基于线粒体16S rDNA序列探讨蛱蝶科(鳞翅目, 蝶亚目)主要分类群的系统发生关系

本文测定了蛱蝶科7亚科27种蛱蝶和斑蝶科2种蝴蝶的线粒体16S rRNA基因部分序列,并从GenBank中下载了6种蛱蝶的同源序列。以斑蝶科的幻紫斑蝶和绢斑蝶作外群,通过遗传分析软件对这些序列进行了比较分析,用邻接法和贝叶斯法重建了蛱蝶科的系统发育树,探讨了蛱蝶科主要类群间的系统发育关系。序列分析的结果显示:经比对处理后获得494bp长度序列,其中有可变位点206个,简约信息位点145个;A T平均含量78.4%,C G平均含量为21.6%,具A、T偏倚性。分子系统树显示:蛱蝶亚科并非单系群;蛱蝶族中眼蛱蝶属应移入斑蛱蝶族;闪蛱蝶和蛱蝶亚科与蛱蝶亚科具有较近的系统关系;结果支持豹蛱蝶和釉蛱蝶合为一亚科即釉蛱蝶亚科;支持将秀蛱蝶和蛱蝶亚科从线蛱蝶亚科中分离出来。     

Behavior of mitochondria during eupyrene and apyrene spermatogenesis in the silkworm,Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera), investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization and electron microscopy

Summary Changes in the morphology and quantity of mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA during eupyrene and apyrene spermatogenesis in the silkworm were examined by electron microscopy and by fluorescence in situ hybridization with a 2 kb silkworm mitochondrial DNA clone (pBmMtE2). In the eupyrene spermatogenesis, the spermatocytes at early prophase I contained only a small amount of cytoplasm and showed a rather faint signal. As the cells grew larger in the later prophase I, the signal grew stronger. In the eupyrene spermatids, an especially strong signal was evident in the nebenkerns, in which all the cell's mitochondria were aggregated, and the strong fluorescence was maintained in mitochondrial derivatives. On the other hand, the apyrene cells were markedly smaller throughout spermatogenesis, showing much fainter signals for mitochondrial DNA than the eupyrene. Electron microscopy disclosed considerable differences in the behavior of mitochondria between the apýrene and the eupyrene cells. The observed qualitative and/or quantitative differences in the mitochondria may have some physiological bearing on the spermatogenesis of the two types of sperm.Abbreviations FISH fluorescence in situ hybridization - FITC fluorescein isothiocyanate - kb kilo base pair - PI propidium iodide - PBS phosphate-buffered saline     

Signatures of selection in the Iberian honey bee (Apis mellifera iberiensis) revealed by a genome scan analysis of single nucleotide polymorphisms

Understanding the genetic mechanisms of adaptive population divergence is one of the most fundamental endeavours in evolutionary biology and is becoming increasingly important as it will allow predictions about how organisms will respond to global environmental crisis. This is particularly important for the honey bee, a species of unquestionable ecological and economical importance that has been exposed to increasing human‐mediated selection pressures. Here, we conducted a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐based genome scan in honey bees collected across an environmental gradient in Iberia and used four F_ST‐based outlier tests to identify genomic regions exhibiting signatures of selection. Additionally, we analysed associations between genetic and environmental data for the identification of factors that might be correlated or act as selective pressures. With these approaches, 4.4% (17 of 383) of outlier loci were cross‐validated by four F_ST‐based methods, and 8.9% (34 of 383) were cross‐validated by at least three methods. Of the 34 outliers, 15 were found to be strongly associated with one or more environmental variables. Further support for selection, provided by functional genomic information, was particularly compelling for SNP outliers mapped to different genes putatively involved in the same function such as vision, xenobiotic detoxification and innate immune response. This study enabled a more rigorous consideration of selection as the underlying cause of diversity patterns in Iberian honey bees, representing an important first step towards the identification of polymorphisms implicated in local adaptation and possibly in response to recent human‐mediated environmental changes.     

Molecular phylogenetic status of the Bulgarian marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna,Mustelidae, Carnivora), revealed by Y chromosomal genes and mitochondrial DNA sequences

In this study, we investigated molecular phylogenetic status of the marbled polecat (Vormela peregusna) from Bulgaria, using sequences of two Y-chromosomal genes (SRY and ZFY). The phylogenetic tree inferred using combined sequences of both genes indicated that the marbled polecat was split from genera Lutra, Neovison and Mustela after genus Martes was diverged in family Mustelidae. In addition, we analyzed molecular phylogeography of the Bulgarian population of the marbled polecat, using cytochrome b and control region sequences of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The phylogenetic tree of cytochrome b indicated that the haplotypes of the Bulgarian population comprised two haplogroups, which were the most ancestral clades. Additionally, the control region phylogeny showed that the haplotypes of Bulgaria formed two haplogroups: one was the most ancestral clade, and the other was the derivative clade. One individual with the most ancestral cytochrome b clade had a control region haplotype of the derivative clade. Thus, this study revealed that the most ancestral lineages of the marbled polecat are included in the population of Bulgaria. The Bulgarian population could be a remnant lineage from a basal for the species, which in Pleistocene occupied a relatively large area related to the Balkan-Caucasian.     

利用核糖体ITS和3个线粒体基因序列研究几种常见肿腿蜂种类

硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus spp.(Hymenoptera:Bethylidae)寄生低龄天牛幼虫和吉丁类蛀干害虫。本研究利用核糖体ITS序列和3个线粒体基因序列区分8种常见的肿腿蜂。测出8种肿腿蜂的核糖体间隔区ITS1-5.8S-ITS2序列全长2 060 bp。通过对ITS序列分析,根据ITS1序列1 319-1 333 bp位置处"CTTCT"的个数,将管氏肿腿蜂、川硬皮肿腿蜂、白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂、沙蒿吉丁肿腿蜂、苹小吉丁肿腿蜂、松脊吉丁肿腿蜂、落叶松吉丁肿腿蜂,这7种肿腿蜂分成两类,其中,管氏肿腿蜂、川硬皮肿腿蜂、白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂、沙蒿吉丁肿腿蜂为一类,有3个"CTTCT"单元,新发现的苹小吉丁肿腿蜂、松脊吉丁肿腿蜂、落叶松吉丁肿腿蜂为另一类有两个"CTTCT"单元,所以,ITS序列能够将苹小吉丁肿腿蜂、松脊吉丁肿腿蜂和落叶松吉丁肿腿蜂从已知种管氏肿腿蜂、川硬皮肿腿蜂和白蜡吉丁肿腿蜂中区分出来,也为这些新发现的肿腿蜂个体成为新物种提供理论依据;同时分析了8种肿腿蜂线粒体基因cytb,12S和16S 3个基因片段,并结合线粒体基因序列数据和系统发育树。所得的结果表明落叶松吉丁肿腿蜂的所有个体聚在一起形成一个单独的姐妹群,并且在所测的3个基因中落叶松吉丁肿腿蜂都有很高的自检支持率(90%以上)。cytb和12S基因也提供了有力的证明:松脊吉丁肿腿蜂的所有个体聚集为一个单独的类群(自检支持率在90%以上)。这种多个基因综合比较分析的方法,为肿腿蜂科硬皮肿腿蜂属的个体种类鉴定及线粒体基因的进化提供一定的理论依据,但最终肿腿蜂新种的鉴定仍需对其进行形态学鉴定。     

Rapid identification of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salmo trutta</Emphasis> lineages by multiplex PCR utilizing primers tailored to discriminate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the mitochondrial control region

Analyses of the mtDNA control region sequence variation of the brown trout Salmo trutta through its distribution range have demonstrated five distinct phylogenetic lineages. In this work we report the design and implementation of a rapid and accurate molecular diagnostic procedure which allows the assignment of all major phylogenetic lineages. Our method relies on multiplex PCR that discriminates diagnostic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) characteristic of each lineage. The method is straightforward and easy to set up, involves a single reaction, yields data easy to interpret and does not pose significant risk for false positive/negative lineage assignment of a given individual. Panagotis K. Apostolou and Andreas Georgiadis contributed equally to this work.