饲料蛋白质水平与投喂频率对大黄鱼生长、体组成及蛋白质代谢的影响

以初始体重为(13.640.18)g的大黄鱼( Pseudosciaena crocea R.) 幼鱼为实验对象, 采用32双因子实验, 研究饲料蛋白质水平(40%、45%、50%)和投喂频率(2次/d、1次/d)及其交互作用对其生长、体组成和蛋白质代谢的影响。养殖实验在海水浮式网箱中进行, 养殖周期为8周。结果表明: 饲料蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼的增重率(WGR)、特定生长率(SGR)和饲料转化率(FCR)均影响显著(P0.05)。在40%和45%蛋白质组, 1次/d投喂的大黄鱼幼鱼的WGR和SGR均显著低于2次/d投喂组, 而FCR则相反。在2次/d投喂时, 45%蛋白质组的大黄鱼幼鱼SGR显著高于40%蛋白质组, 但与50%蛋白质组差异不显著(P0.05)。而在1次/d投喂时, 50%蛋白质组的大黄鱼幼鱼SGR显著高于40%和45%蛋白质组。在两种投喂频率下, 随着饲料蛋白质水平提高, 鱼体水分含量均有升高趋势, 蛋白质含量显著升高而脂肪含量显著下降(P0.05)。饲料的蛋白质水平和投喂频率分别对大黄鱼幼鱼的肝脏指数(HSI)、内脏指数(VSI)和血清中的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)及谷草转氨酶(AST)均影响不显著(P0.05)。投喂频率对肝脏的ALT和AST的影响不显著(P0.05)。在同一投喂频率下, 肝脏ALT和AST均随着饲料蛋白质水平的增加而显著提高(P0.05)。饲料中的蛋白质水平和投喂频率对大黄鱼幼鱼的生长和FCR的影响存在显著的交互作用(P0.05), 而对血清和肝脏中的ALT和AST、HSI、VSI、肥满度(CF)以及体组成的影响均无交互作用。       

Growth, fat content and fatty acid profile of South American catfish, surubim (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) juveniles fed live, commercial and formulated diets

South American catfish, barred surubim ( Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum ) juveniles (117.6 ± 11.8 mg individual weight; 28.3 ± 2.5 mm total length) were fed various diets: one live ( Tubifex worms), two commercial (Aglo Norse and Bio Kyowa), and one semi-purified formulated diet (75% peptide based protein) over a 2-week period. Fish fed the Aglo Norse diet showed the highest growth performance, but cannibalism also was very high (42%). Fish fed peptide based formulated diet demonstrated the lowest growth rate, with no cannibalism. The highest survival was achieved with fish fed Tubifex worms (100%). Lipid level in the whole body of the fish fed four different experimental diets did not differ significantly, averaging 3.6 ± 0.7%. Fatty acid composition of neutral and phospholipid fractions of whole body lipids of fish reflected the fatty acid composition of the diets. The high level of 20:4 n -6 in Tubifex worms resulted in a high level of this fatty acid in the tissue of fish fed this diet. It remains uncertain how high survival and no cannibalism is related to dietary lipids/fatty acids. In all cases, the increasing ratio of n -3 HUFA (highly unsaturated fatty acids)/ n -6 HUFA in phospholipid fractions suggested the elongation and desaturation of 18:3 n -3 to 22:6 n -3 via 20:5 n -3. Moreover, in respect to the 20:4 n -6 levels in the diets, an increase in the concentration of this fatty acid in phospholipid fraction suggests that South American catfish can transform linoleate into arachidonate.     

氧化油脂对斑点叉尾鮰生长、体色和抗氧化能力的影响

为考察正常及氧化鱼油、豆油、混合油脂(鱼油﹕豆油=1﹕1)对斑点叉尾鮰(Ictalurus punctatus)生长性能、体色和肝脏抗氧化能力的影响, 设计6组等氮等脂饲料, 分别添加6%鱼油、6%豆油、3%鱼油+3%豆油、6%氧化鱼油、6%氧化豆油、3%氧化鱼油+3%氧化豆油, 饲喂6组初始体重(150.5±4.2 g)的斑点叉尾鮰8周, 每组3个重复, 每个重复14尾鱼。结果表明, 摄食6%鱼油、6%豆油、3%鱼油+3%豆油饲料的斑点叉尾鮰在增重率、饲料系数、肌肉组成、体色和肝脏抗氧化指标上均无显著差异(P>0.05); 摄食3组氧化油脂饲料后, 鱼体增重率和肌肉粗脂肪含量降低(P<0.05), 饲料系数和背部、尾部皮肤b*(黄度值)增加(P<0.05), 肝脏丙二醛(MDA)和血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBIL)和直接胆红素升高(DBIL)(P<0.05), 肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、还原型谷胱甘肽降低(GSH)(P<0.05), 而肌肉色度值(L*、a* 、b*)和肌肉水分、粗蛋白质、灰分含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。以上结果表明, 6%氧化油脂(鱼油、豆油或混合油脂)导致斑点叉尾鮰生长性能下降、皮肤黄度增加、肝脏抗氧化能力受损; 豆油可替代斑点叉尾鮰饲料中鱼油的使用, 而不会对生长产生负面影响。     

饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对青鱼生长、消化酶活性和鱼体组成的影响

用不加枯草芽孢杆菌的对照饲料和分别添加2×10⁶、2×10⁷、2×10⁸和5×10⁸ cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌的4种实验饲料, 分别喂养初始均重为(4.16±0.03) g的5组三重复的青鱼鱼种8周。饲养试验在15只容积为80 L循环式水簇箱内进行, 水温控制为(25±0.5) ℃。结果表明: 饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌的实验组青鱼鱼体终重和鱼体增重比不添加的饲料组显著提高, 而饲料系数则显著降低(P<0.05), 不同枯草芽孢杆菌添加量对青鱼鱼体增重和饲料系数均无显著影响(P>0.05)。饲料中添加枯草芽孢杆菌对青鱼的成活率无显著影响(P>0.05)。青鱼摄食添加枯草芽孢杆菌的实验饲料后其肠蛋白酶活性比不添加组显著升高(P<0.05), 并随着枯草芽孢杆菌添加量的增加而显著上升(P<0.05), 但添加量到2×10⁷ cfu/g后继续增加则不再显著变化(P>0.05)。青鱼摄食添加枯草芽孢杆菌的实验饲料后, 其肠淀粉酶活性均比不添加组显著升高(P<0.05), 且随枯草芽孢杆菌添加量增大呈不断升高的趋势。青鱼摄食添加2×10⁷、2×10⁸和5×10⁸ cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌的饲料后, 其肝胰脏蛋白酶活性显著高于摄食不添加或添加2×10⁶ cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌的实验组(P<0.05)。青鱼摄食添加枯草芽孢杆菌的实验饲料后, 其肝胰脏淀粉酶、肝胰脏脂肪酶和肠脂肪酶的活性均与不添加的实验组无显著差异(P>0.05)。青鱼鱼种摄食添加枯草芽孢杆菌的饲料与摄食不添加枯草芽孢杆菌的饲料相比, 其全鱼营养组成均无显著差异(P>0.05)。因此, 在实验条件下, 饲料中添加2×10⁶—5×10⁸ cfu/g的枯草芽孢杆菌能促进青鱼鱼种的生长和降低饲料系数, 而对鱼体组成没有影响。     

Effects of dietary hydrolysate supplementation on growth,body composition,hematological responses,and liver histology of juvenile giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis Forsskal, 1775)

A feeding study was conducted to investigate how fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) supplementation affected the growth, feed utilization, body composition, and hematology of juvenile giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis Forsskal, 1775). Seven isonitrogenous (52% protein) and isocaloric diets (10% lipid) were formulated, wherein shrimp hydrolysate (SH) and tuna hydrolysate (TH) were used to replace fishmeal at inclusion levels of 0 (control), 30, 60, and 90 g/kg and labeled as control, SH30, SH60, SH90, TH30, TH60, and TH90, respectively. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile giant trevally for 8 weeks. The results showed higher final body weight and specific growth rate in fish fed SH30, SH60, TH30, and TH60 than fed control diet. No difference was observed in feed intake, but reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) was found in fish fed SH30, SH60, TH30, and TH60, demonstrating these diets improved feed utilization. TH90 caused deposition of lipid droplet in the hepatocyte, a sign of liver damage. Total monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and highly unsaturated fatty acids in fish were not affected by FPH supplementation. Fish fed TH30 showed lower ∑n − 3 PUFA than the fish fed remaining dietary treatments. The elevated serum protein was seen in fish fed control, SH30, SH60, and TH30, demonstrating that these diets were beneficial for the innate immune response in giant trevally. The results indicate that TH and SH could be incorporated into diets of giant trevally at 30–60 g/kg, replacing 7%–13% fishmeal with enhanced growth and health benefits.     

Effect of feeding frequency as a rearing system on biological performance,survival, body chemical composition and economic efficiency of Asian seabass Lates calcarifer (Bloch, 1790) reared under controlled environmental conditions

A 70-day rearing trial was done to determine the optimal frequency of feeding on growth performance (GP), feed conversion rate (FCR), cannibalism, survival rate (SR), body chemical composition and economic efficiency of the Asian sea bass. This study tested four different treatments of feeding frequencies (FF), once (T1), twice (T2), three times (T3), and four times (T4) per day. An average initial weight of Asian sea bass fry was 0.2 g (SD = ±0.12) were stocked 10 individuals per m³ (9.14 m × 1.82 m × 1.22 m, L × W × H; water depth 0.61 m) with two replicates per treatment (4 × 2 = 8). Fry were fed a mixture of larval commercial feed and shrimp with a pellet diet containing (46% CP). Initially, the feeding rate of 8% biomass per day was further adjusted according to fish biomass on a weekly basis. Results showed that, the FF significantly affected (p < 0.05) on growth indictors and survival rate (SR). Specifically fry fed three times a day (T3) had the best FBW, FL, SGR, ADWG and FCR followed by T4 and T2 while fry fed one time a day was the lowest in these parameters. Also, VSI, HSI and CF (k) significantly differed among the treatments. The fish whole body content of protein, moisture and ash did not significantly (p < 0.05) be affected by feeding frequency, but lipid content differed and both T3, T4 were the highest. It could be concluded that, increasing FF up to three times a day had a positive effect on weight gain, survival rate and feed utilization of Lates calcarifer. The second degree polynomial regression indicates that fed three times a day is optimum for best growth performance and survival for Asian sea bass.     

Effects of dietary soybean meal on growth,nutritive efficiency and body composition of cultured tench (Tinca tinca)

The suitability of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fishmeal was assessed in juvenile (25 g, average) tench, Tinca tinca, by feeding them diets containing 25 (S25), 37.5 (S37.5) and 50% (S50) soybean meal for 150 days. Soybean meal inclusion increased the relationship between essential and non‐essential amino acids. Fish were hand‐fed to apparent satiation; the feed intake ratio was not dependent upon the dietary soybean level. Survival was over 95% and unaffected by treatment. Growth was reduced at higher soybean meal levels. After 150 days, average weight for the fish fed soybean diets S25, S37.5 and S50 was 65.6, 59.2 and 51 g, respectively. Growth performance was evaluated on the basis of specific growth rate (SGR), final biomass, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and feed intake (FI). Maximum SGR (0.61–0.64) and final biomass (3022–3156 g) were recorded in tench fed diets containing 25 and 37.5% soybean meal. Nutritional parameters such as feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not affected by the soybean meal. Body composition was similar for tench fed the three different diets.     

饲料中糖/脂肪比例对瓦氏黄颡鱼生长、饲料利用、血糖水平和肝脏糖酵解酶活力的影响

以初始体重(4.20±0.02)g的瓦氏黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus vachelli)幼鱼为实验对象,在流水系统中进行为期8周的摄食生长实验,探讨饲料中糖与脂肪比例(CHO∶L)对其生长、饲料利用、血糖水平和糖酵解酶活力的影响。饲料等氮(粗蛋白40%)等能(19 MJ/g),CHO∶L梯度为0.75—6.53。每种饲料随机投喂3桶鱼,每桶(50 L)放养40尾鱼。实验结果表明随着CHO∶L升高,瓦氏黄颡鱼特定生长率(SGR)先升高后降低,当CHO∶L为3.55时,SGR达最大,显著高于CHO∶L为0.75和6.53时的值(P<0.05)。饲料效率(FE)和蛋白效率(PER)在CHO∶L为1.30—3.55区间内都没有显著差异,但当CHO∶L为0.75或6.53时,FE和PER的值都显著降低(P<0.05)。脏体比(VSI)、肝体比(HSI)在各处理组间无显差异(P>0.05)。随CHO∶L的增加,全鱼粗蛋白含量先增加后降低,且在CHO:L为3.55时达到最大值,且显著高于CHO:L为0.75时的值(P<0.05)。而全鱼粗脂肪含量随CHO∶L增加而显著减少(P<0.05)。血糖和血浆总胆固醇水平在各处理组间无显著差异(P>0.05),而血浆甘油三酯水平随CHO∶L的增加而显著增加(P<0.05)。随CHO∶L的增加,瓦氏黄颡鱼肝脏葡萄糖激酶(GK)活力先增加后降低,且在CHO∶L为3.55时活力最大,显著高于CHO∶L为0.75时的值(P<0.05)。肝脏己糖激酶(HK)、丙酮酸激酶(PK)和磷酸果糖激酶(PFK-1)活力在各处理组间没有显著差异(P>0.05)。用二次多项回归模型拟合特定生长率和CHO∶L的关系,得到饲料最适CHO∶L为4.06。     

Evidence of differences in growth and food intake regulation in different genetic strains of channel catfish

Norris and USDA-103 strains of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus were compared for growth rate and food conversion ratio under satiation feeding and restricted feeding (1% body weight day⁻¹) regimes. At the start of the experiment Norris fish weighed 2·8 g, USDA-103 fish weighed 14·0 g. Therefore, a regression of the loge of specific growth rate against the log_e of mean body size with an empirically derived fixed slope of -0·37 was used to compare growth rates. Under both feeding regimes the USDA-103 strain had faster specific growth rates and more efficient food conversion. In subsequent studies, voluntary food intake of size matched fish (60 g average) from these two strains was compared using a radiographic method. Fish were acclimatized to tank conditions for 3 weeks prior to voluntary food intake measurement. Half of the groups were deprived of food for 2 days prior to food intake measurement, while the remaining groups were fed 1% body weight day⁻¹. The USDA-103 strain fish ate significantly more food and grew faster than the Norris strain fish. Previously fasted Norris fish subsequently ate more than their fed counterparts, whereas the fed USDA-103 fish consumed more food than the fasted USDA-103 group. When the USDA-103 strain fish were deprived of food for 4 , 2 or 0 days, all groups subsequently consumed between 4·5 and 5·0% of body weight in one meal. The USDA-103 fish, unlike the Norris fish were not stimulated to consume more after short-duration fasting. Taken together, these results suggest that there are genetic differences in growth, food conversion ratio and regulation of food intake between Norris and USDA-103 strains.     

Growth, body composition and hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase activity in cortisol-fed channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus Rafinesque

Metabolic consequences of chronic elevation of cortisol in the diet of yearling channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus , were studied. Cortisol was incorporated into the diet in concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 μg/g of food. This diet was offered at 3% of the body weight per day for 10 weeks. Fish were individually weighed and measured at 2-week intervals and feeding rates were adjusted. Body weight, liposomatic index and condition factor were significantly lower and food conversion was significantly higher in fish fed 50 or 100 μng cortisol/g of food when compared with controls. The hepatosomatic index of fish fed cortisol at the rate of 100 μg/g of food decreased significantly. Specific activity of hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase was significantly higher at the two highest cortisol doses. Long-term cortisol administration can reduce growth and condition factor by activating gluconeogenic mechanisms in which lipids and amino acids, rather than carbohydrates, are used for energy production. The metabolic effects of exogenous cortisol in this study offer an explanation for the decreased growth of fish under conditions that activate the secretion of endogenous cortisol.     

斑点叉尾鲖对不同形式赖氨酸利用的比较研究

为比较斑点叉尾鲖(Ictalurus punctatus)对不同形式赖氨酸的利用效果, 设置了鱼粉含量5%、豆粕含量15%的正对照饲料, 及鱼粉含量2.5%、豆粕含量0的负对照饲料, 在负对照饲料基础上, 分别添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐、晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐以及微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐, 使其赖氨酸含量达到与正对照饲料一致的水平, 共配制5组等氮等能饲料, 饲养平均体重为(54.40.1) g的斑点叉尾鲖60d, 考察不同形式赖氨酸对斑点叉尾鲖生长、血清生化指标和蛋白质消化酶活性的影响。结果表明, 与负对照组相比, 添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐和晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐对斑点叉尾鲖的生长性能影响不显著(P0.05), 而添加微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐提高斑点叉尾鲖增重率20.7% (P0.05), 降低饲料系数16.0% (P0.05), 在增重率与饲料系数方面达到与正对照组基本一致的水平(P0.05)。与负对照组相比, 在饲料中添加晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐、晶体赖氨酸硫酸盐以及微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐对血清谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶及肠蛋白酶活性的影响均不显著(P0.05), 但显著提高了胃蛋白酶活性(P0.05)。此外, 添加微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐还显著提高了肝胰脏蛋白酶活性(P0.05)。上述结果表明, 在低赖氨酸实用饲料中补充晶体赖氨酸盐酸盐或赖氨酸硫酸盐对斑点叉尾鲖的生长性能改善作用不显著(P0.05), 而补充微囊赖氨酸盐酸盐则能显著提高斑点叉尾鲖增重率, 降低饲料系数。     

嗜酸乳杆菌对斜带石斑鱼幼鱼生长、消化性能和抗病力的影响

研究嗜酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acidophilus, GIM:1.730)对斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)幼鱼生长、消化酶活性、抗病力和相关酶mRNA表达的影响。选取720尾初始均重为(5.60±0.05) g的斜带石斑鱼幼鱼为研究对象, 共设8个处理, 每个处理3个重复。投喂不同添加比例(0、0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%、0.8%、1.0%和1.2%)嗜酸乳杆菌的饲料, 养殖期8周。结果表明: 增重率(Weight gain rate, WGR)与特定生长率(Specific growth rate, SGR)实验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。当嗜酸乳杆菌添加0.6%时, 饲料系数(Feed conversion ratio, FCR）最低, 其他各组显著低于对照组(P<0.05), 而蛋白质效率(Protein efficiency ratio, PER)变化规律则与FCR相反。肝脏和肠蛋白酶(Trypsin, TRY)、淀粉酶(Amylase, AMY)活性实验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。肝脏TRY、AMY mRNA表达, 实验组均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。其中, 肝脏淀粉酶、蛋白酶活性在添加量为0.6%达到最大值, 肠蛋白酶、淀粉酶活性分别在添加量0.2%和0.4%达到最大值。以哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒7d, 石斑鱼攻毒后成活率(Survival rate, SR)随着嗜酸乳杆菌添加量的增加显著升高(P<0.05)。以WGR为判断依据得出, 在饲料中添加0.42%嗜酸乳杆菌(0.72×108 cfu/g)可显著促进斜带石斑鱼幼鱼的生长, 并提高消化酶活性和抗病力。     

棉籽粕和菜籽粕替代部分鱼粉对黄颡鱼肉质及肌肉发育相关基因表达的影响

文章旨在研究菜籽粕与棉籽粕复合替代饲料鱼粉对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)肌肉品质及肌纤维发育相关基因表达的影响。实验设计了5组等氮等能的饲料,以含鱼粉25%的处理组为对照饲料(FM),以菜籽粕与棉籽粕3﹕2混合后分别替代其中的10%、20%、30%和40%鱼粉,设置了RM10、RM20、RM30和RM40四个试验组。使用初始体质量为(2.38±0.10) g的黄颡鱼幼鱼,分别用上述5种饲料饲喂10周。试验表明,与对照组相比,菜粕棉粕混合替代水平达到20%及以上时黄颡鱼肌肉中的粗蛋白与粗脂肪显著降低,而水分和灰分则无显著差异;肌肉中的羟脯氨酸含量呈现下降的趋势;肌纤维中直径≥50μm的纤维数量随着替代水平达到20%后不断减小,而≤20μm的纤维数量则呈现上升趋势;植物蛋白源的替代也会对黄颡鱼的肌肉质构产生一定的影响。此外,肌肉纤维发育相关基因myod、myog和mrf4的mRNA水平随着替代水平上升而逐渐升高,而myf5与mstn的基因表达在各组间无显著差异。TOR通路相关基因中的akt、tor和s6k1等基因随着替代水平升高而下降, 4e-bp1则随着替代水...     

Dietary administration of nucleotides to enhance growth, humoral immune responses, and disease resistance of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fingerlings

A feeding study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary nucleotides (NT) on growth performance, immune responses and resistance of rainbow trout fingerlings to Streptococcus iniae. A basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 g NT kg(-1) to formulate five experimental diets. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish with initial average weight of approximately 23 g. After 8 weeks of feeding trial, fish fed diets with 1.5-2 g NT kg(-1) had the highest final weight and SGR, followed by groups fed the diets with 0.5-1 g NT kg(-1), and lowest in fish fed the NT-free control diet. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was better when the fish were fed diet with 2 g NT kg(-1). The ACH(50) level and lysozyme activity in serum were found to be significantly (P < 0.05) greater in fish fed nucleotides at 1.5-2 g kg(-1). The fish fed with 2 g NT kg(-1) had higher IgM level. The challenge experiment showed that relative percent survival (RPS) increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of nucleotides from 0.5 to 2 g kg(-1) and was lowest in the control group. We therefore recommend dietary nucleotide administration at 1.5-2 g kg(-1) to promote growth and enhance immunity and resistance against S. iniae.     

Effects of dietary amino acid l‐lysine on survival,growth and haemato‐biochemical parameters in Indian catfish,Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1974), fingerlings

An 8‐week feeding experiment was conducted to estimate the dietary lysine requirement of fingerling Indian catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (total length = 6.35 ± 1.10 cm; weight = 4.70 ± 0.65 g) by feeding six isonitrogenous (400 g/kg CP) and isocaloric diets (17.90 kJ/g) containing six supplemental lysine levels ranging from 11.0 to 23.5 g/kg (diets I to VI, in incremental steps of 2.5 g/kg). Triplicate groups with 20 fish each were stocked in 75‐L circular continuous flow‐through troughs and fed experimental diets at 4% BW/day twice daily (08:00 and 18:00 h). Maximum live weight gain (304%), best‐feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.46) and protein efficiency ratio (PER, 1.71) were obtained at 18.5 g/kg dietary lysine, beyond which these values showed a slight declining tendency. Best values for somatic and hematological indices were also obtained at this level. Significantly (p < .05) higher body protein and low carcass moisture and intermediate fat contents were noted in fish fed diets containing 18.5 g/kg lysine. The quadratic regression analyses of live weight gain, FCR, PER and body protein deposition (BPD) data indicated lysine requirements at 19.3, 18.8, 18.6 and 18.6 g/kg of dry diet, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended that the H. fossilis diet should contain lysine at a level of 19.0 g/kg of dry diet, corresponding to 47.5 g/kg of dietary protein, for optimum growth and efficient feed utilization.     

Effect of ration size and feeding frequency on growth, size distribution and survival of juvenile clownfish, Amphiprion percula

This study describes the growth of juvenile clownfish, Amphiprion percula Lacépède 1802, fed with an artificial diet at six ration sizes of 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12% of body mass per day (BM day^?1) each at a feeding frequency of once, twice and three times per day. The effect of ration size on growth depended on the feeding frequency. In fish fed once a day growth did not improve above a ration size of 8% BM day^?1. At two feedings per day fish required a ration size of at least 6% BM day^?1 to achieve good growth, and fish fed three times per day grew at similar rates above a ration size of 4% BM day^?1. A model to estimate the combined effect of ration size and feeding frequency is presented. The results lead to the suggestion of a simple length‐based feeding regimen that could be tested in future studies on this species or adapted for use in other species.     

黑水虻虫油替代豆油对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏脂滴面积的影响

试验旨在研究黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)虫油替代饲料中豆油对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化能力、炎症因子及肝脏脂滴面积的影响。以豆油为对照组(T0), 虫油分别替代20%(T20)、40%(T40)、60%(T60)、80%(T80)、100%(T100)的豆油, 配置6种等氮等脂的试验饲料。选取初始体重为(2.12±0.01) g 的黄颡鱼幼鱼840尾, 随机分为6组, 每组4个重复, 每个重复35尾, 养殖56d。结果表明: 黑水虻虫油替代豆油对黄颡鱼幼鱼的末均重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、存活率、摄食率均无显著影响(P>0.05); 各组间黄颡鱼肥满度、腹脂指数、脏体比、肝体比无显著差异(P>0.05); 全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分、灰分、钙、磷含量无显著差异(P>0.05); 黑水虻虫油替代豆油对饲料的干物质、蛋白质、脂肪、磷及能量的表观消化率未产生显著影响(P>0.05), 但T60和T80组钙的表观消化率显著高于T100组(P<0.05), 与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组间黄颡鱼幼鱼血清白蛋白、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿素氮、球蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶、血糖、总蛋白差异不显著(P>0.05), 但高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量则随着替代比例的增加先上升后下降, T60组和T80组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组间黄颡鱼幼鱼血清中抗超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量, 过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05); 与对照组相比, 各处理组血清肿瘤坏死因子-α浓度无显著性差异(P>0.05); 当黑水虻虫油替代比例超40%时, 各处理组血清中抗炎因子白介素-10和促炎因子白介素-6及白介素-8的浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。油红O染色显示, 黑水虻虫油替代豆油对肝脏脂滴面积无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述, 黑水虻虫油完全替代豆油对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、形体指标、体成分、营养物质表观消化率和抗氧化指标无显著影响, 以生长性能为评价指标, 当黄颡鱼幼鱼基础饲料中添加4%豆油时, 黑水虻虫油完全替代豆油。     

ERKs activation and calcium signaling are both required for VEGF induction by vanadium in mouse epidermal Cl41 cells

Studies were conducted to determine the immunomodulatory effects of high dietary ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on growth, serum concentration, non-specific immune response and disease resistance of a commercially important Asian catfish, Clarias batrachus. Four practical diets were formulated to contain 0, 500, 1000 and 2000 mg ascorbic acid (AA) equivalent/kg diet, supplied as L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (LAPP) and were fed for 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of catfish with initial body weight of 15.47± 0.59 g. After 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, growth, serum concentration of AA, oxidative respiratory burst, lysozyme and natural hemolytic complement activities, myeloperoxidase (MPO) content and natural haemagglutination titre were measured. Ten numbers of fish in duplicate were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila to measure the level of protection against aeromoniasis at each one of the assayed times. The results showed that AA concentration in serum correlated positively with those in the diets and reached its saturation level after the time period directly proportional to the increase in dose level. Fish fed AA-supplemented diets showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher specific growth rate after 2 weeks of feeding. The superoxide production was enhanced after 8 weeks of feeding fish at a supplemented dose level of 2000 mg/kg. Similarly, MPO content, haemagglutination titre and alternative complement activity in serum enhanced with the increase of dietary AA levels at different duration of feeding. The lysozyme activity was not affected by the dietary AA treatment. On the other hand, feeding of AA at all concentrations significantly increased percent survival against A. hydrophila challenge after 4 weeks compared to control. The non-specific immune parameters as well as percent survival were enhanced as a result of high AA supply particularly at 500 mg/kg diet, although the increase was not maintained but returned to the initial levels after 4 weeks. These results support the possible use of AA as an immunostimulant at a dose of 500 mg/kg diet for a period of 4 weeks in catfish farming. (Mol Cell Biochem xxx: 25–33, 2005)     

Lysine and arginine requirements of juvenile Asian sea bass (Lates calcarifer)

Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the dietary requirements of juvenile Asian sea bass Lates calcarifer Bloch for lysine and arginine. Fish (average initial weight: lysine experiment, 13.12 ± 0.12 g; arginine experiment, 2.56 ± 0.13 g) were given amino acid test diets for 12 weeks containing fish meal, zein, squid meal, and crystalline amino acids. Each set of isonitrogenous and isocaloric test diets contained graded levels of L ‐lysine or L ‐arginine. The feeding rate in the lysine experiment was at 4–2.5% of the body weight day^?1, while in the arginine experiment it was at 10–4% of the body weight day^?1. The fish (20 per tank, lysine experiment; 15 per tank, arginine experiment) were reared in 500‐L fibreglass tanks with continuous flowthrough sea water at 27 °C and salinity of 31 ppt in the lysine experiment and at 29 °C and salinity of 29 ppt in the arginine experiment. The experiments were in a completely randomized design with two replicates per treatment. Survival was high in fish given adequate lysine or arginine. Mean percentage weight gains were significantly different in fish fed varying levels of lysine or arginine. Fish fed high levels of L ‐arginine suffered high mortalities. No significant differences were obtained in the feed efficiency ratios (FER, g gain g^?1 feed) of fish fed graded lysine, although the values tended to increase as the dietary lysine level was increased up to the requirement level. In contrast, in the arginine experiment, significant differences in FER of fish among treatments were obtained; the highest FER was observed in fish fed the diet containing an optimum arginine level. On the basis of the growth response, survival, and FER, the lysine and arginine requirements of juvenile Asian sea bass were estimated to be 20.6 g kg^?1 dry diet (4.5% protein) and 18.2 g kg^?1 dry diet (3.8% protein), respectively. These data will be useful in the further refinement of practical diet formulations for the Asian sea bass.     

饲料碳水化合物水平对南方鲇生长的影响

2002年6—8月对南方鲇(SilurusmeridionalisChen)(初始体重12.93±0.13g)进行人工配合饲料的喂养实验。实验以白鱼粉、玉米油、糊化玉米淀粉分别作为蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物(CBH)原料。配制等蛋白质(含量为40%),等脂肪(含量为10%),不同CBH梯度的6组饲料,饲料CBH水平分别设计为0%,6%,12%,18%,24%,30%。实验每水平设4个重复,采用室内循环水养殖系统,在27.5℃下以饱足日粮水平喂养8周。实验结果表明:随着饲料淀粉水平的增加,摄食率和生长率呈先增加后降低的趋势;当饲料CBH水平不超过18%时,不会对饲料成分的消化率产生显著影响,但添加量超过18%会降低CBH的消化率。综合实验结果分析:南方鲇生长的最适CBH为12%—18%。