小慈姑的遗传多样性和居群分化

小慈姑是中国南部狭域分布的易危水生植物。采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳和等位酶分析方法,研究了该种江西东乡、湖南茶陵、广西桂林和福建武夷山4个地点的8个自然居群的遗传分化及其与地理位置的相关性。9个酶系统18个等位酶位点的检测结果表明,小慈姑有较高水平的遗传多样性:多态位点百分率P=16.67%—38.89%,平均每位点等位基因数A=1.278—1.833,平均预期杂合度He=0.0941—0.1928,平均观察杂合度Ho=0.1461—0.2127。居群之间有较高的遗传一致度I=0.7161—0.9965。根据Nei s遗传距离所作出的聚类分析显示,同地居群之间有较紧密的遗传关系,居群间的遗传分化与空间距离呈正相关。     

毛茛叶报春的遗传多样性及遗传结构

毛茛叶报春(Primula ranunculoides)是我国特有的珍稀濒危花卉,具较好的园艺开发潜力,其野生种群已十分稀少。本文利用9对微卫星引物对7个自然种群共222个个体的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行了研究。结果表明,与近缘种相比,毛茛叶报春具较低的遗传多样性,种群间分化明显。种群的平均观察杂合度为0.286,期望杂合度为0.330,种群遗传多样性与植株密度有显著的正相关性,而与种群大小和面积无显著相关性。种群间的平均基因流Nm=0.730。AMOVA分析表明毛茛叶报春有48.08%的变异存在于种群间,51.92%出现在种群内。毛茛叶报春种下的遗传结构与地形关系密切,山脉间的两湖平原(江汉平原和洞庭湖平原)及武宁和修水低洼农耕区等异质生境是其主要的基因流屏障。建议将毛茛叶报春划分为九岭山、幕阜山、七姊妹山和银炉4个单元进行遗传多样性管理。     

迁地保护中普通野生稻和长喙毛茛泽泻种群动态及评价

通过对江西东乡含濒危植物普通野生稻（Ｏｒｙｚａｒｕｆｉｐｏｇｏｎ）和长喙毛茛泽泻（Ｒａｎａｌｉｓｍａｒｏｓｔｒａ－ｔｕｍ）的群落在余江县实施重建,研究并评价了迁地保护后的濒危植物种群动态。结果表明,普通野生稻种群呈迅速增长的趋势,分布面积迅速扩大,有性繁殖正常,实生苗补充在种群增长中起重要作用;无性繁殖旺盛,对新生境表现出良好的适应性。在两年实验研究期间,长喙毛茛泽泻种群数量和分布面积迅速扩大,在良好生境中通过有效扩散使种群占据塘底有利生境,并通过无性繁殖及短暂有性繁殖实现种群更新。两个濒危种迁地保护是成功的,杂草是阻碍两个濒危植物种群增长的主要原因,水位控制是实验塘生境管理的重要手段。     

慈姑属植物的生态及进化生物学研究进展

慈姑属(Sagittaria L.)隶属于泽泻科,是世界广布的水生植物,其生境多样、叶形和繁殖表型复杂,进化地位较特殊,是生态和进化生物学研究较典型的材料。笔者在查阅相关慈姑属研究的大量文献的基础上,对前人研究的物种、探讨的问题及研究结果进行了归纳与总结:慈姑属物种存在广布种和濒危种,且个别物种的濒危现状可能与其生境条件相关;慈姑属的个别种类成为稻田入侵杂草,其竞争能力因慈姑种类及水稻栽培品种的不同而各异;环境对慈姑属植物有很强的塑造作用,不同环境还会造成慈姑所在的水生植物群落结构发生变化;慈姑属植物具有较高的遗传多样性;在繁殖方面,慈姑属植物体现出不同繁殖方式和两性功能的权衡,以及在繁育系统上从雌雄同株到雌雄异株的进化途径。本文还提出了相关研究存在的不足、研究中应注意的科学问题,并对慈姑属植物未来的研究方向提供了新思路。     

矮慈姑的传粉机制与交配系统

对矮慈姑（ＳａｇｉｔａｒｉａｐｙｇｍａｅａＭｉｑ）的传粉过程与花粉流作了观察,用同工酶遗传标记法对其一个自然居群的异交率作出定量估计。在自然及人工居群中均观察到虫媒传粉,其中有较大比例的近距离传粉。未检出风媒花粉流。自交可育,同时存在雌雄同株和花序内雌雄花异熟等异交机制。异交率估计结果（ｔ＝４９９％）表明其交配系统为异交／自交兼性系统。作者认为,其较大比例的自交应归因于同株之不同克隆分株间交配的频繁发生     

不同生境内濒危植物长喙毛茛泽泻种群数量动态比较

湖南茶陵自然种群动态在一年内表现为春季数量下降，以后振荡变化。在以莼菜为主的样方中，种群在夏季以后一直呈增加趋势，至冬季末数量下降；在杂草拥挤的样方内，种群基本呈下降趋势。湖北武汉，网室中迁地保护的种群生长在理想条件下，单一种群呈逻辑斯缔（Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ）增长，方程为Ｎ（株／ｍ２）＝８４０１＋ｅ４．４７７－０．２６４ｔ。江西东乡回归原产地的种群在回归当年经过精心照顾，种群呈增加趋势，次年随着杂草茂盛生长，种群数量迅速下降，种群具消失的危险。长喙毛茛泽泻种群数量的变动很大程度上受水位变化和杂草干扰的影响。实验结果表明，长喙毛茛泽泻种群能成功地实施迁地保护。     

青岛耐冬山茶的多样性（Ⅱ）

采用等位酶电泳技术,检测了青岛近海岛屿———长门岩岛、大管岛和浙江普陀山的天然山茶居群的遗传状况,并与青岛植物园和杭州植物园的栽培山茶居群作了比较。分析结果表明：青岛近海岛屿山茶居群内的遗传多样性水平较高,每个位点的等位基因平均数为２３,多态位点比率为８３３％,平均观察杂合度与期望杂合度分别为０２４５及０３２０,这个结果可以为青岛耐冬山茶的保护提供依据。为了探讨形态分化与等位酶变异之间的关系,对山茶居群内一些形态特殊类型的酶谱作了比较     

花蔺和黄花蔺居群遗传结构比较研究

采用垂直板型聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,分别通过１９和２１个等位酶位点测定了花蔺３个居群和黄花蔺４个居群的遗传结构与基因流。两类群都维持较高水平的遗传多样性。花蔺居群期望杂合度、固定指数、异交率和遗传分化分别为０．１４４、０．１７４、９４．０％和０．２００,显示出异交繁育系统类型。黄花蔺居群期望杂合度、固定指数、异交率和遗传分化分别为０．０７６、０．４１５、５８．５％和０．３９１。表明其异交＋自交的敏     

中国苦荞麦及其近缘种的遗传多样性研究

采用等位酶电泳技术测定了四川,云南省27个县,市的苦荞麦及其近缘种共8种1变种50个居群的遗传多样性和分化,经过7个酶系统的12个位点的检测,完成了遗传多样性,杂合性基因多样度比率,遗传距离和遗传一致度的测量,结果表明,栽培苦荞麦的遗传多样性较低,各种野荞麦的遗传多样性较高,这些种的近交繁育系数F值－0．54－0．80,为随机交配的居群,杂合体过多,营养繁殖为主的金荞麦的FST值最高,相对较多的遗传多样性存在于居群间,长柄野荞麦相对较少的遗传多样性存在于居群间,更接近于自由交配,苦荞麦及其近缘种种间的遗传一致度平均值55．30％－65．20％,与种子植物属内种间遗传一致度平均值接近,指出细柄野荞麦是与栽培的苦荞麦和荞麦的亲缘关系最近的野生种,金沙江流域是苦荞麦及其近缘种的分布中心和起源中心。     

桂东南地区普通野生稻遗传多样性研究

利用25个微卫星位点对广西壮族自治区贺州、崇左、防城港3市8个居群301份普通野生稻材料的遗传多样性和遗传结构进行研究,结果表明桂东南地区普通野生稻遗传多样性丰富,平均等位基因数A=10.2400,有效等位基因数Ae=5.0221,平均期望杂合度He=0.7641,实际观察杂合度Ho=0.4840.根据固定指数(F=0.5653)计算出的异交率(t=0.2777)表明,普通野生稻的繁育系统是典型的混合繁育系统.对其遗传结构分析表明,总的遗传变异中有34.59%存在于居群间(Fst=0.3459).进一步研究发现大多数居群偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡且杂合体不足(Fis=0.2680,Fit=0.4817).最后根据各居群的遗传变异特点和遗传多样性比较,建议居群QT、YJ和TJ需要优先保护.     

Phylogenetic Relationship of Chinese Sagittaria Species (Alismataceae) Based on AP-PCR Analysis

The arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction(AP-PCR) technique was applied to the analysis of the phylogenetic relationships among species of Chinese Sagittaria except S. natans which is not included in this study. One hundred and twenty-seven polymorphism DNA fragments were generated by ten arbitrarily primers and used to calculate the genetic distance. A phylogenetic dendrogram was constructed based on genetic distance by UP-GMA method. The results show that Chinese Sagittaria can be divided into three groups, which are composed of seven species and three varieties or forms except S. natans. Thethree groups are: group I ,with only one species S. guayanensis; group Ⅱ ,composed of S. tengtsungensis, S. wuyiensis, S. lichuanensis and Segittaria sp.; group Ⅲ, S. potamogetifolia, S. pygmaea, S. trifolia var. trifolia, S. trifolia var. sinensis, S. trifolia f. longiloba. Results of the present study are congruent with those based on morphologi-cal and karyotypical ones.     

繁殖方式对矮慈姑生长的影响

矮葱姑的种子繁殖和球茎营养繁殖对植株生物量和高度都有明显的影响。种子繁殖苗生物量的增长曲线方程不同球茎繁殖苗的生物量增长曲线方程从生物量比较可见,在生长初期。球茎繁殖苗的生物量远大于种子繁殖苗。生长过程中,种子繁殖苗的生长速率大于球茎繁殖苗。在生长后期,二者生物量接近。种子繁殖苗的高度动态方程与球茎繁殖苗的高度动态方程也不一样。种子繁殖苗和球茎繁殖苗高度的增长速率在生长的前期均高于生长后期。     

Inbreeding, outbreeding and environmental effects on genetic diversity in 46 walleye (Sander vitreus) populations

Genetic diversity is recognized as an important population attribute for both conservation and evolutionary purposes; however, the functional relationships between the environment, genetic diversity, and fitness-related traits are poorly understood. We examined relationships between selected lake parameters and population genetic diversity measures in 46 walleye (Sander vitreus) populations across the province of Ontario, Canada, and then tested for relationships between six life history traits (in three categories: growth, reproductive investment, and mortality) that are closely related to fitness, and genetic diversity measures (heterozygosity, d2, and Wright's inbreeding coefficient). Positive relationships were observed between lake surface area, growing degree days, number of species, and hatchery supplementation versus genetic diversity. Walleye early growth rate was the only life history trait significantly correlated with population heterozygosity in both males and females. The relationship between FIS and male early growth rate was negative and significant (P < 0.01) and marginally nonsignificant for females (P = 0.06), consistent with inbreeding depression effects. Only one significant relationship was observed for d2: female early growth rate (P < 0.05). Stepwise regression models showed that surface area and heterozygosity had a significant effect on female early growth rate, while hatchery supplementation, surface area and heterozygosity had a significant effect on male early growth rate. The strong relationship between lake parameters, such as surface area, and hatchery supplementation, versus genetic diversity suggests inbreeding and outbreeding in some of the populations; however, the weak relationships between genetic diversity and life history traits indicate that inbreeding and outbreeding depression are not yet seriously impacting Ontario walleye populations.     

The consequences of mating over a range of parental genetic similarity in a selfing allopolyploid plant species

In diploids, F(1) offspring performance is expected to increase with increasing genetic dissimilarity between the parents until an optimum is reached because outbreeding mitigates inbreeding depression and maximizes heterosis. However, many flowering plant species are derived through allopolyploidization, i.e. interspecific hybridization with genome doubling. This mode of plant speciation can be expected to considerably alter the consequences of inbreeding and outbreeding. We investigated the F1 fitness consequences of mating over a range of (genetic) distances in the allohexaploid plant species Geum urbanum. Offspring was raised under controlled conditions (632 plants). The performance of outcrossed progeny was not significantly better than that of their selfed half-siblings and did not increase with parental genetic dissimilarity (0-0.83). Our findings support low, if any, inbreeding depression and heterosis. We attribute this to the peculiar state of quasi-permanent heterozygosity in allopolyploids and frequent selfing.     

The evolution and maintenance of monoecy and dioecy in Sagittaria latifolia (Alismataceae)

Plant species rarely exhibit both monoecious and dioecious sexual systems. This limits opportunities to investigate the consequences of combined versus separate sex function on mating patterns and genetic variation and the analysis of factors responsible for the evolution and maintenance of the two sexual systems. Populations of the North American clonal aquatic Sagittaria latifolia are usually either monoecious or dioecious and often grow in close geographic proximity. We investigated mating patterns, genetic structure, and relationships between the two sexual systems using allozyme variation in populations from southern Ontario, Canada. As predicted, selfing rates in monoecious populations (n = 6, mean = 0.41) were significantly higher than in dioecious populations (n = 6, mean = 0.11). Moreover, marker-based estimates of inbreeding depression (delta) indicated strong selection against inbred offspring in both monoecious (mean delta = 0.83) and dioecious (mean delta = 0.84) populations. However, the difference in selfing rate between the sexual systems was not reflected in contrasting levels of genetic variation. Our surveys of 12 loci in 15 monoecious and 11 dioecious populations revealed no significant differences in the proportion of polymorphic loci (P), number of alleles per locus (A), or observed and expected heterozygosity (H(o) and H(e), respectively). Strong inbreeding depression favoring survival of outcrossed offspring may act to maintain similar levels of diversity between monoecious and dioecious populations. Despite geographical overlap between the two sexual systems in southern Ontario, a dendrogram of genetic relationships indicated two distinct clusters of populations largely corresponding to monoecious and dioecious populations. Reproductive isolation between monoecious and dioecious populations appears to be governed, in part, by observed differences in habitat and life history. We suggest that selfing and inbreeding depression in monoecious populations are important in the transition from monoecy to dioecy and that the maintenance of distinct sexual systems in S. latifolia is governed by interactions between ecology, life history, and mating.     

Pollen tube reallocation in two preanthesis cleistogamous species, Ranalisma rostratum and Sagittaria guyanensis ssp. lappula (Alismataceae)

Pollen deposition on stigmas and pollen tube growth in two apocarpous species, Ranalisma rostratum and Sagittaria guyanensis ssp. lappula (Alismataceae), were examined with fluorescence microscopy. The reallocation of pollen tubes among pistils was observed in both species. The percentage of pollinated stigmas per flower was only 22.0% in R. rostratum and 51.0% in S. guyanensis, though the seed/ovule ratios are higher than 65% in both species. The number of pollen grains on each single stigma ranged from 0 to 96 in R. rostratum, and from 0 to 125 in S. guyanensis. When more than one pollen grain deposited on a stigma, all pollen tubes grew to the ovary, but only one of them turned towards the ovule and finally entered the nucleus. The other tubes grew through the receptacle tissue into ovules of adjacent carpels whose stigmas were unpollinated or pollinated later. The intercarpellary growth of pollen tubes could be a mechanism to increase the efficiency of sexual reproduction in an apocarpous gynoecium with low pollination on the pistils.     

Outbreeding effects in an inbreeding insect,Cimex lectularius

In some species, populations with few founding individuals can be resilient to extreme inbreeding. Inbreeding seems to be the norm in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, a flightless insect that, nevertheless, can reach large deme sizes and persist successfully. However, bed bugs can also be dispersed passively by humans, exposing inbred populations to gene flow from genetically distant populations. The introduction of genetic variation through this outbreeding could lead to increased fitness (heterosis) or be costly by causing a loss of local adaptation or exposing genetic incompatibility between populations (outbreeding depression). Here, we addressed how inbreeding within demes and outbreeding between distant populations impact fitness over two generations in this re‐emerging public health pest. We compared fitness traits of families that were inbred (mimicking reproduction following a founder event) or outbred (mimicking reproduction following a gene flow event). We found that outbreeding led to increased starvation resistance compared to inbred families, but this benefit was lost after two generations of outbreeding. No other fitness benefits of outbreeding were observed in either generation, including no differences in fecundity between the two treatments. Resilience to inbreeding is likely to result from the history of small founder events in the bed bug. Outbreeding benefits may only be detectable under stress and when heterozygosity is maximized without disruption of coadaptation. We discuss the consequences of these results both in terms of inbreeding and outbreeding in populations with genetic and spatial structuring, as well as for the recent resurgence of bed bug populations.     

Effect of the breeding system on the genetic structure in threeCephalanthera spp. (Orchidaceae)

The genetic variation of seven enzymes for a total of nine loci was investigated in three species of terrestrial orchids of the genusCephalanthera:C. longifolia, C. rubra, andC. damasonium. These species are characterized by presenting different breeding types: outbreeding , outbreeding with facultative vegetative reproduction, and inbreeding, respectively. Electrophoretic evidence points to a difference in the behaviour of each of the three species which seems strictly related to the breeding type. On the basis of our resultsC. longifolia behaves as a normal outbreeder, whileC. rubra presents the influence of vegetative reproduction in some populations and not in others.C. damasonium shows a total lack of both among and within populations genetic variation, which is most probably due to the autogamic breeding type.     

Outbreeding depression and breeding system evolution in small,remnant populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Primula vulgaris</Emphasis>: consequences for genetic rescue

Many species suffer from anthropogenic habitat fragmentation. The resulting small and isolated populations are more prone to extinction due to, amongst others, genetic erosion, inbreeding depression and Allee-effects. Genetic rescue can help mitigate such problems, but might result in outbreeding depression. We evaluated offspring fitness after selfing and outcrossing within and among three very small and isolated remnant populations of the heterostylous plant Primula vulgaris. We used greenhouse-grown offspring from these populations to test several fitness components. One population was fixed for the pin-morph, and was outcrossed with another population in the field to obtain seeds. Genetic diversity of parent and offspring populations was studied using microsatellites. Morph and population-specific heterosis, inbreeding and outbreeding depression were observed for fruit and seed set, seed weight and cumulative fitness. Highest fitness was observed in the field-outcrossed F1-population, which also showed outbreeding depression following subsequent between-population (back)crossing. Despite outbreeding depression, fitness was still relatively high. Inbreeding coefficients indicated that the offspring were more inbred than their parent populations. Offspring heterozygosity and inbreeding coefficients correlated with observed fitness. One population is evolving homostyly, showing a thrum morph with an elongated style and high autonomous fruit and seed set. This has important implications for conservation strategies such as genetic rescue, as the mating system will be altered by the introduction of homostyles.