戊型肝炎病毒DNA免疫的研究

利用PCR方法获得1163bp的戊型肝炎（Hepatitis E Virus,HEV）开放读码框架（Open Reading Frame,ORF）ORF2之3'大片段和369bp ORF3的完整片段,分别克隆到真核表达载体pcDNA3中,构建两种含有HEV主要抗原表位的质粒DNA：pcE2和pcE3,分别或混合免疫Swiss小鼠三次（0时,第2周,第4周）,观察其在小鼠体内诱发的体液免疫应答。ELISA检测结果表明,pcE2和pcE3在小鼠体内均可诱导出一定水平的HEV IgG抗体,且在第三次免疫接种两周后,100％的小鼠抗体阳转。与两和中质粒单独免疫相比,两者同时注射的抗体水平较高。本研究为HEV DNA疫苗的研究打下一定基础。     

戊型肝炎病毒实验感染恒河猴的研究

报道了用戊型肝炎（ＨｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓＥ,ＨＥ）病人粪便悬液感染恒河猴后的组织病理学、血液生化与免疫学以及病毒学分子生物学检测的结果。三只实验猴在感染后第３～４周均出现ＡＬＴ异常;粪便以及肝脏与胆囊组织超薄切片中电镜观察到２７～３４ｎｍ大小的病毒样颗粒;病理组织切片观察表明,肝脏组织有典型的急性炎症病灶;粪便与血清经ＲＴｎＰＣＲ扩增到戊型肝炎病毒（ＨｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓＥＶｉｒｕｓ,ＨＥＶ）特异性片段,粪便排毒从感染后第７天持续至第５０天左右,病毒血症迟于粪便排毒,出现于感染后两周左右,维持１～２周;ＥＬＩＳＡ检测发现,实验猴血清中ＨＥＶＩｇＧ抗体水平在感染后３～４周阳转,４～５个月后转阴。这些实验结果提示,恒河猴作为ＨＥＶ感染实验动物模型是理想的,建立系统的恒河猴实验模型对探讨ＨＥＶ感染发病机理、机体免疫应答以及临床诊断与疫苗研制具有重要意义。     

戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白同源二聚体的相互作用结构域

为了探讨戊型肝炎病毒衣壳蛋白同源二聚体形成的关键区域和相互作用结构域,以及二聚体形成与主要天然中和表位的形成之间的关系,通过末端缺失、定点突变技术研究戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）ORF2的aa394-aa606片段NE2的聚合现象,发现其C端的aa597-aa602（AVAVLA）疏水区是该片段同源聚合的核心区域,提高该区域氨基酸的亲水性将妨碍聚合现象的发生;半胱氨酸化学交联实验表明NE2形成同源二聚体时,aa597在空间位置上相接近,处于可生成化学键的距离,提示所处区域为疏水聚合的作用结构域;通过Blast程序估算核心区域的天然突变率,发现其疏水性高度保守;N端缺失实验表明,至少65个氨基酸既不影响同源聚合也不直接参与主要的天然中和表位的形成,但可协助中和表位构象的形成,而这种协助作用可被ORF2的末端肽段所代替。Aa597-aa602（AVAVLA）疏水区为戊肝病毒衣壳组装的第一步骤的核心区域,并与重要的天然中和表位的形成直接相关,从而为戊肝病毒疫苗的研究提供更详细的信息。     

戊型肝炎病毒与HBV重叠感染患者的血清学分析

目的了解戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)感染情况以及乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)重叠感染戊型肝炎病毒的血清学特点及临床意义。方法对HEV、HBV感染以及HBV重叠HEV感染进行血清学检测并进行统计学分析。结果 HBV重叠感染HEV病例多分布青壮年,且女性多于男性;重叠感染患者的年龄高峰都在21~40岁;HEV感染组与HBV-HEV重叠感染组比较,ALP、TB IL存在明显差异,胆汁淤积增多,黄疸程度加深,肝细胞损伤明显。结论 HEV主要侵犯青壮年,HBV重叠HEV感染后肝细胞损害加重,病情趋向重症化。     

新型戊型肝炎诊断试剂盒的研制及其应用

用ＨＥＶＯＲＦ３合成肽及ＯＲＦ２重组抗原研制成新型ＨＥＶＥＩＡ诊断试剂盒。与ＧｅｎｌａｂｓＨＥＶＥＩＡ检测比较,灵敏度和特异性均达１００％（６０／６０）。三批试剂精密性测定均＜１０％。该试剂盒置４℃８个月或３７℃４ｄ保持稳定。检测不同肝炎患者ＨＥＶ抗体,发现急性非甲非乙非丙肝炎中有６３．２％,甲肝有１３．４％,乙肝有８．３％,丙肝有６．６％,正常人群为２．９％。所研制的戊型肝炎诊断试剂盒,灵敏度高,特异性强,精密性好,稳定性合格。适用于戊型肝炎诊断及戊肝病毒感染的流行病学调查     

抗原检测在戊型肝炎临床诊断中的应用

戊型肝炎(Hepatitis E,HE)是由戊型肝炎病毒(Hepatitis E virus,HEV)引起的病毒性肝炎,已经成为全球范围内的公共卫生问题,在临床人群中进行HE的诊断对于疾病传播的预防与控制具有重要的公共卫生意义,对于疾病的治疗具有重要的指导意义。本文对HEV抗原新指标的建立和发展进行综述,同时将其与现有指标进行比较,对其应用前景和优化方向提出展望。     

大肠杆菌表达的戊型肝炎病毒ORF2多肽对恒河猴的免疫保护研究

在大肠杆菌中表达的一段戊型肝炎病毒（HEV）结构蛋白NE2,纯化后以弗氏佐剂,按0d,10d,30d的方案10μg/针的剂量免疫3只恒河猴,在第2周抗体阳转,第6周时1只滴度达1∶100 000,另2只滴度1∶20 000,此时以106 PCR滴度的HEV病毒粪悬液攻击。对照组3只均出现血清转氨酶（ALT）升高,抗体阳转,粪便持续排毒1月以上;疫苗组无一发病,未检出非疫苗来源的抗体,其中1只始终未检出粪便排毒,另2只仅出现短暂排毒。以一份NE2免疫后猴血清（滴度1∶20 000）与103 PCR滴度的病毒混匀后感染2只恒河猴,结果对照组2只均持续排毒3周以上,抗体阳转,1只ALT明显升高;而抗体中和组2只猴始终未检出粪便排毒,抗NE2抗体缓慢下降,ALT正常。这些结果表明NE2具有良好的免疫原性和免疫保护性,有可能成为有效的戊肝疫苗。     

戊肝与丙肝病毒在献血员人群中感染状况的对比研究

采用市售试剂对武汉地区乡村献血员进行血清抗ＨＥＶ与抗ＨＣＶ检测,两者的阳性率分别为５．７４％及９．３５％。在２８８份有ＡＬＴ记录的单采浆献血员中,有近期ＡＬＴ升高史的献浆者抗ＨＥＶ及抗ＨＣＶ检出率分别为１４．０４％及１４．１８％,均显著高于无近期ＡＬＴ升高史的献浆者。对上述标本同时进行多项血清ＨＢＶ标志检测,抗ＨＥＶ阳性及抗ＨＣＶ阳性组献血员多项ＨＢＶ标志检测结果与相应阴性组比较均未见显著的差别。     

不同戊肝抗原检测抗-HEVIgM反应性研究

目的　比较不同戊肝抗原检测抗 -HEVIgM反应性。方法用HEVE30、E42、E33合成肽和HEVORF 2重组抗原建立酶免疫试验 (EIA)检测肝病患者和健康人群中抗 HEVIgM。结果 6 0份抗 HEV阳性血清中 ,用E30、E42、E33及重组抗原包被检测抗 HEVIgM ,阳性率分别为 76 .6 % ,2 6 .6 % ,18.3 % ,6 6 .7%。用E30抗原进一步检测戊肝急性期及恢复期血清 ,抗HEVIgM阳性率为 90 %及 3 .3 %。结论以HEVE30为抗原的EIA特异性强、灵敏度高 ,是戊型肝炎早期诊断实用可靠的方法。     

戊型肝炎病毒基因 ORF3编码蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及鉴定

实验以两种不同的表达策略构建了两个以大肠杆菌DE3为宿主的原核表达载体,由T7启动子启动外源基因的转录,在诱导剂IPTG诱导下成功地进行了戊肝病毒ORF3蛋白的原核表达。并通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、免疫印迹、竞争抑制法酶联免疫等一系列实验对两种表达产物进行了鉴定和分析。综合分析两种表达结果发现,在融合型表达中ORF3蛋白与其融合标签蛋白(谷胱甘肽S一转移酶)之间存在免疫交叉反应,而且这种融合标签蛋白在空间结构上可能对ORF3蛋白中的抗体结合位点有掩盖作用。     

从实验感染动物粪便中分离出两株疑似戊型肝炎病毒

用Hep-G2细胞从肠道传播的非甲非乙型肝炎（ET－NANBH）病人粪便悬液感染恒河猴潜伏期粪便中分离出两株致细胞病变（CPE）的病毒（R、9,R25）。用免疫电镜（IEM）观察,这两种病毒均为球形,有实心和空心两种颗粒,直径约27－34nm,能被新疆和苏联ET－NANBH急性期血清特异性凝集,病毒颗粒间抗体桥明显,ET－NANBH急发型期血清对这两株病毒亦有一定中和作用,内地甲肝（HA）病人和正常人血清既不能凝集,也不能中和,是否为ET－NANBH病原体尚待进一步鉴定。     

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Envelope Glycoproteins E1 and E2 Contain Reduced Cysteine Residues Essential for Virus Entry

The HCV envelope glycoproteins E1 and E2 contain eight and 18 highly conserved cysteine residues, respectively. Here, we examined the oxidation state of E1E2 heterodimers incorporated into retroviral pseudotyped particles (HCVpp) and investigated the significance of free sulfhydryl groups in cell culture-derived HCV (HCVcc) and HCVpp entry. Alkylation of free sulfhydryl groups on HCVcc/pp with a membrane-impermeable sulfhydryl-alkylating reagent 4-(N-maleimido)benzyl-α-trimethylammonium iodide (M135) prior to virus attachment to cells abolished infectivity in a dose-dependent manner. Labeling of HCVpp envelope proteins with EZ-Link maleimide-PEG2-biotin (maleimide-biotin) detected free thiol groups in both E1 and E2. Unlike retroviruses that employ disulfide reduction to facilitate virus entry, the infectivity of alkylated HCVcc could not be rescued by addition of exogenous reducing agents. Furthermore, the infectivity of HCVcc bound to target cells was not affected by addition of M135 indicative of a change in glycoprotein oxidation state from reduced to oxidized following virus attachment to cells. By contrast, HCVpp entry was reduced by 61% when treated with M135 immediately following attachment to cells, suggesting that the two model systems might demonstrate variations in oxidation kinetics. Glycoprotein oxidation was not altered following binding of HCVpp incorporated E1E2 to soluble heparin or recombinant CD81. These results suggest that HCV entry is dependent on the presence of free thiol groups in E1 and E2 prior to cellular attachment and reveals a new essential component of the HCV entry process.     

Cross-sectional Seroprevalence and Genotype of Hepatitis E Virus in Humans and Swine in a High-density Pig-farming Area in Central China

Hepatitis E virus(HEV) infection is a common public health problem in developing countries. However, the current prevalence of HEV and the relationship of HEV genotype between swine and human within high-density pig-farming areas in central China are still inadequately understood. Here, cross-sectional serological and genotypic surveys of HEV among the 1232 general population, 273 workers occupationally exposed to swine, and 276 pigs in a high-density pig-breeding area, were undertaken by ELISA and nested RT-PCR methods. Anti-HEV IgG was detected in 26.22% of general population and 48.35% of occupational workers. The prevalence of swine serum HEV-Ag was 6.52%. The prevalence of anti-HEV IgG was significantly higher among the workers occupationally exposed to swine than among the general population. An increased HEV seropositivity risk among the general population was associated with either being a peasant or male and was very strongly associated with the increase of age. Among the occupationally exposed group, the prevalence of anti-HEV IgG antibodies increased with age and working years. Among the 30 HEV-IgM-positive people,the infection rates of clerks in the public, peasants, pork retailers, and pig farmers were higher than those of others. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the isolates belonged to subgenotype 4 d, and four people and four pigs shared97.04%–100% sequence homology. This study revealed a high HEV seroprevalence among the general population and workers occupationally exposed to swine in the Anlu City, and supports the notion that swine are a source of human HEV infection.     

戊型肝炎病毒ORF3及其蛋白的研究进展

戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)是发展中国家急性肝炎流行的重要病原体之一,由于缺少有效的细胞培养系统和廉价的小型动物模型,对病毒的生物学特性及发病机理了解较少。近几年在HEV ORF3及其蛋白的分子生物学特性和功能研究方面取得了一些进展,为深入了解HEV的感染和致病机理提供了新的理论依据,对这些研究成果进行了综述。     

Structural Basis for Penetration of the Glycan Shield of Hepatitis C Virus E2 Glycoprotein by a Broadly Neutralizing Human Antibody

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A challenge for HCV vaccine development is to identify conserved epitopes able to elicit protective antibodies against this highly diverse virus. Glycan shielding is a mechanism by which HCV masks such epitopes on its E2 envelope glycoprotein. Antibodies to the E2 region comprising residues 412–423 (E2_412–423) have broadly neutralizing activities. However, an adaptive mutation in this linear epitope, N417S, is associated with a glycosylation shift from Asn-417 to Asn-415 that enables HCV to escape neutralization by mAbs such as HCV1 and AP33. By contrast, the human mAb HC33.1 can neutralize virus bearing the N417S mutation. To understand how HC33.1 penetrates the glycan shield created by the glycosylation shift to Asn-415, we determined the structure of this broadly neutralizing mAb in complex with its E2_412–423 epitope to 2.0 Å resolution. The conformation of E2_412–423 bound to HC33.1 is distinct from the β-hairpin conformation of this peptide bound to HCV1 or AP33, because of disruption of the β-hairpin through interactions with the unusually long complementarity-determining region 3 of the HC33.1 heavy chain. Whereas Asn-415 is buried by HCV1 and AP33, it is solvent-exposed in the HC33.1-E2_412–423 complex, such that glycosylation of Asn-415 would not prevent antibody binding. Furthermore, our results highlight the structural flexibility of the E2_412–423 epitope, which may serve as an immune evasion strategy to impede induction of antibodies targeting this site by reducing its antigenicity.     

Hepatitis C Virus: Assembly and Release of Virus Particles

Hepatitis C virus is a blood-borne virus that typically establishes a chronic infection in the liver, which often results in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Progress in understanding the complete virus life cycle has been greatly enhanced by the recent availability of a tissue culture system that produces infectious virus progeny. Thus, it is now possible to gain insight into the roles played by viral components in assembly and egress and the cellular pathways that contribute to virion formation. This minireview describes the key determining viral and host factors that are needed to produce infectious virus.     

粘膜免疫戊型肝炎试验性疫苗的研究

采用原核表达的戊型肝炎病毒结构区基因(HEV ORF2)编码蛋白,与新型人用疫苗佐剂类MF59配制成试验性疫苗,通过粘膜免疫途径免疫实验小鼠,研究其产生粘膜免疫和体液免疫的效果。结果表明,通过滴鼻和灌胃两种粘膜免疫途径免疫BALB／c小鼠,均能诱导小鼠产生针对HEV ORF2试验性疫苗的血清IgG和IgA,血清IgG的抗体滴度为1：800～1：1600,血清IgA抗体滴度为1：100～1：200。对免疫小鼠血清中IgG的动态观察表明,血清抗体可持续存在至少6个月以上。比较类MF159佐剂和传统铝盐佐剂经注射免疫所诱导产生的血清IgG抗体滴度,发现类MF59佐剂可有效增强HEV0RF2重组蛋白的免疫原性4倍左右。类MF159佐剂可诱导粘膜免疫反应,在肠道粘膜部位产生SIgA,滴度为1：100。这些结果为新型戊型肝炎病毒基因工程重组疫苗的研制提供了一条新的思路。     

猪戊型肝炎病毒防控及研究策略分析

戊型肝炎为人畜共患病病原, 猪是主要的病毒储库。我国猪场戊肝病毒流行情况复杂, 猪感染率高, 同一地点存在3型或/和4型两种基因型混合污染。病毒存在基因重组和准种现象, 为病毒遗传进化提供了遗传基础。当前猪戊肝感染人的主要媒介为污染的猪肉及其制品, 其他感染机制和途径还有待进一步阐明。应加强对猪HEV与猪场其他流行病原体相互关系的研究, 同时应加强猪HEV相关信息的积累分析包括对猪HEV感染特性和遗传特性进行实时监测, 将猪HEV流行情况纳入兽医公共卫生预警体系, 实现常态跟踪。     

新疆地区猪戊型肝炎血清流行病学调查

戊型肝炎(HE)是一种经粪-口传播的疾病,在发展中国家造成非常严重的健康问题.近年来的研究证实发达国家也存在戊型肝炎问题.该病主要威胁青壮年,孕妇病死率可高达20%.我国自1982年起就有HE的报道,新疆是HE的高流行区.由于HEV的组织培养研究尚不成熟,因此其诊断手段主要是利用RT-PCR检测病毒RNA,或利用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测抗体.而用于血清学检测的抗原主要来自HEV ORF2和ORF3的产物,并且用ORF2产物建立的检测法有足够的敏感性和特异性.自Meng[1]1997年从美国猪体内克隆出戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)基因后,我国以及加拿大,西班牙,新西兰,澳大利亚,印度等国家也都克隆出本国猪HEV基因.虽然我国也进行了猪HEV的检测,但在1988年爆发过人源戊型肝炎的新疆地区猪群感染HEV的情况还不清楚.本研究调查了HEV在猪群的感染状况,对新疆不同地区,猪场,年龄段及品种的猪进行HE的血清学检测.