Molecular characterization of pathogenic Fusarium species in cucurbit plants from Kermanshah province, Iran

Fusarium is one of the important phytopathogenic genera of microfungi causing serious losses on cucurbit plants in Kermanshah province, the largest area of cucurbits plantation in Iran. Therefore, the objectives in this study were to isolate and identify disease-causing Fusarium spp. from infected cucurbit plants, to ascertain their pathogenicity, and to determine their phylogenetic relationships. A total of 100 Fusarium isolates were obtained from diseased cucurbit plants collected from fields in different geographic regions in Kermanshah province, Iran. According to morphological characters, all isolates were identified as Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium equiseti, Fusarium semitectum and Fusarium solani. All isolates of the five Fusarium spp. were evaluated for their pathogenicity on healthy cucumber (Cucumis sativus) and honeydew melon (Cucumis melo) seedlings in the glasshouse. F. oxysporum caused damping-off in 20–35 days on both cucurbit seedlings tested. Typical stem rot symptoms were observed within 15 days after inoculation with F. solani on both seedlings. Based on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal DNA (rDNA) restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis, the five Fusarium species were divided into two major groups. In particular, isolates belonging to the F. solani species complex (FSSC) were separated into two RFLP types. Grouping among Fusarium strains derived from restriction analysis was in agreement with criteria used in morphological classification. Therefore, the PCR-ITS-RFLP method provides a simple and rapid procedure for the differentiation of Fusarium strains at species level. This is the first report on identification and pathogenicity of major plant pathogenic Fusarium spp. causing root and stem rot on cucurbits in Iran.     

Na2CO3处理对黄瓜嫁接苗与自根苗耐盐性的影响

通过Na2CO3,胁迫对黄瓜嫁接苗和自根苗耐盐性差异的研究,揭示黄瓜幼苗的耐盐机制,为设施黄瓜生产提供理论依据。实验以孝感早瓠瓜为砧木,津春四号黄瓜为接穗,采用不同浓度Na2CO3,溶液对黄瓜嫁接苗和自根苗进行处理,研究其对黄瓜幼苗的生理胁迫效应。结果表明：在0—7000mg／L范围内,随着Na2CO3,处理浓度的增加,黄瓜嫁接苗和自根苗的株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部鲜重、根鲜重、叶绿素和根系活力均下降,但嫁接苗受抑制的程度显著低于自根苗;脯氨酸、丙二醛和根冠比均呈上升趋势,且这三项指标均表现为嫁接苗显著高于自根苗;叶片SOD酶活性均呈先上升后下降趋势,均在Na2CO3,处理浓度为1000mg／L时达到最大值,且嫁接苗的活性显著高于自根苗。嫁接苗的耐盐性优于自根苗,Na2CO3胁迫条件下,嫁接苗和自根苗的生长条件盐浓度以不超过3000mg／L为宜。     

丝瓜作砧木提高黄瓜耐涝性的研究

研究了涝害胁迫下黄瓜自根苗、南瓜砧嫁接苗和丝瓜砧嫁接苗的耐涝性能。结果表明：涝害胁迫时,丝瓜砧嫁接苗能维持较高的根系活力与较高的叶绿素含量;根系电解质渗出率、丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧阴离子自由基（O2-）的含量 显著低于黄瓜自根苗和南瓜砧嫁接苗;根系SOD、POD和CAT等细胞保护酶活性高于黄瓜自根苗和南瓜砧嫁接苗;丝瓜作砧木可以提高黄瓜的耐涝性。     

南方根结线虫对不同砧木嫁接番茄苗活性氧清除系统的影响

采用盆栽人工接种方法,对番茄嫁接苗进行了抗性评价,研究了番茄嫁接苗叶片中抗氧化酶活性和活性氧代谢的动态变化。结果表明,接种南方根结线虫(J2)后,砧木嫁接苗表现为高抗,自根嫁接苗为高感。通过嫁接换根,与自根嫁接苗相比,砧木嫁接苗明显提高了接穗叶片的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性,降低了超氧阴离子(O.2-)产生速率以及过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量。表明番茄植株体内的活性氧水平和抗氧化酶活性的高低与其抗根结线虫的能力密切相关,较低的活性氧水平和较高的抗氧化酶活性有利于减轻对膜系统的伤害,提高番茄植株的抗根结线虫能力。     

不同抗性砧木嫁接黄瓜幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

在对系列黄瓜嫁接砧木进行耐盐性鉴定的基础上,选择夏尔巴、新土佐、铁力砧和云南黑籽南瓜4种抗性不同的砧木品种嫁接‘新泰密刺’黄瓜,以自根苗为对照,研究了幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应差异.结果表明:在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫条件下,嫁接苗的电解质相对渗漏率和丙二醛含量均显著低于自根苗,其中黑籽南瓜嫁接苗最低,其次是铁力砧、新土佐和夏尔巴嫁接苗;NaCl胁迫下嫁接苗叶片中脯氨酸、可溶性糖含量及过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均显著高于自根苗,其中黑籽南瓜嫁接苗最高,铁力砧和新土佐嫁接苗间无显著差异,夏尔巴嫁接苗最低.NaCl胁迫后,嫁接苗叶片中Na+含量为黑籽南瓜＜铁力砧＜新土佐＜夏尔巴＜自根苗,K+含量在黑籽南瓜、铁力砧和新土佐嫁接苗间差异不大,但均明显高于夏尔巴嫁接苗,自根苗含量最低;嫁接苗Na+/K+显著低于自根苗,以黑籽南瓜嫁接苗最低.     

Identity and Pathogenicity of Fungi Associated with Root and Crown Rot of Soft Red Winter Wheat Grown on the Upper Coastal Plain Land Resource Area of Mississippi

Seedling stand, disease severity and fungal incidence were determined from untreated ‘Wakefield’ soft red winter wheat planted on a Leeper silty clay loam in field tests conducted at the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Plant Science Research Center, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi during the 1996–97 and 1997–98 growing seasons. Seedling stand was reduced by 40% each year in plots established with untreated seed. Cochliobolus sativus was the most frequently isolated fungus. Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium equiseti and Fusarium solani were the most prevalent Fusarium spp. Seven other Fusarium spp. and 23 species of other fungal genera were isolated. Pathogenicity tests with three isolates each of C. sativus, Cochliobolus spicifer, F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, Fusarium compactum, Embellisia chlamydospora and Microdochium bolleyi were performed in test tube culture and two isolates each of C. sativus, C. spicifer, F. acuminatum, E. chlamydospora and M. bolleyi under greenhouse conditions. In test tubes and in the greenhouse, seedlings infected with isolates of C. sativus developed seedling blight, discoloration and necrosis, primarily in seminal roots and crowns. In the greenhouse, C. sativus induced lesions on the lower leaf sheath and reduced seedling height, seedling emergence, dry and fresh weight of roots and shoots. Isolates of F. acuminatum, F. solani, F. equiseti, F. compactum, E. chlamydospora and M. bolleyi induced slight to moderate orange to light‐brown discoloration of crown and seminal roots in test tubes. Cochliobolus spicifer isolates had the most pre‐emergence activity, inducing black root discoloration and root pruning of wheat seedlings and reducing seedling emergence, root fresh weight and shoot dry weight. In the greenhouse, F. acuminatum reduced seedling height, seedling emergence and root and shoot dry weights. Microdochium bolleyi and E. chlamydospora reduced fresh and dry weight of roots, plant emergence and shoot dry weight. Fusarium acuminatum and C. spicifer reduced the growth rate of wheat seedlings. All fungi evaluated showed increased disease severity compared to the untreated control. The high frequency of isolation of C. sativus from crown and root tissues can be partially explained by the dry, warm conditions during the early stages of wheat seedling development in the Upper Coastal Plain Land Resource Area of Mississippi.     

Phylogenetics and histology provide insight into damping-off infections of ‘Poblano’ pepper seedlings caused by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium</Emphasis> wilt in greenhouses

The ‘Poblano’ pepper crop is economically important in Mexico and throughout the world as it is used as a hot spice in food. The cultivated area of the ‘Poblano’ pepper crop is decreasing yearly for many reasons, among them a wilt disease commonly associated with Fusarium spp. This disease is a problem of field and greenhouse production plants. Moreover, it is not clear whether the pathogens that cause wilt in mature plants are the same as those involved in the damping-off symptoms and death of pepper seedlings in greenhouses. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to identify the causal agent of damping-off in pepper during seedling production, establish its relationship with the causal agent of wilting in mature plants, and determine whether histological damage in seedlings occurs. Isolates were recovered from the crown rot and stem base of 4-month-old infected ‘Poblano’ mature pepper plants and were identified using morphological and phylogenetic approaches. Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani were isolated from the crown rot and base stem, respectively. A pathogenicity test showed that both species caused damping-off in pepper seedlings. Histological studies with inoculated seedlings of both isolates showed several changes in the external cortex, epidermal cells, endodermis, Casparian strips, cell size, and xylem wall. Casparian strip rupture resulted in permeability loss and regulatory activity to maintain the cellular equilibrium inside the vascular bundles. Hence, according to these findings, producers should avoid seedling contamination by infected mature plants because the aggressiveness of Fusarium isolates can cause rapid seedling mortality.     

嫁接对铜胁迫下黄瓜根际土壤微生物特性和酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了嫁接（以黑籽南瓜为砧木）对铜胁迫下黄瓜根际土壤微生物生物量、微生物种群数量和土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明： 铜胁迫下黄瓜根际土壤微生物生物量碳（MBC）和微生物生物量氮（MBN）含量显著下降,基础呼吸和代谢熵显著上升,但嫁接黄瓜根际土壤MBC和MBN含量显著高于自根黄瓜,而基础呼吸和代谢熵则显著低于自根黄瓜.铜胁迫下,根际土壤放线菌和自生固氮菌的数量显著下降,真菌数量显著上升,而细菌数量变化不显著;嫁接黄瓜根系土壤细菌、放线菌、自生固氮菌的数量显著高于自根黄瓜,而真菌数量显著低于自根黄瓜.嫁接黄瓜根际土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶活性在铜胁迫下显著高于自根黄瓜.试验结果证明嫁接使铜胁迫下黄瓜根际土壤微生物环境和酶活性得到了改善和提高,从而提高了黄瓜植株对铜胁迫的抵抗力.     

Fusarium root rot of coneflower seedlings and integrated control using <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma</Emphasis> and fungicides

Fusarium root rot (Fusarium spp.) is one of the most important seedling diseases of coneflower (Echinacea spp.) in Alberta greenhouses. Effects of microbial antagonists (Trichoderma spp.) and fungicides, including difenoconazole, fludioxonil, and a mixture of fludioxonil, metalaxyl and difenoconazole, on the management of this disease, were investigated in Alberta. Twenty Trichoderma isolates demonstrated antagonistic activity to Fusarium in agar plate bioassays, with inhibition rates ranging from 44 to 65%. Some Trichoderma isolates significantly ( p < 0.05) reduced disease incidence and severity on seedlings in greenhouse experiments. An in vitro bioassay indicated that difenoconazole and the mixture equally inhibited the growth of both Fusarium and Trichoderma, but, while fludioxonil strongly inhibited the growth of Fusarium, it had little effect on Trichoderma, according to the dose--response models developed ( p < 0.01, R²= 0.902-0.998). Two Trichoderma isolates, T1 and T13 were applied singly or in combination with a low rate of fludioxonil in greenhouse evaluations. The results suggested that fludioxonil and Trichoderma could be integrated into a disease management program for fusarium root rot in coneflower.     

Outbreak of Rhizopus Rot Caused by Rhizopus oryzae on Seedlings of Grafted Cucumber on Pumpkin Rootstock in South Korea

In 2013, an outbreak of Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus oryzae occurred in cucumber grafted onto pumpkin rootstock sampled from seedling farms in Changnyeong, South Korea. A water‐soaked appearance of the affected tissue was the first symptom of this soft fungal rot in the seedling stems of grafted cucumber. Lesions at the graft sites softened and rapidly, rotted, and turned brown or dark brown. Measurements and taxonomic characteristics were most similar to R. oryzae. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene region confirmed that the isolates were indeed R. oryzae. Koch's postulates were supported by pathogenicity tests conducted on healthy plants. Based on mycological characteristics, pathogenicity test, and molecular analysis, the causal fungus was identified as R. oryzae Went & Prinsen Geerligs. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Rhizopus rot caused by R. oryzae in seedlings of grafted cucumber on pumpkin rootstock in South Korea.     

Efficacy of Pseudomonas syringae in the management of potato tuber diseases in storage

Silver scurf caused by Helminthosporium solani and dry rot caused by Fusarium spp. are tuber diseases of economic importance in potato-growing areas worldwide. Recently, the two pathogens have developed resistance to thiabendazole (TBZ), a post-harvest fungicide commonly used for their control. Therefore, alternative disease control strategies are needed. The present study assessed the efficacy of the biopesticides Bio-Save 10LP (Pseudomonas syringae-strain ESC-10; Ps10) and Bio-Save 11LP (P. syringae-strain ESC-11; Ps11) against silver scurf and dry rot. Approximately 30 isolates representing the genus Fusarium were obtained from symptomatic potato specimens with dry rot from New Brunswick (NB), Nova Scotia (NS), Prince Edward Island (PE) and Alberta (AB), Canada. Species isolated were Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium tumidum, Fusarium coeruleum, Fusarium culmorum, and Fusarium avenaceum. H. solani isolated from AB, NB and PE was included in the study as the causal agent of silver scurf. The efficacy of P. syringae against F. sambucinum and H. solani was tested in vitro. Ps10 and Ps11 inhibited the growth of H. solani up to 68% (NB isolate) and 73% (PE isolate), respectively and the inhibition was more or less comparable with that of TBZ. F. sambucinum was not significantly inhibited by Ps10; however Ps11 significantly inhibited AB, PE and NB isolates by 43%, 28% and 54%, respectively. Conversely, TBZ inhibited AB, PE and NB isolates of Fusarium spp. in vitro by 86%, 88% and 100%, respectively. TBZ in combination with either Ps10 or Ps11 did not always reduce the growth of H. solani or Fusarium spp. in vitro compared to that of TBZ alone. Storage trials conducted in NB and PE assessed the efficacy of P. syringae against H. solani or Fusarium spp. in vivo and confirmed that the application of P. syringae or TBZ alone or in combination significantly reduced the incidence and/or severity of silver scurf and Fusarium dry rot. Ps11 alone or in combination with TBZ was significantly more effective than Ps10 in controlling silver scurf disease severity. The reduction in disease severity of dry rot and silver scurf in storage due to Ps10, Ps11, or TBZ or their combinations was consistently comparable. Results indicate that the use of P. syringae (strains ESC-11 or ESC-10) as a post-harvest treatment can contribute to the management of both silver scurf and Fusarium dry rot in potato storages.     

低温胁迫对以野生黄瓜(棘瓜)为砧木的黄瓜嫁接苗生理生化指标的影响

在5℃低温胁迫条件下,对以野生黄瓜——棘瓜(Sicyos angulatus L．)和以黑籽南瓜为砧木的黄瓜嫁接苗以及自根苗的抗冷性生理生化指标的变化规律作了研究。结果表明,以棘瓜为砧木的黄瓜嫁接苗叶片的SOD、POD、CAT活性以及Pro、可溶性糖含量均高于后两者,MDA含量低于后两者。说明利用棘瓜嫁接的黄瓜苗可以忍受更长时间或更大强度的低温。     

Fusarium rot in cucumber greenhouses of Jiroft region

The present work was done to identify Fusarium species that cause Fusarium rot in greenhouse cucumber crop in Jiroft region (Kerman, Iran), in 2006–2007. During these years, a vast sampling was done from several greenhouses of Jiroft. The plants with rot symptoms as well as the soil samples of greenhouse were transferred to lab. The isolates of plants and soil samples were detached by direct isolation of the infected tissue and soil suspension methods, respectively. Totally 120 isolates were obtained, which were classified into the following six species according to their morphological and physiological characteristics: Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium monoliforme, Fusarium sambucinum, Fusarium subglutinans. It is the first time that three of these taxons, i.e. F. culmorum, F. monoliforme and F. subglutinan are reported in cucumber of Iran. Pathogenesis studies of the isolates were done by mycelium placement and spore suspension injection methods in sterile soil under greenhouse conditions. Then the disease symptoms were investigated.     

Effect of chitosan for the control of potato diseases caused by Fusarium species

The antifungal activity of chitosan against Fusarium spp. was investigated based on in vitro and in vivo assays, and its possible modes of action were also explored. Chitosan applied at 4.0 g/L of acetic acid-distilled water solution significantly decreased the mycelial growth of Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium sambucinum and Fusarium graminearum by 88.4%, 89.0% and 89.8%, respectively. Tuber treatment by chitosan (4.0 g/L) of acetic acid-distilled water solution, prior to inoculation, reduced dry rot severity induced by F. oxysporum and F. sambucinum by 60.0% and 48.2%, respectively. When tested as plant treatment, potato plants inoculated with Fusarium species, exhibited 33.5%–45.3% less wilting severity as compared to the control. This abiotic treatment improved the phenolic compounds activities and defence-related enzymes such as peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase in potato tubers inoculated with Fusarium spp. Results clearly demonstrated that chitosan could be explored as an alternative agent to chemical fungicides for the control of tuber dry rot and Fusarium wilt through induction of the plant defence system.     

嫁接西瓜对西瓜枯萎病菌侵染的防御机制研究

为了揭示嫁接提高西瓜抗枯萎病的机制,该研究以嫁接西瓜为材料,采用扫描电镜观察了枯萎病菌侵染下寄主的组织结构变化,荧光定量分析了相关防卫基因的表达,比较了嫁接西瓜对枯萎病菌侵染的抗感反应。结果显示:(1)枯萎病菌侵染后,与自根西瓜相比,嫁接西瓜的根部木质部导管通过快速形成膜状物、侵填体及细胞壁增厚阻塞菌丝入侵;自根西瓜防御反应较嫁接西瓜晚,严重侵染时薄壁细胞降解,导管组织脱落导致维管系统空洞,从而使植株呈现萎蔫症状,该现象在嫁接西瓜中没有发现。(2)枯萎病菌侵染后,嫁接西瓜比自根西瓜具有较高的防卫基因表达水平,其中:嫁接西瓜中,CHI、APX和PPO基因的表达随枯萎病菌侵染时间的延长而升高,而PAL呈现先升高后降低的表达趋势,但仍高于本底表达;自根西瓜中,仅PPO基因在枯萎病菌侵染后表达上调,而其他基因的表达则是先升高后降低,与嫁接西瓜中的PAL基因表达一致。研究表明,嫁接植株一方面通过快速的组织结构响应,另一方面从转录水平提高了相关防卫基因的表达,最终使植株具有抗病性;推测防御基因在嫁接植株与枯萎病菌互作中的强烈诱导响应可能是嫁接植株抗病的分子机制之一。     

Interaction of Rotylenchulus reniformis with Seedling Disease Pathogens of Cotton

The impact of 10 Fusarium species in concomitant association with Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton seedling disease was examined under greenhouse conditions. In experiment 1, fungal treatments consisted of Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. equiseti, F. lateritium, F. moniliforme, F. oxysporum, F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum, F. proliferatum, F. semitectum, F. solani, and F. sporotrichioides; Rhizoctonia solani; and Thielaviopsis basicola. The experimental design was a 2 × 14 factorial consisting of the presence or absence of R. reniformis and the 12 fungal treatments plus two controls in autoclaved field soil. In experiment 2, the same fungal and nematode treatments were examined in autoclaved or non-autoclaved soil. This experimental design was a 2 × 2 × 14 factorial consisting of field or autoclaved soil, presence or absence of R. reniformis, and the 12 fungal treatments plus two controls. In both tests, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, F. solani, R. solani, and T. basicola consistently displayed extensive root and hypocotyl necrosis that was more severe (P ≤ 0.05) in the presence of R. reniformis. Soil treatment (autoclaved vs. non-autoclaved) influenced the impact of the Fusarium species on cotton seedling disease, with disease being more severe in the autoclaved soil. Rotylenchulus reniformis reproduction on cotton seedlings was greater in field soil compared to autoclaved soil (P ≤ 0.05). This study suggests the importance of Fusarium species and R. reniformis in cotton seedling disease.     

Water stress in cucumber cotyledons infected withXanthomonas campestris pv.cucurbitae

Xanthomonas compestris pv.cucurbitae strain 62 was isolated from diseased cucumber seedlings grown in an open field in Egypt and identified in this study. Inoculation of cucumber seedlings with this strain resulted in reduction of relative water content (RWC) and increase in free proline content of infected cotyledons. RWC was found to be decreased by the increase of disease severity. The reverse was true for free proline content which was found to be increased by the increase of disease severity. These results indicate that water stress increased in direct proportion to the disease severity. Highly significant increase in free proline content was found to occur in organs of cucumber seedlings inoculated with strain 62 and showing disease symptoms on cotyledons only. This implied that water stress was not limited to symptomatic cotyledons but extended to the whole seedling.     

A Threshold Value for Cutting Intensity in Relation to Fusarium Root Rot of Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.)

Although cutting the foliage is known to increase Fusarium root rot severity in red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), no quantitative relationship has so far been determined. In this study, results from a number of greenhouse experiments, where plants were artificially inoculated with Fusarium avenaceum (Corda ex Fr.) Sacc., show a linear relationship between cutting intensity and Fusarium root rot in red clover, cv. ‘Hermes II’ an increased cutting intensity giving an increased root rot severity. Theoretically, a threshold value can be calculated beyond which no increase in root rot severity, compared to an uncut plant, should be expected.     

丝瓜作砧木提高黄瓜耐涝性的研究

研究了涝害胁迫下黄瓜自根苗、南瓜砧嫁接苗和丝瓜砧嫁接苗的耐涝性能。结果表明：涝害胁迫时,丝瓜砧嫁接苗能维持较高的根系活力与较高的叶绿素含量;根系电解质渗出率、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧阴离子自由基(O2^-)的含量显著低于黄瓜自根苗和南瓜砧嫁接苗;根系SOD、POD和CAT等细胞保护酶活性高于黄瓜自根苗和南瓜砧嫁接苗;丝瓜作砧木可以提高黄瓜的耐涝性。     

Fusarium Species from Nepalese Rice and Production of Mycotoxins and Gibberellic Acid by Selected Species

Infection of cereal grains with Fusarium species can cause contamination with mycotoxins that affect human and animal health. To determine the potential for mycotoxin contamination, we isolated Fusarium species from samples of rice seeds that were collected in 1997 on farms in the foothills of the Nepal Himalaya. The predominant Fusarium species in surface-disinfested seeds with husks were species of the Gibberella fujikuroi complex, including G. fujikuroi mating population A (anamorph, Fusarium verticillioides), G. fujikuroi mating population C (anamorph, Fusarium fujikuroi), and G. fujikuroi mating population D (anamorph, Fusarium proliferatum). The widespread occurrence of mating population D suggests that its role in the complex symptoms of bakanae disease of rice may be significant. Other common species were Gibberella zeae (anamorph, Fusarium graminearum) and Fusarium semitectum, with Fusarium acuminatum, Fusarium anguioides, Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium chlamydosporum, Fusarium equiseti, and Fusarium oxysporum occasionally present. Strains of mating population C produced beauvericin, moniliformin, and gibberellic acid, but little or no fumonisin, whereas strains of mating population D produced beauvericin, fumonisin, and, usually, moniliformin, but no gibberellic acid. Some strains of G. zeae produced the 8-ketotrichothecene nivalenol, whereas others produced deoxynivalenol. Despite the occurrence of fumonisin-producing strains of mating population D, and of 8-ketotrichothecene-producing strains of G. zeae, Nepalese rice showed no detectable contamination with these mycotoxins. Effective traditional practices for grain drying and storage may prevent contamination of Nepalese rice with Fusarium mycotoxins.