套袋对油梨果实生长发育及品质动态变化的影响

以‘Pollock’油梨为试验材料,在第2次生理落果后采用无纺布袋、白纸袋、牛皮纸袋3种套袋材料对果实进行套袋处理,并定期测定油梨的果实色泽参数、果形指数、果皮色素含量以及果实可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、Vc、脂肪和可溶性蛋白质含量等内外品质指标的变化,探讨不同套袋材料对油梨果实生长发育过程中外观品质和内在品质的影响,为油梨高产优质栽培提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)3种套袋材料均能显著促进油梨果实的生长,显著提升成熟果实的单果重,但对果实生长发育趋势及成熟期无显著影响。(2)无纺布套袋可显著提升油梨果实的果形指数,其余2种套袋材料效果不显著;牛皮纸袋套袋虽能显著增大果实亮度,但会使果皮变黄;白纸袋和无纺布袋可提升果实亮度,但与对照无显著差异。(3)无纺布袋和白纸袋套袋处理可显著提高油梨果皮类胡萝卜素、叶绿素及果肉可溶性糖、可溶性固形物、Vc、脂肪、可溶性蛋白质含量;牛皮纸袋套袋也可显著提高油梨果肉可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、脂肪及可溶性蛋白质含量,但也显著降低了果皮叶绿素含量和果肉Vc含量,并抑制果皮类胡萝卜素的合成积累。(4)各套袋材料还可改变油梨果皮厚度,其中牛皮纸袋可显著提高果皮厚度,无纺布袋和白纸袋则降低果皮厚度,但各材料对果肉密度均无显著性影响。(5)隶属函数法综合分析显示,各套袋处理中以无纺布袋套袋效果最佳,白纸袋次之。研究发现,3种套袋材料均可显著促进油梨果实的生长发育,改善油梨果实的外观品质及内在品质,并且以无纺布套袋综合效果最佳。     

油梨的气候生态特性及布局

作者参考前人的研究资料,结合我国试种油梨的实践,对油梨的气候生态特性进行分析,探讨油梨布局问题,为生产和决策部门提供科学依据。     

油梨基因组DNA提取、SSR-PCR反应体系优化及引物筛选

旨在建立稳定可靠的油梨(Persea americana Mill)叶片DNA的提取方法和SSR-PCR反应体系及筛选出稳定的油梨SSR多态性引物,为开展油梨种质SSR分子标记提供遗传研究的基础。以油梨叶片为试材,比较3种油梨叶片DNA提取方法 ;利用L16(45)正交实验设计对油梨SSR-PCR反应体系进行优化;利用优化的反应体系筛选引物;同时,选取5对多态性引物对45份油梨种质进行PCR扩增,进一步检测该优化体系的稳定性。结果表明,常规2×CTAB法、改良2×CTAB法和植物DNA提取试剂盒法等3种DNA提取方法中,改良2×CTAB法对油梨基因组DNA的提取效果最佳;获得最优反应体系为:20μL总反应体系中,含约40 ng DNA模板、1.5 mmol/L Mg~(2+)、0.15 mmol/L d NTPs、0.5 U Taq DNA聚合酶、0.5μmol/L引物;以此体系为基础进行引物筛选,从73对油梨SSR引物中筛选出了30对扩增条带清晰的多态性引物,说明该反应体系可用于油梨SSR标记的进一步研究;稳定性检测获得的谱带清晰,表明该优化反应体系是稳定可靠的。由此可见,改良的2×CTAB法可用于油梨叶片DNA的大量样本提取,优化后的SSR-PCR反应体系及筛选出的30对多态性引物可用于油梨SSR标记的进一步研究。     

云南不同栽培区域油梨果实品质差异分析

以云南9个不同栽培区域‘哈斯’(Hass)油梨果实为试材,在同一条件下分别观测油梨果实主要内在与外观品质,分析云南不同栽培区域油梨果实主要品质差异,为探索云南油梨栽培适宜生态区域提供借鉴。结果表明：(1)油梨果实外观品质以单果重、种子重量、可食率变异系数较大,分别达到31.31%、38.09%和8.08%,并以LJ产区的油梨单果重和可食率最大;油梨果肉内在品质中以脂肪、可溶性蛋白、维生素C(Vc)含量变异系数较大,分别为37.57%、22.42%和17.89%,脂肪含量以BS产区最高,可溶性蛋白和Vc含量均以BN产区最高。(2)油梨果实Vc、总黄酮、脂肪含量以及单果果肉重、果实纵径等显著受到树龄和气候因子的综合影响。其中：树龄与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系,与单果果肉重呈显著负相关关系;经度与脂肪、可溶性固形物、干物质、可溶性蛋白含量呈正相关关系;纬度与可溶性固形物、果肉密度、种子长度呈正相关关系,与Vc、总黄酮含量呈显著负相关关系;海拔与脂肪、可溶性固形物、Vc、总黄酮含量呈正相关关系;年平均气温与果肉密度、单果重、单果果肉重、果实纵径呈正相关关系;年平均降雨量与...     

端粒保护蛋白1(POT1)的研究进展

端粒保护蛋白1(protection of telomeres 1,POT1)几乎存在于所有真核生物中,是一种高度保守表达的蛋白质,它与一系列相关的端粒结合蛋白共同参与保护端粒的结构和功能。随着近年来研究的深入,POT1与端粒的结合特点以及保护端粒的机制有了进一步的完善。此外,POT1对端粒长度的调节方式以及与肿瘤的发生、发展和细胞凋亡等关系也呈现出多样化。结合近几年的研究文献,对POT1的功能以及与其它相关蛋白的作用加以综述。     

桂北油梨抗寒性的观测

寒害是影响桂北引种油梨的重要因子。油梨品种间的抗寒性差异较大,以富尔特的抗寒性最强。油梨随着植株的生长其抗寒力显著增强。     

油梨果实生长发育过程中的物质变化

本文观测了油梨果实生长发育的情况并测定了脂肪、蛋白质及糖等物质含量的变化过程,发现其中脂肪的含量随着果实的生长显著增长,以9～10月间增长速度最快,所测品种的果实含量最高可达12.86‰,其他营养物质的变化不甚显著,本测定为油梨果实生长发育生理的研究及油梨果实的最佳收获期的确定提供了依据。     

前列腺类器官技术(POT)——前列腺干细胞和癌症研究中的“新金桶”（英文）

类器官是由单个干细胞、祖细胞或不同谱系的细胞簇在三维培养条件下自发形成类似体内组织结构的细胞簇。近年来,类器官技术为干细胞和癌症领域带来了革命性的变化。在这篇综述中,我们简要地概述了前列腺类器官技术(prostate organoid technology, POT)在前列腺研究中的进展。此外,我们也总结了POT在探究前列腺干细胞和癌症生物学以及探索前列腺癌治疗策略方面的潜在应用。最后,我们就当前POT在应用过程中的技术短板进行了讨论,并为第二代POT在研究前列腺癌细胞行为和患者对药物反应中的用途提供了全新的视角。     

DNA端粒控制的解密

维持基因组完整性是每个生物生存的关键 ,端粒保护是维持这一稳定的重要机制之一。体内有多种蛋白复合物共同作用以保证DNA末端不丢失或染色体末端不发生融合。端粒酶和其它一些蛋白在维持端粒的过程中有重要作用 ,这些蛋白如何共同维持端粒的正确长度并在细胞分裂过程中复制端粒是一个复杂的机制。Loayza等发现 ,人体内的POT1是一种与酵母细胞中结合单链端粒DNA蛋白相关的蛋白。POT1分子出现在人染色体的末端 ,而且POT1出现在染色体末端的量与多鸟嘌呤核苷酸单链重复区域多少有关 ,重复区域越多 ,POT1出现的越多。POT1不是完全靠…     

油梨胚和胚乳发育的研究

油梨胚和胚乳发育的研究彭民璋,邓九生,谢荔元（广西农垦职工大学,南宁明阳５３０２２７）油梨（Ｐｅｒｓｅａａｍｅｒｉｃａｎａ）属直生胚珠,细胞型胚乳。花后２天,合子开始分裂,此时胚乳细胞已分裂占居种腔的基部。花后５天,胚发育成具有３－４层细胞的塔形胚,...     

Dietary avocado oil supplementation attenuates the alterations induced by type I diabetes and oxidative stress in electron transfer at the complex II-complex III segment of the electron transport chain in rat kidney mitochondria

Impaired complex III activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in mitochondria have been identified as key events leading to renal damage during diabetes. Due to its high content of oleic acid and antioxidants, we aimed to test whether avocado oil may attenuate the alterations in electron transfer at complex III induced by diabetes by a mechanism related with increased resistance to lipid peroxidation. 90 days of avocado oil administration prevented the impairment in succinate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase activity caused by streptozotocin-induced diabetes in kidney mitochondria. This was associated with a protection against decreased electron transfer through high potential chain in complex III related to cytochromes c?+?c ₁ loss. During Fe²⁺-induced oxidative stress, avocado oil improved the activities of complexes II and III and enhanced the protection conferred by a lipophilic antioxidant against damage by Fe²⁺. Avocado oil also decreased ROS generation in Fe²⁺-damaged mitochondria. Alterations in the ratio of C20:4/C18:2 fatty acids were observed in mitochondria from diabetic animals that not were corrected by avocado oil treatment, which yielded lower peroxidizability indexes only in diabetic mitochondria although avocado oil caused an augment in the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids. Moreover, a protective effect of avocado oil against lipid peroxidation was observed consistently only in control mitochondria. Since the beneficial effects of avocado oil in diabetic mitochondria were not related to increased resistance to lipid peroxidation, these effects were discussed in terms of the antioxidant activity of both C18:1 and the carotenoids reported to be contained in avocado oil.     

Secretory avocado idioblast oil cells: evidence of their defensive role against a non-adapted insect herbivore

We tested the hypothesis that avocado idioblast oil cells play a defensive role against herbivorous insects. Toxicities of the intact avocado idioblast oil cells and the extracted idioblast oil were compared for three insect herbivores. Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) larvae are generalists that do not feed on avocados. By contrast, Sabulodes aegrotata (Guenée) and Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) larvae are generalist herbivores that readily feed on avocados. All bioassays were performed at a naturally occurring concentration of idioblast oil cells (2% w/w). Choice experiments showed that S. exigua larvae avoided diet treated with avocado idioblast oil cells and consume more control than treated diet. In contrast, idioblast oil cells had no significant antifeedant effects on the adapted S. aegrotata and P. includens larvae. Subsequent experiments designed to assess resistance mechanisms separated pre-ingestive (behavioral) and post-ingestive (physiological) effects of the avocado idioblast oil cells, and the extracted idioblast oil, on the two adapted herbivores. Post-ingestive adaptation was the mechanism that allows feeding. Because the impact of the avocado idioblast oil cells was greatest on the performance of non-adapted S. exigua, additional experiments determined that larvae fed diet containing the oil cells had higher mortality and reduced larval growth compared to controls. Developmental times were significantly prolonged for the survivors. Thus, increased mortality, reduced developmental rates, and antifeedant activity in the non-adapted insect indicate that defense against non-adapted herbivores may be an important function of idioblast cells in avocados.     

Avocado oil induces long-term alleviation of oxidative damage in kidney mitochondria from type 2 diabetic rats by improving glutathione status

Hyperglycemia and mitochondrial ROS overproduction have been identified as key factors involved in the development of diabetic nephropathy. This has encouraged the search for strategies decreasing glucose levels and long-term improvement of redox status of glutathione, the main antioxidant counteracting mitochondrial damage. Previously, we have shown that avocado oil improves redox status of glutathione in liver and brain mitochondria from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats; however, the long-term effects of avocado oil and its hypoglycemic effect cannot be evaluated because this model displays low survival and insulin depletion. Therefore, we tested during 1 year the effects of avocado oil on glycemia, ROS levels, lipid peroxidation and glutathione status in kidney mitochondria from type 2 diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Diabetic rats exhibited glycemia of 120–186 mg/dL the first 9 months with a further increase to 250–300 mg/dL. Avocado oil decreased hyperglycemia at intermediate levels between diabetic and control rats. Diabetic rats displayed augmented lipid peroxidation and depletion of reduced glutathione throughout the study, while increased ROS generation was observed at the 3rd and 12th months along with diminished content of total glutathione at the 6th and 12th months. Avocado oil ameliorated all these defects and augmented the mitochondrial content of oleic acid. The beneficial effects of avocado oil are discussed in terms of the hypoglycemic effect of oleic acid and the probable dependence of glutathione transport on lipid peroxidation and thiol oxidation of mitochondrial carriers.     

含硒银杏叶清除羟基自由基的ESR研究

利用电子自旋共振技术(ESR)研究了含硒银杏叶提取物对H_2O_2-Fe~(2 )体系产生的羟基自由基的清除作用.与SOD、茶多酚相比,含硒银杏叶提取物对羟基自基也有很强的清除效果.增添了有实用价值的天然、无公害的清除羟基自由基的新资源.     

Potential Use of Avocado Oil on Structured Lipids MLM-Type Production Catalysed by Commercial Immobilised Lipases

Structured Lipids are generally constituents of functional foods. Growing demands for SL are based on a fuller understanding of nutritional requirements, lipid metabolism, and improved methods to produce them. Specifically, this work was aimed to add value to avocado oil by producing dietary triacylglycerols (TAG) containing medium-chain fatty acids (M) at positions sn-1,3 and long-chain fatty acids (L) at position sn-2. These MLM-type structured lipids (SL) were produced by interesterification of caprylic acid (CA) (C8:0) and avocado oil (content of C18:1). The regiospecific sn-1,3 commercial lipases Lipozyme RM IM and TL IM were used as biocatalysts to probe the potential of avocado oil to produce SL. Reactions were performed at 30–50°C for 24 h in solvent-free media with a substrate molar ratio of 1∶2 (TAG:CA) and 4–10% w/w enzyme content. The lowest incorporation of CA (1.1% mol) resulted from Lipozyme RM IM that was incubated at 50°C. The maximum incorporation of CA into sn-1,3 positions of TAG was 29.2% mol. This result was obtained at 30°C with 10% w/w Lipozyme TL IM, which is the highest values obtained in solvent-free medium until now for structured lipids of low-calories. This strategy opens a new market to added value products based on avocado oil.     

Avocado Oil Incorporated in Ultrafine Zein Fibers by Electrospinning

Food Biophysics - The objective of this study was to encapsulate avocado oil in ultrafine zein fibers by the electrospinning technique. Avocado oil, at concentrations of 15 and 30% (w/w), was...     

The Effect of Nanostructured Chitosan and Chitosan‐thyme Essential Oil Coatings on Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Growth in vitro and on cv Hass Avocado and Fruit Quality

In this study, nanostructured edible coatings based on chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) and chitosan‐thyme essential oil nanoparticles (CSTEO‐NPs) were characterized and evaluated on in vitro growth of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and on inoculated avocado fruit cv. Hass, to evaluate their fungicidal activity and the effect on fruit quality. From TEM and particle size distribution characterization, the size of nanoparticles increased after thyme essential oil incorporation. Overall a synergistic effect between the chitosan and thyme essential oil (TEO) was observed. For in vitro evaluation, incorporation of this essential oil to CSNPs improved the control of C. gloeosporioides as there was a complete growth inhibition. CSNPs with concentrations of TEO at 3 and 5% had a fungicidal effect. The coating formulation with 55% CSTEO‐NPs notably reduced the incidence of C. gloeosporioides on avocado cv. Hass by up to 60%. Also, at the end of the 8‐day storage period, CSTEO‐NPs incorporation into the coating did not affect the quality of avocado; moreover, fruit firmness was better maintained than untreated fruit.     

Effects of different nitrogen rich substrates and their combination to the yield performance of oyster mushroom (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pleurotus ostreatus</Emphasis>)

This study was conducted to assess the effect of nitrogen (N) variations from lignocellulosic substrates of empty fruit bunch (EFB), palm oil frond (POF), palm oil trunks (POT), A.mangium bark (AB) and Cogongrass (IC), and combinations among them using biological supplements (POF and POT) for suitability as a substrate of P. ostreatus. Three different sets of substrates were evaluated in response to different parameters of P. ostreatus including spawn running, primordial initiation, fruit body yield and biological efficiency (BE). The supplementation of POT and POF generally revealed significant differences on the crop performance of P. ostreatus compared to the un-supplemented substrate. POT demonstrated reduced production time, while POF was the best supplement to promote fresh weight and BE. The most rapid spawn running took place within 18.6 ± 0.9 days, while the primordial initiation was observed within 23.2 ± 0.5 days in the combination of IC + POT. The most suitable substrate for higher mushroom weight and BE was IC + POF (19.6 ± 1.3 g; 70.5 ± 5.5%). In addition, the interval between primordial formations was found to be fastest in the un-supplemented EFB and the combination of EFB + POF, which supported a shortened production time. Therefore, IC and EFB appeared to be the better alternative materials for growing P. ostreatus, either with or without any supplementation.     

Functional dissection of human and mouse POT1 proteins

The single-stranded telomeric DNA binding protein POT1 protects mammalian chromosome ends from the ATR-dependent DNA damage response, regulates telomerase-mediated telomere extension, and limits 5'-end resection at telomere termini. Whereas most mammals have a single POT1 gene, mice have two POT1 proteins that are functionally distinct. POT1a represses the DNA damage response, and POT1b controls 5'-end resection. In contrast, as we report here, POT1a and POT1b do not differ in their ability to repress telomere recombination. By swapping domains, we show that the DNA binding domain of POT1a specifies its ability to repress the DNA damage response. However, no differences were detected in the in vitro DNA binding features of POT1a and POT1b. In contrast to the repression of ATR signaling by POT1a, the ability of POT1b to control 5'-end resection was found to require two regions in the C terminus, one corresponding to the TPP1 binding domain and a second representing a new domain located between amino acids (aa) 300 and 350. Interestingly, the DNA binding domain of human POT1 can replace that of POT1a to repress ATR signaling, and the POT1b region from aa 300 to 350 required for the regulation of the telomere terminus is functionally conserved in human POT1. Thus, human POT1 combines the features of POT1a and POT1b.     

Multiple POT1-TPP1 proteins coat and compact long telomeric single-stranded DNA

Telomeres are nucleoprotein complexes that cap and protect the ends of linear chromosomes. In humans, telomeres end in 50-300 nt of G-rich single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) overhangs. Protection of telomeres 1 (POT1) binds with nanomolar affinity to the ssDNA overhangs and forms a dimer with another telomere-end binding protein called TPP1. Whereas most previous studies utilized telomeric oligonucleotides comprising single POT1-TPP1 binding sites, here, we examined 72- to 144-nt tracts of telomeric DNA containing 6-12 POT1-TPP1 binding sites. Using electrophoretic mobility gel shift assays, size-exclusion chromatography, and electron microscopy, we analyzed telomeric nucleoprotein complexes containing POT1 alone, POT1-TPP1, and a truncated version of POT1 (POT1-N) that maintains its DNA-binding domain. The results revealed that POT1-N and POT1-TPP1 can completely coat long telomeric ssDNA substrates. Furthermore, we show that ssDNA coated with human POT1-TPP1 heterodimers forms compact, potentially ordered structures.