应用CRISPR/Cas13b编辑技术治疗TNNT2R141W转基因小鼠的扩张型心肌病

本研究旨在应用CRISPR/Cas13b系统对TNNT2R141W转基因扩张型心肌病（dilated cardiomyopathy,DCM）小鼠（DCM小鼠）进行探索性治疗,尝试发现治疗扩张型心肌病的一种新方式,为CRISPR/Cas13b系统在体内应用提供实验基础。随机设计11种Cas13b-TNNT2 gRNA并成功构建表达质粒,把它和人源TNNT2过表达质粒共同转染到293T细胞中,通过实时定量PCR（quantitative real-time PCR,Q-PCR）检测人源TNNT2 mRNA的表达水平。结果显示,gRNA 2引导Cas13b敲低目标基因的效率最高,达到80%（P<0.0001）。把gRNA2表达质粒包装到慢病毒载体中转导出生后1天的DCM小鼠原代心肌细胞,Q-PCR检测结果表明CRISPR/Cas13b系统对人源TNNT2 mRNA的敲低效率达到55%（P<0.01）。把PspCas13b和gRNA2的表达载体分别包装到AAV9病毒载体中,然后将200 μL 约1×1012 AAV9病毒颗粒通过尾静脉注射到4月龄DCM小鼠体内,待注射小鼠发育至5月龄时,Q-PCR检测结果显示,AAV9+DCM组TNNT2R141W表达水平较未注射组对照明显下降至40%（P<0.01）。对5月龄野生型（WT）、DCM（未注射病毒组）和AAV9+DCM（基因组编辑工具注射组）三组小鼠的心脏形态、心功能、心肌纤维化和心力衰竭等表型的观察结合显示：DCM小鼠的心脏形态异常,而AAV9+DCM小鼠心脏形态趋于正常;对三组小鼠的心脏进行超声心动图并对心功能指标进行统计发现,DCM组较WT组小鼠的左心室射血分数（left ventricular percent ejection fraction,LV EF%）、左心室短轴缩短率（left ventricular percent fractional shortening,LV FS%）分别下降了50.4%（P<0.0001）,55.1%（P<0.0001）,而AAV9+DCM组较DCM组小鼠的LV EF%、LV FS%分别上升了66.5%（P<0.01）,77.0%（P<0.01）;通过Q-PCR和天狼星红染色检测三组小鼠的心脏纤维化程度,结果显示DCM组较WT组小鼠的Col3a1和Postn两种纤维化基因,分别高表达5.2倍（P<0.001）、4.5倍（P<0.01）,而AAV9+DCM组较DCM组小鼠两种基因表达分别下降了2.0倍（P<0.05）、1.4倍（NS）,天狼星红染色结果显示纤维化区域明显下降;通过Q-PCR和蛋白质免疫印迹分别检测三组小鼠的心脏心力衰竭基因Nppb mRNA和Nppa蛋白质的表达水平,结果表明DCM组较WT组小鼠Nppb mRNA表达上升14.2倍（P<0.01）,而AAV9+DCM组较DCM组小鼠Nppb mRNA表达明显下降下降2.8倍（P<0.05）,Nppa蛋白质表达趋势与Nppb相同。把gRNA 5和含有R141W突变（gRNA 5T）和正常的TNNT2 mRNA（gRNA 5V）序列分别组合转染到293T细胞中,通过Q-PCR检测两种序列mRNA的表达水平。结果显示,gRNA 5T序列表达效率为30%（P<0.0001）,而并未检测到gRNA 5V mRNA的敲低。本研究通过设计靶向TNNT2R141W mRNA的gRNA,特异性敲低TNNT2R141W转基因小鼠体内突变的mRNA,有效改善了转基因小鼠的心功能,为临床进一步探索扩张型心肌病的治疗奠定了实验室基础。     

应用CRISPR/Cas9技术制备Ace2基因敲除小鼠模型及基因型的鉴定

本研究旨在应用CRISPR/Cas9技术高效构建Ace2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2)基因敲除小鼠模型,并繁殖、鉴定及验证Ace2基因敲除小鼠。通过构建靶向敲除Ace2基因的载体,体外将Cas9 mRNA和向导RNA (guide RNA, gRNA)显微注射到小鼠受精卵中,通过PCR和TA克隆测序对小鼠Ace2基因的第3至18号外显子删除情况进行检测和鉴定,繁育Ace2基因敲除小鼠并利用qRT-PCR和Western blot方法验证获得的Ace2~(-/Y)小鼠主要脏器中Ace2 mRNA和蛋白表达情况。结果显示,顺利构建表达gRNA载体并体外转录,成功将有活性的gRNA和Cas9 mRNA直接注射入受精卵,获得6只阳性F0代初建鼠,PCR和基因测序鉴定表明成功删除了小鼠Ace2基因的第3至18号外显子;F0代鼠与野生型鼠回交,得到3只阳性F1代鼠,再与野生型鼠相交配得到的后代为F2代,在F2代中选择Ace2~(-/+)雌性杂合子鼠与野生型鼠交配,获得F3代Ace2~(-/Y)雄性纯合子小鼠。qRTPCR和Western blot结果表明,F3代Ace2~(-/Y)小鼠肾脏和肺中未检测到Ace2 mRNA和蛋白表达。本方法通过CRISPR/Cas9技术成功制备了Ace2基因敲除小鼠模型,为进一步研究Ace2基因功能奠定了基础。     

人特异性CHRFAM7A基因抑制小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤炎症反应

本研究探讨人特异性CHRFAM7A基因抑制小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤早期炎症作用及其机制。 12只野生型（wild type, WT）C57BL/6成年雄性小鼠随机分为2组：野生型假手术组（WT Sham）和野生型肾缺血再灌注损伤（WT RIRI）组。12只性别、年龄匹配的 CHRFAM7A转基因（transgenic mice, GT）小鼠也随机分组为：转基因型假手术组（GT Sham）和转基因型肾缺血再灌注损伤（GT RIRI）组,每组各6只。除WT 和GT假手术组仅行剖腹手术外,所有小鼠均夹闭双侧肾蒂40 min,再灌注24 h后,留取各组小鼠血清及肾组织标本。生化分析仪检测血清中的尿素氮（BUN）和肌酐（Scr）水平;ELISA法检测白介素-8（IL-8）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF-α）和胱天蛋白酶7水平;免疫组织化学染色法检测高迁移率族蛋白1（HMGB1）表达水平;苏木-伊红（HE）染色和原位末端标记法（TUNEL）染色观察肾组织病理损伤;流式检测HK-2细胞凋亡率。结果显示,与WT Sham组对比,WT RIRI组血清中,BUN、Scr、IL-8和TNF-α含量增加（P<0.0001）;肾组织中,胱天蛋白酶7水平增高（P＜0.001）,HMGB1平均光密度值增加(P<0.0001),肾组织细胞凋亡指数（AI%）增高(P<0.0001)。与GT Sham组对比, GT RIRI组血清BUN、Scr、IL-8和TNF-α含量增加（P<0.05,P<0.0001, P<0.01, P<0.01）;肾组织中,胱天蛋白酶7水平明显增高（P＜0.01）,HMGB1平均光密度值增加(P<0.0001),肾组织细胞AI%增高(P=0.0005)。与WT RIRI组对比,GT RIRI组血清中的BUN、Scr水平降低（P<0.0001）,IL-8、TNF-α、HMGB1和胱天蛋白酶7的水平明显下降（P<0.01, P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P<0.01）,肾组织细胞凋亡指数（AI%）下降（P=0.0003）.与pLVX空载质粒+氯化钴组相比,pLVX-CHRFAM7A+氯化钴组的凋亡率(19.31%±1.45 vs 34.92%±4.21, P<0.001)明显下降。上述结果表明,人特异性CHRFAM7A基因在小鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤中,通过抑制早期的炎症反应,对肾组织发挥保护作用。     

达格列净对高血压小鼠小动脉重构的影响及机制

摘要 目的：探究钠葡萄糖共转运蛋白2抑制剂（达格列净）对高血压小鼠小动脉重构的影响及机制。方法：30只12周龄的C57BL / 6雄性小鼠纳入本研究,根据实验目的将实验小鼠分为对照组、模型组和达格列净组。检测并比较各组小鼠心脏肥大、心脏纤维化、动脉重塑、炎症因子mRNA表达、PI3K和Akt蛋白质表达以及细胞活力和细胞迁移。结果：与对照组相比,模型组收缩压和心脏/体重增加（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,达格列净组收缩压和心脏/体重降低（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,模型组RV/（LV+S）和得分增加（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,达格列净组RV/（LV+S）和得分降低（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,模型组显示血管壁增厚,透明质改变,脑小动脉管腔狭窄或闭塞（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,达格列净组降低高血压引起的小动脉重塑（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,模型组IL-1β,IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达水平增加（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,达格列净组IL-1β,IL-6和TNF-α的mRNA表达水平降低（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,模型组PI3K和Akt蛋白质表达水平增加（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,达格列净组PI3K和Akt蛋白质表达水平降低（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,模型组VEZF1,Angpt-1和IGF1表达水平降低（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,达格列净组VEZF1,Angpt-1和IGF1表达水平增加（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,模型组细胞活力和细胞迁移降低（P<0.05）。与模型组相比,达格列净组细胞活力和细胞迁移增加（P<0.05）。结论：达格列净通过抑制PI3K / Akt信号通路,降低炎症反应,增加血管生成能力,降低高血压小鼠小动脉重构。     

载脂蛋白CⅢ通过氧化应激通路促进人肾小球系膜细胞表型转分化

本研究旨在探讨富含甘油三酯的脂蛋白（triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, TRLs）中载脂蛋白CⅢ（apolipoprotein CⅢ, ApoCⅢ）的高表达对人肾小球系膜细胞（human mesangial cells, HMCs）表型转分化的作用及其机制。从正常野生型小鼠（WT）及ApoCⅢ转基因小鼠血浆中提取TRLs,在体外培养的HMCs中分别给予相同甘油三酯浓度的正常TRLs（TRL-WT）,或富含ApoCⅢ的TRLs（TRL-CⅢ）孵育12 h。结果显示,TRL-CⅢ中ApoCⅢ蛋白质表达水平约为WT小鼠TRLs的4倍。与阴性对照（NC）组相比,两种TRLs均可诱导HMCs中转分化标志物α-SMA及纤维化相关因子纤连蛋白、TGF-β1、CTGF、ColⅠ、Col Ⅳ的mRNA及α-SMA和纤连蛋白的蛋白质表达水平升高,且TRL-CⅢ较TRL-WT作用更明显。TRL-CⅢ组中,α-SMA及纤连蛋白蛋白质表达水平分别为TRL-WT组的1.4倍（P<0.05）和2.1倍（P<0.01）。与NC组相比,两种TRLs均可引起细胞内活性氧（reactive oxygen species, ROS）水平增加,且TRL-CⅢ组较TRL-WT组高1.5倍（P<0.05）;氧化应激相关因子Nox4、P22phox、PKC-β的mRNA及Nox4蛋白表达水平在两组均增高,且TRL-CⅢ较TRL-WT作用更为明显（P<0.05）。TRL-CⅢ组中,Nox4蛋白表达水平为TRL-WT组的1.6倍（P<0.01）。NADPH氧化酶抑制剂apocynin可使TRL-CⅢ引起的细胞内ROS水平下降约2倍（P<0.01）。上述转分化标志物及纤维化相关因子基因及蛋白质表达水平均明显下降。本研究表明,TRLs通过氧化应激通路促进HMCs表型转分化,ApoCⅢ的高表达进一步促进该作用。     

低氧性肺动脉高压小鼠肺组织apoE蛋白表达的变化及其意义

目的：观察低氧性肺动脉高压小鼠肺组织中载脂蛋白E（apoE）蛋白表达的变化,以探讨低氧性肺动脉高压形成过程中apoE蛋白表达的变化及可能的意义。方法：SPF级雄性野生型（WT）C57BL/6小鼠和雄性apoE基因敲除（apoE-KO）小鼠各20只,各随机再分为2组（n=10）：常氧组和低氧组,共4组。常压连续低氧3周（9%~11% O₂,23 h/d）复制慢性低氧性肺动脉高压模型,采用右心导管法测定小鼠右心室压（RVSP）,计算右心室与左心室加室间隔重量比RV/（LV+S）,ELISA法检测血浆中高密度脂蛋白（HDL）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL）和总胆固醇（TC）的含量;Western blot法检测肺组织中apoE和过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ（PPARγ）蛋白的表达。结果：①低氧组WT小鼠RVSP、RV/（LV+S）分别较常氧组高68%和59%（P均<0.05）,血浆中HDL含量及HDL/LDL比值分别较常氧组低17%和40%（P均<0.05）,同时肺、肝组织中apoE及肺组织中PPARγ的蛋白表达分别较常氧组下调48%、52%和37%（P均<0.05）,RVSP与apoE及PPARγ蛋白表达均呈显著负相关（P均<0.01）;②低氧组apoE-KO小鼠RVSP、RV/（LV+S）较常氧组分别高96%和86%（P均<0.05）,低氧组apoE-KO小鼠RVSP和RV/（LV+S）较低氧组WT小鼠分别高29%和24%（P均<0.05）。结论：小鼠低氧性肺动脉高压的形成与肺组织中apoE蛋白表达下调有关。     

基于CRSIPR/Cas9技术构建凝血因子8基因敲除小鼠模型及表型验证

基于CRISPR/Cas9技术构建凝血因子8(F8)基因敲除小鼠模型并对其表型进行初步验证。针对F8基因外显子1非编码区和外显子26下游序列设计sgRNA靶位点,体外转录获得sgRNA,与编码Cas9的mRNA混合后通过受精卵显微注射方法获得F₀代阳性敲除小鼠,通过繁育及基因型鉴定获得F8基因敲除纯合子小鼠(F8^-/-小鼠);通过逆转录PCR(RT-PCR)检测主要组织中F8基因在mRNA水平的表达情况,通过酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测血浆中F8基因在蛋白水平的表达情况;通过活化部分凝血活酶时间检测(APTT)和纤维蛋白原含量(FIB)测定实验检测F8基因敲除后小鼠凝血功能情况。PCR及测序结果表明F8基因在小鼠基因组中被成功敲除;RT-PCR 和ELISA检测结果显示,F8^-/-小鼠中F8在mRNA和蛋白水平上表达均显著低于野生型小鼠(WT小鼠)(P<0.000 1,P<0.01);APTT、FIB和滴血实验检测结果显示,F8^-/-小鼠血浆凝固时间显著高于WT小鼠(P<0....     

桑叶黄酮调控糖尿病模型小鼠心肌线粒体功能和纤维化进展的机制

摘要 目的：研究桑叶黄酮对糖尿病小鼠心肌线粒体功能和心肌纤维化的影响,并探讨其作用的具体分子机制。方法：45只ICR小鼠,随机分为3组,即正常组、模型组和桑叶黄酮组。模型组和桑叶黄酮组通过腹腔注射四氧嘧啶生理盐水溶液建立糖尿病模型,正常组小鼠腹腔注射生理盐水。桑叶黄酮组糖尿病小鼠在模型成功建立后灌胃给予桑叶黄酮（1.0 g/kg/天）治疗,正常组和模型组给予等量生理盐水治疗。治疗6周后,测定并比较三组小鼠血糖、血胰岛素、肝糖原、肝己糖激酶（HK）和丙酮酸激酶（PK）含量,心肌线粒体谷胱甘肽（GSH）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、总钙和ATP含量,以及心脏CD31、α-SMA和Collagen I mRNA表达。结果：研究期间,模型组和桑叶黄酮组小鼠分别死亡3只和1只。经桑叶黄酮治疗6周后,糖尿病小鼠血糖显著降低,血胰岛素水平、肝糖原、肝HK和肝PK含量,心肌线粒体GSH、SOD、总钙和ATP含量均显著增高（P<0.05）。心肌纤维化指标：糖尿病小鼠心肌CD31 mRNA表达水平经桑叶黄酮治疗后显著增高,而α-SMA和Collagen I mRNA表达水平却显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：桑叶黄酮可显著降低糖尿病小鼠血糖水平,改善其糖代谢和心肌线粒体损伤,延缓心肌纤维化进展。     

染色域Y样蛋白介导的组蛋白巴豆酰化与抑郁小鼠模型中NGF和炎症因子水平及神经功能紊乱的关系

摘要 目的：探究染色域Y样蛋白介导的组蛋白巴豆酰化与抑郁小鼠模型中神经生长因子（Nerve growth factor,NGF）和炎症因子水平及神经功能紊乱的关系。方法：32只成年雄性C57BL/6小鼠分为4组：对照组、模型组、CDYL过表达组、CDYL敲低组,各8只。通过慢性束缚应激诱导抑郁模型,通过旷场试验记录中心时间和中心距离,通过强迫游泳测试记录不动时间。通过RT-qPCR和蛋白质免疫印迹检测CDYL mRNA和蛋白质表达水平。通过ChIP-seq检测组蛋白赖氨酸巴豆酰化。通过ELISA检测TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6表达水平。通过RT-qPCR检测检测海马组织5-HT和IDO mRNA表达水平。通过蛋免疫组织化学染色检测检测海马组织NGF、BDNF和突触素（Synaptophysin,SYP）表达水平。通过BrdU免疫荧光染色检测神经系统的发育以及识别大脑中的神经发生。结果：模型组中心时间和中心距离较对照组降低,不动时间较对照组升高（P<0.05）。CDYL过表达组中心时间和中心距离较模型组降低,不动时间较模型组升高（P<0.05）。CDYL敲低组中心时间和中心距离较模型组升高,不动时间较模型组降低（P<0.05）。模型组CDYL mRNA和蛋白质表达水平较对照组升高（P<0.05）。CDYL过表达组CDYL mRNA和蛋白质表达水平较模型组升高（P<0.05）。CDYL敲低组TCDYL mRNA和蛋白质表达水平较模型组降低（P<0.05）。模型组组蛋白巴豆酰化水平较对照组降低（P<0.05）。CDYL过表达组组蛋白巴豆酰化水平较模型组降低（P<0.05）。CDYL敲低组组蛋白巴豆酰化较模型组升高（P<0.05）。模型组TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6表达水平较对照组升高（P<0.05）。CDYL过表达组TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6表达水平较模型组升高（P<0.05）。CDYL敲低组TNF-α,IL-1β和IL-6表达水平较模型组降低（P<0.05）。模型组5-HT mRNA表达水平较对照组降低,IDO mRNA表达水平较对照组升高（P<0.05）。CDYL过表达组5-HT mRNA表达水平较模型组降低,IDO mRNA表达水平较模型组升高（P<0.05）。CDYL敲低组5-HT mRNA表达水平较模型组升高,IDO mRNA表达水平较模型组降低（P<0.05）。模型组NGF,BDNF和SYP表达水平较对照组降低（P<0.05）。CDYL过表达组NGF、BDNF和SYP表达水平较模型组降低。CDYL敲低组NGF,BDNF和SYP表达水平较模型组升高（P<0.05）。结论：慢性束缚应激诱导抑郁模型组蛋白巴豆酰化降低、炎症因子水平升高、NGF、BDNF和SYP水平降低以及神经功能紊乱,CDYL过表达组较慢性束缚应模型激进一步加剧炎症反应和神经功能紊乱,而CDYL敲低对慢性束缚应激引起的新生细胞和未成熟神经元损伤具有保护作用。     

IFIT1负反馈上调干扰素β表达促进抗HSV-1病毒保护

Ⅰ型单纯疱疹病毒（HSV-1）是危害人类健康的常见病原体之一,能够通过受损皮肤或黏膜感染宿主细胞并引起多种疾病。HSV-1的侵入激活先天免疫模式识别受体,诱导干扰素β（IFN-β）的产生,通过表达干扰素刺激基因（ISG）发挥抗病毒功能。近年来,干扰素诱导的四肽重复蛋白1（IFIT1）在病毒感染过程中的作用引起了广大研究者的关注。然而,其具体机制尚未完全清楚。本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9技术构建了小鼠成纤维细胞（L929）IFIT1敲除细胞株,免疫印迹方法检测敲除细胞株IFIT1在蛋白质水平的表达。转染HT-DNA和Poly［I:C］刺激L929 WT和IFIT1敲除细胞株,实时定量PCR技术检测发现,HT-DNA刺激敲除细胞时,IFN-β及下游ISGs的表达量显著升高。IFN-β的表达量比 L929-WT组平均高出13.4倍,IFIT1和趋化因子10（CXC chemokine ligand-10,CXCL10）的表达量比L929 WT组分别平均高出 6.7倍和21倍(P<0.001）,而Poly［I:C］刺激无明显变化（P>0.05）,表明IFIT1是通过DNA信号通路来行使其负反馈调节作用。为研究IFIT1基因的抗病毒作用,利用CRISPR/Cas9技术改造的HSV-1-VP26 mCherry 病毒感染该敲除细胞株,通过测定病毒荧光数及病毒拷贝数,发现IFIT1敲除细胞株与L929 WT细胞相比,存活率提高了60%（P<0.001）,病毒增殖能力在48 h后降低28.6倍（P<0.001）。该结果表明,IFIT1基因的缺失有利于抵抗HSV-1的感染。综上所述,IFIT1通过DNA信号通路负反馈上调IFN-β及ISG的表达,IFIT1的缺失对病毒入侵发挥了保护作用。该结果为后续研究开发治疗HSV-1感染相关的治疗药物提供了一个新思路。     

Physical and functional mapping of rat-liver mitochondrial DNA

Summary Rat-liver mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) contains 2 cleavage sites of the restriction endonuclease XbaI. The molecular sizes of restriction fragments are 6.6×10⁶ and 3.7×10⁶ D. The results of partial cleavage of mtDNA with EcoRI allow the fragment F (0.32×10⁶ D) to be localized in the sequence ABCEGFHDA. The functional map of mtDNA is constructed for two genes of the ATP-ase mRNAs from rat-liver mitochondria. Molecular hybridization shows that the ATPase genes are located in fragment B and in the GEHD area of mtDNA EcoRI cleavage.     

Segments of mitochondrial DNA of yeast carrying antibiotic resistances

Summary Mitochondrial DNA was isolated from an oligomycin-resistant petite mutant of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It had repeated sequences of 3600 base pairs. This segment was about one twentieth of the whole mtDNA of wild type yeast, which had a size of 74 kilo base pairs.This segment of mtDNA had one cleavage site for a restriction endonuclease, Hind II, which was more resistant to cleavage than the other Hind II sites in wild type mtDNA. It had two cleavage sites for Hha I and gave two Hha fragments, which were arranged alternatively. Digestion with Hae III gave four fragments and these fragments were mapped.Mitochondrial DNA of this mutant showed a loss of heterogeneity in a melting profile. It melted within a narrow range of temperature, which was similar to that of poly dA·poly dT. Its differential melting curve was significantly different from that of wild type mtDNA.Mapping of mtDNA of a wild type yeast was carried out with restriction endonucleases. Fragments of mtDNA, which were isolated from petites carrying oligomycin-erythromycin-chloramphenicol-resistance and erythromycin-chloramphenicol resistance were also mapped. Loci of oligomycin-resistance, erythromycin-resistance and chloramphenicol-resistance were investigated based on the maps of Eco R I fragments and Hind II fragments.     

Construction and analysis of recombinant lambda phages containing mitochondrial DNA fragments.

Rat mtDNA has a molecular length of about 16 kilobase (kb) pairs and is cleaved into seven fragments by restriction endonuclease EcoRI. These fragments were cloned in Escherichia coli K-12 host using lambda gtWES.lambda B' (lambda gtWES.lambda B, for short, in this paper) as a vector. Recombinant DNAs containing one or a few fragments of the mtDNA were transfected to CaCl2-treated E. coli, and the plaques containing specific recombinant phages were selected. DNA amplified in the recombinanat phage lambda gt.mt was shown to contain the same restriction endonuclease cleavage sites as those found in the mtDNA. Present results permitted the DNA sequencing of any portion of the mitochondrial genome.     

The heterogeneity of rat-liver mitochondrial DNA

Two types of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can be distinquished in an inbred strain of rats of the Wistar type. The population of DNA molecules of the liver of one single rat is homogeneous. This was shown for a number of 100 animals and confirms the data of other investigators. The two types of mitochondrial DNA, designated A and B, differ in their number of cleavage sites for the restriction endonucleases Eco RI (2sites), Hind II (1 site) and Hha I (1 site). No differences were found for the restriction enzymes Bam HI, Hap II, Hind III and Hpa I. The degree of sequence divergence of the two types of DNA is calculated to be roughly 5% on the basis of these observations. From 20 rats part of the liver was taken and the mtDNA was characterized. Heterologous and homologous crosses between type A and type B rats were made. Analysis of the offspring revealed strictly maternal inheritance of the A and B mtDNA traits. For purposes of base-sequence analysis and RNA.DNA hybridization the strain could easily be "purified" genetically.     

Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in pigs based on restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns

Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of pigs and Japanese wild boars were analyzed using 17 enzymes which recognize six nucleotides. The map of cleavage sites was made by double-digestion methods. Polymophism of mtDNA was detected in the digestion by BglII, EcoRV, ScaI, and StuI. The restriction cleavage patterns were identical among the breeds of Landrace, Hampshire, Duroc I, and Large White I (A type). The patterns of Large White II were the same as those of Japanese wild boars (B type). A difference between the A type and the B type of mtDNA was found in the case of three restriction enzymes, BglII, ScaI, and StuI, and the nucleotide alterations between them were estimated as more than six. On the other hand, a difference between mtDNA from almost all pigs and mtDNA from Duroc II was detected using EcoRV. We suggest that the difference of mtDNA between the A type and the B type of mtDNA could result from the different origin of boars, that is, whether they were of European or Asian origin.     

Ovine mitochondrial DNA: restriction enzyme analysis, mapping and sequencing data

Restriction endonuclease fragment patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in sheep were analysed with 11 enzymes. Four breeds (Merinolandschaf, Rhoenschaf, Schwarzkoepfiges Fleischschaf and Skudde) of domestic sheep and European Mouflon were examined. A restriction map with 28 cleavage sites of seven enzymes was established. KpnI and PstI do not cut ovine mtDNA. Two EcoRI fragments of Merinolandschaf, Rhoenschaf and Mouflon each were cloned and partially sequenced. Intraspecific nucleotide sequence differences within 1.101 kb ranged from 0.09 to 0.27%. Hybridization analysis with a fragment of porcine mtDNA along with sequencing data from cloned fragments was used for orientation of the restriction map along the bovine sequence. Ovine mtDNA sequences encompassing parts of the Cyt.b-, ND5-, CoIII- and ATPase6 genes were compared with the corresponding sequences of the bovine mtDNA.     

Cloning and characterization ofDaphnia mitochondrial DNA

Summary The mitochondrial genome ofDaphnia pulex (Crustacea, Cladocera) was cloned as a single fragment into the plasmid vector pUC12. The genome size, estimated from restriction endonuclease fragment lengths, is 15,400±200 base pairs. The GC content, estimated from thermal denaturation studies, is 42%. The positions of 39 cleavage sites were mapped for 14 restriction enzymes. The distribution of these sites within the genome is random (P=0.44). Heterologous hybridizations withDrosophila sylvestris mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) probes indicate that gene orders withinDaphnia andDrosophila mtDNAs are similar.     

Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA from virus-transformed, tumor and control cells of human, hamster and avian origin. Sequence conservation and intraspecific variation

This study compares over 70 recognition sites for restriction endonucleases on mtDNAs from various control versus malignant cells, derived from Syrian hamster, chick embryo, viper and human cells, exhibiting a wide spectrum of cellular transformation and tumor histories. Agents for transformation in vitro and in vivo include Rous sarcoma viruses, simian virus 40, polyoma virus and adenovirus. The results show a striking intraspecific sequence homogeneity of different mtDNAs regardless of tissue origin and oncogenic history. mtDNA from human biopsy specimens of tumor versus pathologically normal areas yielded indistinguishable restriction cleavage patterns reflecting either the "wild-type' form (with seven restriction endonucleases) or, in one individual, a variant pattern detected with HpaI. The precise position of the HpaI variant site was determined on the physical map of human mtDNA. Additional cleavage sites in the previously reported restriction map of Syrian hamster mtDNA are also presented. It is concluded that (1) mtDNA sequence in higher animal cells are highly conserved in malignant transformation; (2) no evidence for integration of viral sequences in mtDNA is apparent; (3) variant patterns in mtDNA are likely to be intraspecific polymorphisms that pre-exist neoplastic transformation. The possibility is discussed that altered regulatory interaction with the mitochondrial genome, rather than evident changes in mtDNA primary structure, determine anomalous mitochondrial functions in malignant transformation.     

Pig mitochondrial DNA: Polymorphism,restriction map orientation,and sequence data

Restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in pigs were analyzed using 18 enzymes which recognize six nucleotides and 1 four-nucleotide-recognizing enzyme. Pigs including Taiwan native breeds and miniature strains maintained in Japan were examined in this study; four commercial breeds of pigs and Japanese wild boars have been investigated earlier [Watanabe, T., et al. (1985). Biochem. Genet. 23:105]. mtDNA polymorphisms were observed in the cleavage patterns of five restriction enzymes, Bg1II, EcoRV, ScaI, StuI, and TaqI. The results support the previous hypothesis that pigs must be derived from two different maternal origins, European and Asian wild boars, and that a breed, Large White, arises from both European and Asian pigs. Two HindIII cleavage fragments were cloned into the HindIII site of M13mp10 and were partially sequenced by the dideoxynucleotide-chain termination method. Furthermore, DraI and StuI cleavage sites were newly determined on the restriction endonuclease map. On the basis of these results, the restriction endonuclease cleavage map of pig mtDNA was rewritten. Comparing sequence data of pig mtDNA at 237 positions with those of cow, human, mouse, and rat mtDNA, the sequence difference, silent and replacement changes, and transitions and transversions among mammalian species were estimated. The relationships among them are discussed.     

Restriction endonuclease analysis of mitochondrial DNA of three farm animal species: Cattle, sheep and goat

Five restriction endonucleases (HindIII, BgIII, EcoRI, EcoRV and BamHI) were employed to analyse mitochondrial DNA of cattle, sheep and goat. The results showed completely different restriction patterns of mtDNA among the three bovid species. A total of 11, 16, and 17 restriction fragments in cattle, sheep and goat respectively, were detected by the five restriction endonucleases. Average total sizes of mtDNA of cattle, sheep and goat were found to be 16.49 ± 0.18, 16.30 ± 0.25 and 16.44 ± 0.08 kb, respectively. The mtDNA cleavage patterns were identical for all seven individuals belonging to two cattle breeds and for 10 individuals from one sheep breed.