to understand the contribution of Stay green loci to stem sugar accumulation and its remobilization under drought stress exposure.
• Sugar and starch content, activities of sugar metabolism enzymes and levels of their expression were studied in the 3rd (source) leaf from panicle and the 5th (sugar storing) internode of the three lines, in irrigated plants and in plants exposed to a brief drought exposure at the panicle emergence stage. Annotation of genes in the respective Stay green loci introgressed in the NILs was carried out using bioinformatics tools.
• The leaves of NILs accumulated more photoassimilates and the internodes accumulated more sugar, as compared to the parent S35 line. Drought stress exposure led to a decrease in the starch and sugar levels in leaves of all three lines, while an increase in sugar levels was observed in internodes of the NILs. Sugar fluxes were accompanied by alterations in the activities of sugar metabolizing enzymes as well as the expression of genes related to sugar metabolism and transport.
• Remobilization of sugars from the stem internodes was apparent in the NILs when subjected to drought stress, since the peduncle, which supports the panicle, showed an increase in the sugar content, even when photoassimation in source leaves was reduced. Several genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were located in the Stay green loci, which probably contributed to variation in the parameters studied.

     

Metabolic profiles of six African cultivars of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) highlight bottlenecks of root yield

Cassava is an important staple crop in sub‐Saharan Africa, due to its high productivity even on nutrient poor soils. The metabolic characteristics underlying this high productivity are poorly understood including the mode of photosynthesis, reasons for the high rate of photosynthesis, the extent of source/sink limitation, the impact of environment, and the extent of variation between cultivars. Six commercial African cassava cultivars were grown in a greenhouse in Erlangen, Germany, and in the field in Ibadan, Nigeria. Source leaves, sink leaves, stems and storage roots were harvested during storage root bulking and analyzed for sugars, organic acids, amino acids, phosphorylated intermediates, minerals, starch, protein, activities of enzymes in central metabolism and yield traits. High ratios of RuBisCO:phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activity support a C₃ mode of photosynthesis. The high rate of photosynthesis is likely to be attributed to high activities of enzymes in the Calvin–Benson cycle and pathways for sucrose and starch synthesis. Nevertheless, source limitation is indicated because root yield traits correlated with metabolic traits in leaves rather than in the stem or storage roots. This situation was especially so in greenhouse‐grown plants, where irradiance will have been low. In the field, plants produced more storage roots. This was associated with higher AGPase activity and lower sucrose in the roots, indicating that feedforward loops enhanced sink capacity in the high light and low nitrogen environment in the field. Overall, these results indicated that carbon assimilation rate, the K battery, root starch synthesis, trehalose, and chlorogenic acid accumulation are potential target traits for genetic improvement.     

Response of sugar metabolism in the cotyledons and roots of Ricinus communis subjected to salt stress

• Ricinus communis is an important oilseed crop worldwide and is also considered one of the best potential plants for salt-affected soil improvement in northeast China. However, little is known about photosynthesis and carbohydrate metabolism in this plant, nor the distribution of carbohydrates in cotyledons and roots under salinity stress.
• In the present study, seedling growth, gas exchange parameters (P_N, E, g_s and C_i), carbohydrate (fructose, sucrose, glucose, soluble sugar and starch) metabolism and related enzymes and genes were measured in Ricinus plants.
• Under salt stress, P_N of cotyledons decreased significantly (P < 0.05), resulting in weak photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, salt stress increased sucrose and glucose content in cotyledons, but decreased soluble sugar and starch content. However, sucrose increased and starch decreased in roots. This may be correlated with the increasing sugar metabolism under salinity, including notable changes in sugar-related enzyme activities (SPS, SuSy, α-amylase and β-amylase) and gene expression of RcINV, RcSUS, RcAmY, RcBAM and RcGBE1.
• The results suggest that salinity reduces photosynthesis of cotyledons, alters carbohydrate allocation between cotyledons and roots and also promotes starch utilization in cotyledons and starch biosynthesis in roots, leading to a functional imbalance between cotyledons and roots. Together, these findings provide insights into the crucial role of sugar metabolism in improving salt-tolerance of Ricinus during the early seedling growth stage.

     

中国4种典型森林中常见乔木叶片的非结构性碳水化合物研究

植物叶片的非结构性碳水化合物(non-structural carbohydrates,NSC)不仅为植物的代谢过程提供重要能量,还能一定程度上反映植物对外界环境的适应策略。以温带针阔混交林(长白山)、温带阔叶林(东灵山)、亚热带常绿阔叶林(神农架)和热带雨林(尖峰岭)4种森林类型的树种为研究对象,利用蒽酮比色法测定了163种常见乔木叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC(可溶性糖+淀粉)含量,探讨了不同森林类型植物叶片NSC的差异及其地带性变化规律。结果显示：（1）从森林类型上看,植物叶片NSC含量从北到南递减,即温带针阔混交林(170.79 mg/g)>温带阔叶林(100.27 mg/g)>亚热带常绿阔叶林(91.24 mg/g)>热带雨林(80.13 mg/g)。（2）从生活型上看,无论是落叶树还是阔叶树,其叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均表现为：温带针阔混交林>温带阔叶林>亚热带常绿阔叶林>热带雨林;北方森林叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量均表现为落叶树种>常绿树种,或阔叶树种>针叶树种。（3）森林植物叶片NSC含量、可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值与年均温和年均降水量均呈显著负相关。研究表明,森林植物叶片可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量以及可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值均具有明显的从北到南递减的地带性规律;其NSC含量以及可溶性糖与淀粉含量比值与温度和水分均呈显著负相关的变化规律可能是植物对外界环境适应的重要机制之一。该研究结果不仅为阐明中国主要森林树种碳代谢和生长适应对策提供了数据基础,而且为理解区域尺度森林植被对未来气候变化的响应机理提供新的视角。     

Non-structural carbohydrate pools in a tropical forest

The pool size of mobile, i.e. non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in trees reflects the balance between net photosynthetic carbon uptake (source) and irreversible investments in structures or loss of carbon (sink). The seasonal variation of NSC concentration should reflect the sink/source relationship, provided all tissues from root to crown tops are considered. Using the Smithsonian canopy crane in Panama we studied NSC concentrations in a semi-deciduous tropical forest over 22 months. In the 9 most intensively studied species (out of the 17 investigated), we found higher NSC concentrations (starch, glucose, fructose, sucrose) across all species and organs in the dry season than in the wet season (NSC 7.2% vs 5.8% of dry matter in leaves, 8.8/6.0 in branches, 9.7/8.5 in stems, 8.3/6.4 in coarse and 3.9/2.2 in fine roots). Since this increase was due to starch only, we attribute this to drought-constrained growth (photosynthesis less affected by drought than sink activity). Species-specific phenological rhythms (leafing or fruiting) did not overturn these seasonal trends. Most of the stem volume (diameter at breast height around 40 cm) stores NSC. We present the first whole forest estimate of NSC pool size, assuming a 200 t ha^–1 forest biomass: 8% of this i.e. ca. 16 t ha^–1 is NSC, with ca. 13 t ha^–1 in stems and branches, ca. 0.5 and 2.8 t ha^–1 in leaves and roots. Starch alone (ca. 10.5 t ha^–1) accounts for far more C than would be needed to replace the total leaf canopy without additional photosynthesis. NSC never passed through a period of significant depletion. Leaf flushing did not draw heavily upon NSC pools. Overall, the data imply a high carbon supply status of this forest and that growth during the dry season is not carbon limited. Rather, water shortage seems to limit carbon investment (new tissue formation) directly, leaving little leeway for a direct CO₂ fertilization effects.     

Homoeostatic maintenance of nonstructural carbohydrates during the 2015–2016 El Niño drought across a tropical forest precipitation gradient

Nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) are essential for maintenance of plant metabolism and may be sensitive to short‐ and long‐term climatic variation. NSC variation in moist tropical forests has rarely been studied, so regulation of NSCs in these systems is poorly understood. We measured foliar and branch NSC content in 23 tree species at three sites located across a large precipitation gradient in Panama during the 2015–2016 El Niño to examine how short‐ and long‐term climatic variation impact carbohydrate dynamics. There was no significant difference in total NSCs as the drought progressed (leaf P = 0.32, branch P = 0.30) nor across the rainfall gradient (leaf P = 0.91, branch P = 0.96). Foliar soluble sugars decreased while starch increased over the duration of the dry period, suggesting greater partitioning of NSCs to storage than metabolism or transport as drought progressed. There was a large variation across species at all sites, but total foliar NSCs were positively correlated with leaf mass per area, whereas branch sugars were positively related to leaf temperature and negatively correlated with daily photosynthesis and wood density. The NSC homoeostasis across a wide range of conditions suggests that NSCs are an allocation priority in moist tropical forests.     

干旱胁迫下接种丛枝菌根真菌对七子花非结构性碳水化合物积累及C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以濒危植物七子花二年生幼苗为研究材料,采用盆栽试验方法,研究干旱胁迫和接种丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)处理对幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量关系和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)含量的影响。试验共设计4个处理:对照(CK)、干旱胁迫(D)、接种AMF(AMF)、干旱胁迫和接种AMF(D+AMF)。结果表明: 在干旱胁迫下七子花根系AMF的侵染率显著下降,但接种AMF处理植株的株高、叶片数显著高于未接种处理。接种AMF显著提高了干旱胁迫下植株根、叶可溶性糖和NSC含量及茎、叶淀粉含量,且茎和叶可溶性糖与淀粉比显著下降。干旱胁迫导致植株C含量在根和叶中显著增加,P含量在茎中显著减少;与干旱胁迫相比,胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎、叶P含量及叶C含量显著提高,而根C、N含量及茎C含量显著降低。胁迫下接种AMF植株根、茎C∶N、C∶P、N∶P和叶N∶P均显著低于单一胁迫处理。NSC与C∶N∶P计量比的相关性分析表明,根、叶P含量与可溶性糖和NSC含量呈显著正相关,茎P含量与淀粉和NSC含量呈显著正相关,各器官N∶P与NSC含量呈显著负相关。综上,干旱胁迫显著抑制了七子花幼苗的生长,接种AMF通过提高植株根和叶的可溶性糖含量、根的可溶性糖/淀粉,增加地上部分淀粉含量,促进P元素吸收和降低各器官N∶P来增强植株耐旱性,从而提高七子花幼苗在干旱环境中的存活率。     

Desiccation of sediments affects assimilate transport within aquatic plants and carbon transfer to microorganisms

• With the projected increase in drought duration and intensity in future, small water bodies, and especially the terrestrial–aquatic interfaces, will be subjected to longer dry periods with desiccation of the sediment. Drought effects on the plant–sediment microorganism carbon continuum may disrupt the tight linkage between plants and microbes which governs sediment carbon and nutrient cycling, thus having a potential negative impact on carbon sequestration of small freshwater ecosystems. However, research on drought effects on the plant–sediment carbon transfer in aquatic ecosystems is scarce. We therefore exposed two emergent aquatic macrophytes, Phragmites australis and Typha latifolia, to a month‐long summer drought in a mesocosm experiment.
• We followed the fate of carbon from leaves to sediment microbial communities with ¹³CO₂ pulse labelling and microbial phospholipid‐derived fatty acid (PLFA) analysis.
• We found that drought reduced the total amount of carbon allocated to stem tissues but did not delay the transport. We also observed an increase in accumulation of ¹³C‐labelled sugars in roots and found a reduced incorporation of ¹³C into the PLFAs of sediment microorganisms.
• Drought induced a switch in plant carbon allocation priorities, where stems received less new assimilates leading to reduced starch reserves whilst roots were prioritised with new assimilates, suggesting their use for osmoregulation. There were indications that the reduced carbon transfer from roots to microorganisms was due to the reduction of microbial activity via direct drought effects rather than to a decrease in root exudation or exudate availability.

     

Effects of increasing root carbon investment on the mortality and resprouting of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings under drought

• Tree mortality induced by drought is one of the most complex processes in ecology. Although two mechanisms associated with water and carbon balance are proposed to explain tree mortality, outstanding problems still exist.
• Here, in order to test how the root system benefits survival and resprouting of Haloxylon ammodendron seedlings, we examined the various water‐ and carbon‐related physiological indicators (shoot water potential, photosynthesis, dark respiration, hydraulic conductance and non‐structural carbohydrates [NSC]) of H. ammodendron seedlings, which were grown in drought and control conditions throughout a grow season in greenhouse.
• The survival time of the seedling root system (died 70 days after drought) doubled the survival time of the shoot (died at 35 days). Difference in survival time between shoot and root resulted from sustained root respiration supported by increased NSC in roots under drought. Furthermore, investment into the root contributed to resprouting following drought. Based on these results, a death criterion is proposed for this species. The time sequence of major events indicated that drought shifted carbon allocation between shoot and root and altered the flux among different sinks (growth, respiration or storage). The interaction of water and carbon processes determined death or survival of droughted H. ammodendron seedlings.
• These findings revealed that the ‘root protection’ strategy is critical in determining survival and resprouting of this species, and provided insights into the effects of carbon and water dynamics on tree mortality.

     

The effect of nitrate assimilation deficiency on the carbon and nitrogen status of Arabidopsis thaliana plants

Carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) metabolism are integrated processes that modulate many aspects of plant growth, development, and defense. Although plants with deficient N metabolism have been largely used for the elucidation of the complex network that coordinates the C and N status in leaves, studies at the whole-plant level are still lacking. Here, the content of amino acids, organic acids, total soluble sugars, starch, and phenylpropanoids in the leaves, roots, and floral buds of a nitrate reductase (NR) double-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana (nia1 nia2) were compared to those of wild-type plants. Foliar C and N primary metabolism was affected by NR deficiency, as evidenced by decreased levels of most amino acids and organic acids and total soluble sugars and starch in the nia1 nia2 leaves. However, no difference was detected in the content of the analyzed metabolites in the nia1 nia2 roots and floral buds in comparison to wild type. Similarly, phenylpropanoid metabolism was affected in the nia1 nia2 leaves; however, the high content of flavonol glycosides in the floral buds was not altered in the NR-deficient plants. Altogether, these results suggest that, even under conditions of deficient nitrate assimilation, A. thaliana plants are capable of remobilizing their metabolites from source leaves and maintaining the C–N status in roots and developing flowers.     

Bicarbonate stimulates non‐structural carbohydrate pools of Camptotheca acuminata

The role of root‐derived dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) has been emphasized lately, as it can provide an alternative source of carbon for photosynthesis. The fate of newly fixed DIC and its effect on non‐structural carbohydrate (NSC) pools has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. To this end, we used ¹³C (NaHCO₃) as a substrate tracer to investigate the incorporation of newly fixed bicarbonate into the plant organs and NSC compounds of Camptotheca acuminata seedlings for 24 and 72 h. NSC levels across the organs were all markedly increased within 24 h of labeling treatment and afterward only decreased in stems at 72 h. The variation range of NSC concentrations in roots was considerably smaller than in the stem and leaves. As time passed, the δ¹³C in NSC compounds was significantly affected by ¹³C labeling and was more positive in the roots than in the stem and leaves. Starch was more ¹³C‐enriched than was soluble carbohydrate, and the δ¹³C of root starch was as high as ?4.70‰. Bicarbonate incorporation into newly formed NSC compounds contributed up to 0.24% of the root starch within 72 h. These data provided strong evidence that bicarbonate not only acted as a C source that contributed slightly to the NSC pools but also stimulated the increase in NSC pools. The present study expands our understanding of the rapid change of NSC pools across the organs in response to bicarbonate.     

沙地樟子松幼苗干旱致死过程中非结构性碳水化合物的变化

以2年生沙地樟子松幼苗为对象,通过持续自然干旱处理,研究当土壤含水量下降到田间持水量的60%、40%、30%、20%和15%时幼苗叶片水势及不同器官(一年生叶、当年生叶、茎、粗根和细根)的可溶性糖、淀粉和非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)的含量,分析沙地樟子松幼苗在干旱致死过程中各器官NSC的分配规律及其适应机制.结果表明: 土壤含水量从田间持水量的40%下降到15%,幼苗叶片凌晨及正午水势无显著变化.当土壤含水量从田间持水量的60%下降到30%,各器官可溶性糖、淀粉、NSC含量和可溶性糖/淀粉先下降后上升.从30%下降到20%,当年生叶、一年生叶、茎和细根可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量降低,而粗根可溶性糖含量增加,淀粉和NSC含量减少.从20%下降到15%,当年生叶、一年生叶和茎可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC含量降低,粗根可溶性糖和NSC含量下降,淀粉含量上升,细根可溶性糖含量减少,淀粉和NSC含量增加.沙地樟子松幼苗通过不断调整各器官NSC及其组分含量变化以适应不同干旱环境,土壤含水量下降到田间持水量的30%后,幼苗可溶性糖和NSC含量总体呈下降趋势,淀粉在粗根和细根中积累,幼苗可能因碳耗竭而死亡.     

Involvement of soluble proteins in growth and metabolic adjustments of drought‐stressed Calligonum mongolicum seedlings under nitrogen addition

• The planting of seedlings is the most effective measure for vegetation restoration. However, this practice is challenging in desert ecosystems where water and nutrients are scarce. Calligonum mongolicum is a sand‐fixing pioneer shrub species, and its adaptive strategy for nitrogen (N) deposition and drought is poorly understood.
• Thus, in a pot experiment, we studied the impacts of four N levels (0, 3, 6, 9 gN·m^?2·year^?1) under drought or a well‐watered regime on multiple eco‐physiological responses of 1‐year‐old C. mongolicum seedlings.
• Compared to well‐watered conditions, drought considerably influenced seedling growth by impairing photosynthesis, osmolyte accumulation and activity of superoxide dismutase and enzymes related to N metabolism. Nitrogen addition improved the productivity of drought‐stressed seedlings, as revealed by increased water use efficiency, enhanced superoxide dismutase and nitrite reductase activity and elevated N and phosphorus (P) levels in seedlings. Nevertheless, the addition of moderate to high levels of N (6–9 gN·m^?2·year^?1) impaired net photosynthesis, osmolyte accumulation and nitrate reductase activity. N addition and water regimes did not markedly change the N:P ratios of aboveground parts; while more biomass and nutrients were allocated to fine roots to assimilate the insufficient resources. Soluble protein in assimilating shoots might play a vital role in adaptation to the desert environment.
• The response of C. mongolicum seedlings to N addtion and drought involved an interdependency between soluble protein and morphological, physiological and biochemical processes. These findings provide an important reference for vegetation restoration in arid lands under global change.

     

岳桦幼苗光合特性和非结构性碳水化合物积累对干旱胁迫的响应

以长白山林线树种岳桦为对象,利用生长控制试验进行干旱处理,研究干旱对岳桦幼苗光合特性及非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累的影响。结果表明:干旱显著降低了岳桦幼苗的净光合速率和气孔导度,提高了其水分利用效率;干旱显著增加了岳桦幼苗叶、皮、干和根中的可溶性糖和总NSC的含量,但显著降低了淀粉含量;随着干旱的持续,叶片的气孔导度、光合速率和瞬时水分利用效率迅速降低,而可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC则是先增后减;在试验末期,叶片90%发黄,岳桦幼苗干、皮和根中可溶性糖与淀粉含量的比值均显著高于对照。这表明岳桦在受到干旱胁迫时,迅速降低气孔导度以减少水分散失,提高水分利用效率,它属于避旱型植物;岳桦通过优先储存策略来提高组织器官中可溶性糖含量、增加淀粉与糖之间的转化率来应对水分亏缺的不利环境;在遭受持续干旱,幼苗面临死亡的时候,干旱胁迫可能超过了植物自我调节的阈值,但此时其组织器官中NSC含量并未降低,这说明岳桦最终的死亡可能不是碳饥饿导致的。