两个基因型水稻利用有机磷的差异及其与根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性的关系

以低磷条件下根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性有显著差异的两个基因型水稻中部51和Azucena为材料,通过琼脂培养试验研究它们在无菌条件下利用植酸钠（IHP）的情况以及接种土壤微生物对水稻利用植酸钠能力的影响.结果表明：以植酸钠为磷源生长的中部51和Azucena的植株地上部干物质量、吸磷量和磷浓度均显著低于以无机磷为磷源生长的植株,植酸钠处理的水稻植株地上部吸磷量和磷浓度也均显著高于无磷处理植株,表明无菌培养条件下水稻能部分利用植酸钠.低磷条件下两个基因型水稻根系分泌酸性磷酸酶活性显著高于正常供磷处理,且低磷条件下中部51根系分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性较高,这可能是无菌条件下中部51利用植酸钠的能力高于Azucena的机理之一.高水平植酸钠处理（0.96 mmol P·L^-1）下两个基因型水稻植株地上部干物质量、磷含量及磷浓度均显著高于低水平植酸钠处理（0.16 mmol P·L^-1）,表明底物有效性可能是影响水稻利用植酸钠能力的限制因素之一.在低水平和高水平植酸钠处理下,接种土壤微生物对两个基因型水稻植株的地上部干物质量、磷含量及磷浓度均没有显著影响,表明在本试验中接种土壤微生物并不能显著提高水稻利用植酸钠的能力.     

稻米镉积累的铁肥调控

以FeSO4和EDTA二钠亚铁（EDTA·Na2Fe,也称EDTA二钠铁）为铁肥,通过土施和叶片喷施研究不同形态铁肥及施肥方式对水稻（Oryza Sativa L．）镉积累的影响．结果显示不论施用何种形态铁肥或何种施用方式对水稻生长和产量性状均没有不利影响．土施EDTA·Na2Fe显著降低了水稻根系、地上部以及稻米（糙米和精米）中的镉含量,并且两基因型水稻精米中的镉含量远低于0．2mg／kg,达到国家限制标准．但土施FeSO4、叶面喷施FeSO4及叶面喷施EDTA·Na2Fe处理均显著增加了根系、地上部及稻米（糙米和精米）中的镉含量．结果还显示施用铁肥可显著提高稻米的铁、铜、锰含量,同时对锌含量也有影响．研究结果认为土施EDTA·Na2Fe等络合态亚铁肥,维持土壤中较高的有效态铁含量以及亚铁含量是控制稻米镉积累的一条新型可行途径．     

植酸对杂交水稻V20B种子萌发及生理特性的影响

以杂交水稻V20B 为材料,研究外源植酸对种子萌发的影响。结果表明,外源植酸浓度为10 mmol/L 时能明显抑制种子萌发。生理生化检测表明,植酸对杂交水稻种子萌发过程中α-淀粉酶活性、可溶性糖和内源植酸含量变化有不同程度的影响。     

中微量元素和有益元素对水稻生长和吸收镉的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了中微量元素和有益元素对水稻生长和吸收镉的影响。结果表明,在所有测试的元素和施用方法中,硅酸钠叶面喷施显著增加稻谷产量,而碳酸钙、硼酸、硅酸钠土施和亚硒酸钠显著降低了稻谷产量。镁、锌、铁的盐酸盐形态对水稻籽粒的增产效果优于硫酸盐形态,而钙、铜的硫酸盐形态增产效果略高于盐酸盐形态。在钙、镁、硫三种中量元素中,钙增加了水稻籽粒中的Cd浓度和吸收量,而镁和硫则降低了籽粒中的Cd浓度和吸收量,以硫磺粉处理为最低。稻草中的Cd浓度和总量均以氯化镁处理为最高,硫磺粉处理最低。镁能有效抑制Cd从秸秆向籽粒的转移,其盐酸盐优于硫酸盐。在微量元素中,锌对水稻Cd的吸收抑制作用最为显著,其次是铜,而有益元素肥料硅酸钠叶面喷施则显著增加了稻谷中的Cd浓度和吸收量。硫酸亚铁、氯化锰、氯化铜、硼酸和硼砂处理都能有效地抑制Cd从秸秆向籽粒的转移,而硅酸钠叶面喷施和锌处理则促进了Cd的转移,表明硅酸钠抑制水稻吸收Cd的机制很可能发生在土壤中,而非在植株体内或地上部分。在Cd污染土壤上选用适宜的中微量和有益元素肥料及其施用方法,能有效降低水稻对镉的吸收和稻米中的Cd含量。     

铜镉污染土壤上CO2浓度升高对籼稻稻米品质的影响

采用盆栽试验,利用开顶式气室(Open Top Chamber,OTC)研究了5个籼稻品种在高、低铜镉复合污染土壤上,CO2浓度升高对水稻生长及吸收Cu、Cd和矿质元素Fe、Zn、Ca、Mn的影响,并对稻米中Cd的安全性进行了评价,了解Cd污染对人类健康的潜在风险。结果表明:CO2浓度升高,显著降低了低复合污染土壤上稻米的生物量,而显著增加了高复合污染土壤上的稻米生物量。CO2浓度升高降低了低污染土壤上稻米Cu含量,降低幅度为4.75%—24.49%,增加了高污染土壤上稻米Cu含量,增加幅度为6.60%—40.37%;而稻米Cu的总吸收量在低、高复合污染土壤上均是降低的。低、高复合污染土壤上,CO2浓度升高显著降低了三香优974稻米的Cd含量和吸收量;增加了其他4个品种稻米Cd含量和吸收量。CO2浓度升高对不同品种稻米中Fe、Zn、Ca、Mn含量影响存在显著差异。CO2浓度正常、升高条件下,两种污染土壤上金优463稻米中Cd含量超过食品卫生标准(Cd≤0.2mg/kg),三香优974在正常CO2浓度条件下其稻米Cd含量超过食品卫生标准。在低、高复合污染土壤上,金优463和三香优974稻米中Cd的THQ值均大于1,说明对人体暴露接触的潜在风险比较严重。CO2浓度升高显著降低了三香优974稻米中Cd对人体暴露接触的潜在风险,而对其他4个水稻品种稻米Cd的THQ值影响不明显。     

14-羟芸·噻苯隆对盐胁迫下水稻光合特性、抗氧化系统及产量的影响

为探讨不同生育时期喷施能百旺2.0(0.16%14-羟芸·噻苯隆+聚谷氨酸)对盐胁迫下水稻生长及产量的缓解效应，以杂交稻湘两优900和常规稻黄华占为试材，研究连续喷施2次(分蘖期和抽穗期)或3次(分蘖期、抽穗期和灌浆期)能百旺对0.3%盐胁迫下水稻光合特性、抗氧化代谢、渗透调节和产量的影响。结果表明：盐胁迫抑制两品种水稻生长，显著降低净光合速率(P_n),使湘两优900和黄华占的产量分别降低33.7%和43.2%。叶面喷施能百旺可缓解盐胁迫对水稻生长的抑制，喷施2次显著增加湘两优900和黄华占的有效分蘖，喷施3次显著增加黄华占的株高、茎粗、总叶片数、剑叶长和倒二叶长；喷施2或3次能百旺均能显著提高两品种水稻叶片的P_n、气孔导度(G_s)和叶绿素含量，增强抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT、POD和APX)活性，上调非抗氧化剂(AsA和GSH)水平，促进脯氨酸积累，降低过氧化氢(H₂O₂)和丙二醛(MDA)含量，湘两优900和黄华占的产量在喷施2次能百旺后分别止损20.0%和14.3%,在喷施...     

NaHSO3 对水稻幼苗根系生长及生理活性影响的研究

于水稻幼苗期喷施100 mg/L NaHSO3能促进水稻幼苗根系生长,提高根系活力与呼吸强度,此与NaHS03增加稻苗叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,增加光合产物向根运输有关。     

棉花喷施核酸(DNA)效果探讨

在棉花的不同生长期采用不同浓度的脱氧核糖核酸（DNA）溶液喷施叶面,测试施用DNA对棉花生长及其产量的影响。结果表明：现蕾斯喷施促进营养生长明显,但对棉花产量影响较小;盛花期喷施对营养生长和生殖生长均有促进,棉花产量提高幅度大;浓度为1‰的DNA溶液比浓度为0．5‰的对棉花产量的提高作用大。结论：在棉花生长的盛花时期,叶面喷施‰浓度的DNA溶液,能明显促进其生长发育和产量的提高。     

蒲公英植酸对沙门氏菌抑制作用及其抑菌机理研究

为探究蒲公英植酸对沙门氏菌的抑制作用及其抑菌机理。本文利用沉淀法和离子交换法提取蒲公英植酸,滤纸片法分析蒲公英植酸对沙门氏菌(Salmonella)的抑菌作用,倍比稀释法研究蒲公英植酸的最低抑菌浓度。通过分析沙门氏菌的细胞通透性和生长动力学,结合扫描电镜和荧光显微镜研究了蒲公英植酸对沙门氏菌的抑菌机理,表明蒲公英植酸对沙门氏菌具有很好的抑菌能力,其最小抑菌浓度为0.2 mg/mL。而且植酸对沙门氏菌的抑制作用是通过破坏细胞膜达到抑菌的效果,并且植酸浓度越高,抑菌效果越显著。这表明蒲公英植酸可以有效地抑制沙门氏菌生长,其主要是通过破坏菌体细胞膜完整性,增加细胞薄膜的通透性,使细胞内容物外溢达到抑制细菌生长的目的。     

NaHSO3对水稻幼苗根系生长及生理活性影响的研究

于水稻幼苗期喷施１００ｍｇ／ＬＮａＨＳＯ３能促进水稻幼苗根系生长,提高根系活力与呼吸强度,此与ＮａＨＳＯ３增加稻苗叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,增加光合产物向根运输有关。     

离子交换法分离制备植酸的研究

本文研究了离子交换法直接从米糠酸溶液中吸附分离制备植酸的条件和方法。与植酸盐沉淀法相比,工艺简单,生产周期短,产品纯度高,为植酸的离子交换特性的理论研究和应用开发提供了重要依据。     

Evaluation of alternatives for human lysozyme purification from transgenic rice: impact of phytic acid and buffer

Producing economically competitive recombinant human lysozyme from transgenic rice demands an inexpensive purification process for nonpharmaceutical applications. Human lysozyme is a basic protein, and thus, cation exchange chromatography was the selected method for lysozyme purification. Similar to other protein production systems, the identification of critical impurities in the rice extract was important for the development of an efficient purification process. Previous adsorption data indicated that phytic acid was probably responsible for an unacceptably low cation exchange adsorption capacity. In this study, we confirm that reducing phytic acid concentration improves lysozyme binding capacity and investigate alternative process conditions that reduce phytic acid interference. Compared with the previous best process, the adsorption capacity of human lysozyme was increased from 8.6 to 19.7 mg/mL when rice extract was treated with phytase to degrade phytic acid. Using tris buffer to adjust pH 4.5 extract to pH 6 before adsorption reduced phytic acid interference by minimizing phytic acid-lysozyme interactions, eliminated the need for phytase treatment, and increased the binding capacity to 25 mg/mL. Another method of reducing phytic acid concentration was to extract human lysozyme from rice flour at pH 10 with 50 mM NaCl in 50 mM sodium carbonate buffer. A similar binding capacity (25.5 mg/mL) was achieved from pH 10 extract that was clarified by acidic precipitation and adjusted to pH 6 for adsorption. Lysozyme purities ranged from 95 to 98% for all three processing methods. The tris-mediated purification was the most efficient of the alternatives considered.     

Genetic engineering approaches to improve the bioavailability and the level of iron in rice grains

Iron deficiency is the most widespread micronutrient deficiency world-wide. A major cause is the poor absorption of iron from cereal and legume-based diets high in phytic acid. We have explored three approaches for increasing the amount of iron absorbed from rice-based meals. We first introduced a ferritin gene from Phaseolus vulgaris into rice grains, increasing their iron content up to two-fold. To increase iron bioavailability, we introduced a thermotolerant phytase from Aspergillus fumigatus into the rice endosperm. In addition, as cysteine peptides are considered a major enhancer of iron absorption, we overexpressed the endogenous cysteine-rich metallothionein-like protein. The content of cysteine residues increased about seven-fold and the phytase level in the grains about 130-fold, giving a phytase activity sufficient to completely degrade phytic acid in a simulated digestion experiment. High phytase rice, with an increased iron content and rich in cysteine-peptide, has the potential to greatly improve iron nutrition in rice-eating populations. Received: 15 April 2000 / Accepted: 12 May 2000     

Arsenic Uptake and Accumulation in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) at Different Growth Stages following Soil Incorporation of Roxarsone and Arsanilic Acid

Experiments were conducted with rice (Oryza sativa L.) by adding 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg kg^-1 of arsenic (As) to soil (with roxarsone and arsanilic acid, presented as As concentrations) at a field with an isolation chamber. The aims were to evaluate the effects of As- (roxarsone or arsanilic acid) contaminated soil on rice agronomic parameters and uptake of As in different plant parts of the rice plant. The results showed that As (roxarsone or arsanilic acid) could significantly reduce plant height, effective tiller number, straw weight and grain yield (P < 0.01). As concentrations in different parts of the plant varied with the growth stages, and behaved similarly. At the maturing stage, the level in different parts peaked in all treatments, with tissue As concentrations showing the pattern: root > leaf > stem > husk > grain. In addition, at the mature stage, the As concentrations in different parts of the rice plant increased with increasing concentrations of roxarsone and arsanilic acid. The highest concentration of As found in grain was 0.82 mg kg^-1, which did not exceed the statutory permissible limit for rice grain (1.0 mg As kg^-1), and in the leaf and stem it was approximately 6.0 mg kg^-1, which was significantly higher than that in the controls. The results showed that rice could accumulate As from contaminated soil (roxarsone or arsanilic acid), which may be transferred to human beings via the food chain.     

不同生态稻区覆膜旱作稻氮营养生理及抗逆生理特性探讨

不同生态稻区生态环境和栽培管理方式不同,覆膜旱作稻氮营养生理和抗逆生理与常规水作稻有些异同,尤其是体内NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N含量及分布差异很大.杭嘉湖平原区覆膜旱作稻生长前期受干热天气影响,其分蘖期、拔节期、孕穗期体内NO₃^--N含量较水作稻有不同程度的降低,而NH₄⁺-N含量则极显著提高;金衢盆地覆膜旱作稻孕穗期体内NO₃^--N含量比常规水作稻高,根部NH₄⁺-N含量则显著降低,茎基部和叶片NH₄⁺-N含量有一定增加.正常气候条件下两生态稻区覆膜旱作稻孕穗期叶片硝酸还原酶(NR)活性和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性较水作稻均有不同程度的提高;丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖及脯氨酸(Pro)含量与水作稻相差不大,表明不同生态稻区的覆膜旱作稻可以通过不同的栽培管理模式,促进生长发育,达到高产目的.     

不同品种水稻群体冠层光谱特征比较研究

应用分光光谱辐射仪对不同株型水稻品种的冠层光谱辐射能进行观测和计算,比较分析了不同冠层群体光谱分布特征的差异性。结果表明,不同株型水稻品种群体冠层内太阳光谱辐射反率α,透射率β和吸收率τ及消光系数K存在明显差异,尤其以蓝光辐射（400－510nm)差异最为显著。在水稻生长后期,这些差异表现更为突出。     

佳禾早占成熟种胚高效率组织培养方法的研究（简报）

In order to improve the embryogenic callus induction rate and the regeneration rate of JiaHe-ZaoZhan rice, the influence of different factors were investigated, media with different hormones were used. Induction medium was supplemented with 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D + 3 mg/L NAA + 0.1 mg/L KT + 1 mg/L phytic acid + 20 mg/L PAA. Embryogenic call were treated under the condition of 25 degrees C before transferring to regeneration medium, the regeneration medium contained 0.5 mg/L 6-BA + 3 mg/L NAA + 0.5 mg/L KT + 1 mg/L phytic acid. The experiment results indicated that the hormone treatments had certain effects on the callus induction. Under the optimal medium, culture condition and the hormone treatments, the embryogenic callus induction could reach over 95%, and dry treatment of embryogenic callus had been found to increase the frequency of plant regeneration, significantly the plant regeneration rate could reach over 80%. Transplanted into pots, the young plants grew well. Then a experimental system with stability and high regenerating efficiency has been established for the mature seeds of rice (JiaHe-ZaoZhan).     

水稻不同生育期对荧光物——铕吸收运行的研究初报

本文为探索稻田生态系统营养关系定量分析研究方法的环节之一。作者首次采用标记示踪法测定了水稻在秧苗期,分蘖期,壮苞期,抽穗期,乳熟期等5个生育期吸收铕的情况为：同一处理浓度下,水稻根、茎、叶的铕含量在分蘖期最高,抽穗期最低,水稻中铕含量随生育期呈低-高-低-高的变化规律,秧苗期根、茎、叶的铕含量相近且低;分蘖期叶中铕含量比根和茎明显高;其它3个生育期茎与叶中铕含量相近并且比根部含量高。