口蹄疫新型疫苗研究进展

口蹄疫(FMD)是一种严重威胁畜牧业发展的重要传染病,目前世界上许多国家和地区都有该病的流行与发生.其控制措施主要是疫苗免疫,虽然传统疫苗在该病的防控中起了重要的作用,但也存在着诸多的缺点.因此研制新型的FMD疫苗是今后的发展方向.本文结合实验室在FMD新型疫苗研究方面所开展的探索性研究工作,综述了国内外在FMD基因工程弱毒苗或灭活苗、蛋白质和合成肽疫苗、空衣壳疫苗、细胞因子增强型疫苗等研究领域所取得的进展.     

转基因植物疫苗免疫原基因表达研究概述

近年来 ,随着基因工程、蛋白质工程以及免疫学理论与技术的迅速发展 ,以开发新型高效疫苗为目标的新的研究领域异常活跃 ,基因工程亚单位疫苗、基因缺失疫苗、重组病毒活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗各展风姿 ,但这些系统存在设备复杂 ,成本高 ,免疫原性较差和外源微生物污染的缺陷 .为克服上述缺陷 ,进入 2 0世纪 90年代 ,以植物为生物反应器的疫苗研究策略迅速发展 ,短短几年以植物为生物反应器的可食性疫苗取得了可喜的进展 ,这些进展也开辟了植物生物技术革命的新天地 .1　转基因植物基因疫苗研究原理和策略利用转基因植物生产疫苗 ,是将抗原基因…     

基因重组卡介苗活载体疫苗的研究进展

基因重组卡介苗（rBCG)是借助分子生物学技术,将外源基因导入BCG中构建而成的多价疫苗,rBCG可诱导长期的体液免疫和细胞免疫,初步的研究结果已显示出rBCG具有广阔的应用前景,有望发展成为一种经济有效的新型疫苗以预防传染病和一些肿瘤。     

有关疫苗的几个概念

在过去的100多年里．疫苗在预防病毒和细菌性的传染病方面起了非常大的作用,为人类健康和畜牧业的发展做出了重要的贡献。随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展和应用,近20年中．基因工程疫苗的研究取得了快速的进展,各种新型的基因工程疫苗应运而生。关于疫苗,特别是一些新型的基因工程疫苗．许多人还不是很了解．现将有关疫苗的几个概念整理如下,供教学工作者参考。     

伪狂犬病新型疫苗研究进展

伪狂犬病是多种家畜和野生动物的一种重要传染病,给世界畜牧业特别是养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失,疫苗免疫是预防控制该病的主要手段。综述了伪狂犬病亚单位疫苗,核酸疫苗,重组疫苗,基因缺失疫苗等新型疫苗的研究进展。     

伪狂犬病新型疫苗研究进展*

伪狂犬病是多种家畜和野生动物的一种重要传染病 ,给世界畜牧业特别是养猪业造成了巨大的经济损失。疫苗免疫是预防控制该病的主要手段。综述了伪狂犬病亚单位疫苗、核酸疫苗、重组疫苗、基因缺失疫苗等新型疫苗的研究进展。     

肿瘤基因疫苗的研究进展

最近,美国FDA批准上市了第一个肿瘤治疗性疫苗,成为肿瘤治疗史上的一个里程碑事件。肿瘤免疫治疗领域目前正朝着发展新型疫苗技术方向前进,理想的肿瘤疫苗应该可以产生强大、持久和有效的免疫反应,同时疫苗的制造成本低廉,可以形成标准化生产工艺。本文中所提及的基因疫苗是在肿瘤多种免疫治疗方式中新出现的一种治疗方法。多项研究已经证明,肿瘤免疫基因治疗方式可以产生有效的免疫反应,获得很好的临床效果。在本综述中,我们简要概述当前肿瘤基因疫苗的发展现状及最新研究进展,探讨肿瘤基因疫苗的未来发展趋势。     

噬菌体展示技术在疫苗研究中的应用进展

噬菌体是一种以细菌为宿主的具有严格宿主特异性的病毒,近年来由于分子生物学和基因重组技术的长足发展,藉助噬菌体的基本特性创立和发展了噬菌体展示技术,此项技术将外源肽或蛋白与特定噬菌体衣壳蛋白融合并展示于噬菌体表面。利用这项技术制作的疫苗具有安全可靠、稳定性高、免疫效果好等优点,因此,在新型疫苗的研制上具有很大的应用价值。就噬菌体展示技术及其在疫苗研究中的优势、预防性疫苗与治疗性疫苗的研究进展予以综述。     

人用疫苗佐剂研究的新趋向

随着免疫机制的进一步阐明及生物学技术的进步 ,疫苗的研究已逐渐从以往盲目筛选及混合物形式 ,向靶向和表位抗原分子设计及人工合成方向发展 ,疫苗作用的特异性与安全性均有提高。但由于绝大多数新型疫苗的免疫原性较差 ,因此对佐剂的研究提出了新的挑战 ,要求从过去单一追求诱导抗体的传统佐剂研究逐渐转向致力于细胞免疫的新型佐剂研究。新型佐剂的研究不仅对于预防性疫苗的应用具有重要意义 ,而且将有力地推动新一代粘膜疫苗、治疗性疫苗和联合疫苗的研制。人用疫苗佐剂的安全性与有效性是不可或缺的两个方面 ,目前最常见的人用疫苗佐剂…     

基因疫苗的特点、应用和最新进展

基因免疫是９０年代初刚刚兴起的新方法,受到国内外的广泛重视,成为当前分子生物学研究的重点和热点之一。本文总结了基因疫苗和基因免疫的有关概念,基因疫苗的优点和疫苗的安全性问题,研究基因疫苗和基因免疫的意义与应用,基因疫苗的免疫效果及其最新进展     

Towards universal influenza vaccines?

Vaccination is the most cost-effective way to reduce the considerable disease burden of seasonal influenza. Although seasonal influenza vaccines are effective, their performance in the elderly and immunocompromised individuals would benefit from improvement. Major problems related to the development and production of pandemic influenza vaccines are response time and production capacity as well as vaccine efficacy and safety. Several improvements can be envisaged. Vaccine production technologies based on embryonated chicken eggs may be replaced by cell culture techniques. Reverse genetics techniques can speed up the generation of seed viruses and new mathematical modelling methods improve vaccine strain selection. Better understanding of the correlates of immune-mediated protection may lead to new vaccine targets besides the viral haemagglutinin, like the neuraminidase and M2 proteins. In addition, the role of cell-mediated immunity could be better exploited. New adjuvants have recently been shown to increase the breadth and the duration of influenza vaccine-induced protection. Other studies have shown that influenza vaccines based on different viral vector systems may also induce broad protection. It is to be expected that these developments may lead to more universal influenza vaccines that elicit broader and longer protection, and can be produced more efficiently.     

Evaluation of vaccines against enteric infections: a clinical and public health research agenda for developing countries

Enteric infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. To date, vaccines have played a limited role in public health efforts to control enteric infections. Licensed vaccines exist for cholera and typhoid, but these vaccines are used primarily for travellers; and there are two internationally licensed vaccines for rotavirus, but they are mainly used in affluent countries. The reasons that enteric vaccines are little used in developing countries are multiple, and certainly include financial and political constraints. Also important is the need for more cogent evidence on the performance of enteric vaccines in developing country populations. A partial inventory of research questions would include: (i) does the vaccine perform well in the most relevant settings? (ii) does the vaccine perform well in all epidemiologically relevant age groups? (iii) is there adequate evidence of vaccine safety once the vaccines have been deployed in developing countries? (iv) how effective is the vaccine when given in conjunction with non-vaccine cointerventions? (v) what is the level of vaccine protection against all relevant outcomes? and (vi) what is the expected population level of vaccine protection, including both direct and herd vaccine protective effects? Provision of evidence addressing these questions will help expand the use of enteric vaccines in developing countries.     

新城疫疫苗研究进展

新城疫（Newcastle disease,ND）是禽类的病毒性疾病之一,能引发禽类神经系统、消化系统和呼吸系统损伤,死亡率高达30%,对家禽养殖形成了严重制约,因此,研究ND具有重要的经济意义。合理使用疫苗是防控新城疫疫情的主要方法。自1950年以来,新城疫减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗已被广泛使用,之后载体疫苗也进入商业化应用阶段。此外,疫苗佐剂的选择以及递送途径的优化也进入研究人员的视野。基于此,分析了新城疫传统疫苗、载体疫苗、病毒样颗粒疫苗的研发现状及前景,介绍了纳米粒子和新型免疫佐剂在新城疫疫苗研发过程中的应用进展,并总结了目前国内外常见的新城疫商业化疫苗,旨在为研制更高效、廉价的新城疫疫苗提供参考,从而进一步控制当前新城疫疫情的蔓延。     

Research Advances on Transgenic Plant Vaccines

In recent years, with the development of genetics molecular biology and plant biotechnology, the vaccination (e.g. genetic engineering subunit vaccine, living vector vaccine, nucleic acid vaccine) programs are taking on a prosperous evolvement. In particular, the technology of the use of transgenic plants to produce human or animal therapeutic vaccines receives increasing attention. Expressing vaccine candidates in vegetables and fruits open up a new avenue for producing oral/edible vaccines. Transgenic plant vaccine disquisitions exhibit a tempting latent exploiting foreground. There are a lot of advantages for transgenic plant vaccines, such as low cost, easiness of storage, and convenient immune-inoculation. Some productions converged in edible tissues, so they can be consumed directly without isolation and purification. Up to now, many transgenic plant vaccine productions have been investigated and developed. In this review, recent advances on plant-derived recombinant protein expression systems, infectious targets, and delivery systems are presented. Some issues of high concern such as biosafety and public health are also discussed. Special attention is given to the prospects and limitations on transgenic plant vaccines.     

轮状病毒疫苗研究现状

轮状病毒自上世纪70年代初发现至今,仍是婴幼儿病毒性腹泻最主要的病原体。每年约60万婴幼儿因轮状病毒感染导致严重脱水死亡。轮状病毒疫苗从上世纪90年代初开始研制,至今已有三种疫苗用于预防轮状病毒感染。这三种疫苗均为减毒活疫苗:其中包括单一血清型Rotarix、罗特威和重组5价疫苗RotaTeq。它们已在全球多国使用,有些国家已将其纳入免疫规划。疫苗的使用使人群轮状病毒感染下降,特别是死亡率明显减少。但也出现了一些问题,因此除了减毒活疫苗,也有一些实验室研究其他形式的疫苗,例如重组疫苗、灭活疫苗等。本文主要介绍轮状病毒疫苗的研究现状,为我国轮状病毒疫苗的研究、使用和推广提供一定理论依据。     

Application of chitosan microspheres for nasal delivery of vaccines

Nasal vaccines offer several benefits, such as highly vascular mucous membranes, low enzymatic degradation compared to oral vaccines, and greater acceptability to patients. Nasal vaccines, however, have to overcome several limitations, including mucociliary clearance and the inefficient uptake of soluble antigens. Therefore, nasal vaccines require potent adjuvants and delivery systems to enhance their immunogenicity and to protect their antigens. Chitosan is a cheap, biocompatible, biodegradable, mucoadhesive, and nontoxic natural polymer. Chitosan microspheres have been investigated to determine whether they allow the controlled release of drugs and vaccines. They have figured in various studies on the vaccine delivery system through the nasal route. Several researchers have developed modified chitosan microspheres through their concomitant use with adjuvants or immunomodulators for an additive and a synergistic effect, and through the mannosylation of chitosan for receptor-mediated targeting antigen-presenting cells. The results of the recent researches on chitosan microspheres used as a nasal vaccine delivery system are discussed in this review.     

Viral vaccines and their manufacturing cell substrates: New trends and designs in modern vaccinology

Vaccination is one of the most effective interventions in global health. The worldwide vaccination programs significantly reduced the number of deaths caused by infectious agents. A successful example was the eradication of smallpox in 1979 after two centuries of vaccination campaigns. Since the first variolation administrations until today, the knowledge on immunology has increased substantially. This knowledge combined with the introduction of cell culture and DNA recombinant technologies revolutionized vaccine design. This review will focus on vaccines against human viral pathogens, recent developments on vaccine design and cell substrates used for their manufacture. While the production of attenuated and inactivated vaccines requires the use of the respective permissible cell substrates, the production of recombinant antigens, virus‐like particles, vectored vaccines and chimeric vaccines requires the use – and often the development – of specific cell lines. Indeed, the development of novel modern viral vaccine designs combined with, the stringent safety requirements for manufacture, and the better understanding on animal cell metabolism and physiology are increasing the awareness on the importance of cell line development and engineering areas. A new era of modern vaccinology is arriving, offering an extensive toolbox to materialize novel and creative ideas in vaccine design and its manufacture.     

HIV/艾滋病疫苗:策略及展望

全球范围内艾滋病的流行使发展安全有效的疫苗势在必行。本文讨论了各种不同类型的艾滋病疫苗的优点和缺点,包括传统疫苗(灭活疫苗、减毒活疫苗)和新型疫苗(病毒颗粒样疫苗、重组亚单位疫苗、重组活载体病毒疫苗),同时也指出了发展艾滋病疫苗所面临的挑战,如病毒的变异、没有充足的动物模型和HIV感染免疫系统本身。概述了正在进行的艾滋病疫苗的临床试验,并对下一步研究进行了展望。     

Recent advances in mRNA-based vaccine for cancer therapy; bench to bedside

The messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have progressed from a theoretical concept to a clinical reality over the last few decades. Compared to conventional vaccination methods, these vaccines have a number of benefits, such as substantial potency, rapid growth, inexpensive production, and safe administration. Nevertheless, their usefulness was restricted up to now due to worries about the erratic and ineffective circulation of mRNA in vivo. Thankfully, these worries have largely been allayed by recent technological developments, which have led to the creation of multiple mRNA vaccination platforms for cancer and viral infections. The mRNA vaccines have been demonstrated as a powerful alternative to traditional conventional vaccines because of their high potency, safety and efficacy, capacity for rapid clinical development, and potential for rapid, low-cost manufacturing. The paper will examine the present status of mRNA vaccine technology and suggest future paths for the advancement and application of this exciting vaccine platform as a common therapeutic choice.     

基因疫苗及增强其免疫效应的策略

基因疫苗被视为“第三次疫苗革命”,是目前疫苗研究领域的热点,本回顾了基因疫苗的诞生,阐述了其优越性,重点讨论了增强其免疫效应的策略,包括合理的载体设计,细胞因子及共刺激分子与抗原的共表达及适宜的接种途径等。