Relationship between secretion of the Anton blood group antigen in saliva and adherence of Haemophilus influenzae to oropharynx epithelial cells

Abstract Inhibition of adherence of bacteria to epithelial cells contributes to a reduction of infections by these bacteria. We have shown that the Anton blood group antigen, the erythrocyte receptor for Haemophilus influenzae (van Alphen et al. 1986, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 37, 69–71), occurs in saliva, that the occurrence is not related to the secretor state of the donor of the saliva and that saliva containing Anton antigen could not inhibit the adherence of H. influenzae to oropharynx epithelial cells.
Anton antigen was detected in saliva samples of 14 donors by immunoblotting with two different anti-Anton sera. The amount of Anton antigen correlated with the ability of H. influenzae to adhere to the epithelial cells of the donor of the saliva: 4.1 ± 0.1 Anton antigen units for donors with more than 50 H. influenzae per cell and 1.6 ± 0.5 units for donors with less adhering epithelial cells. No correlation between the amount of Anton antigen in saliva and secretor status of the donor was observed. Adherence of H. influenzae to epithelial cells was not inhibited by saliva of secretors ( N = 11) or non-secretors ( N = 3). The same saliva did not inhibit the interaction of the bacteria with Anton antigen bearing erythrocytes as measured by haemagglutination inhibition. This indicates that the amount of Anton antigen in saliva is probably too low to interfere with the interaction of H. influenzae with oropharynx epithelial cells and erythrocytes.     

阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的效果观察和安全性分析

目的观察大环内酯类抗生素阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎的临床疗效,并对用药安全性进行评价。方法选择我院2012年6月至2014年10月呼吸科收治的96例小儿支原体肺炎患者,随机平均分为观察组和对照组。观察组给予阿奇霉素治疗,对照组给予红霉素治疗,观察两组的临床疗效和不良反应。结果观察组患者治愈37例,显效8例,无效3例,总有效率为93.75%;对照组治愈30例,显效9例,无效9例,总有效率为81.25%,治疗组疗效优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组患者平均退热、止咳、平喘、肺部啰音消失时间均短于对照组,平均住院时间和住院花费均少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组均偶见局部皮疹、注射部分疼痛等轻度不良反应,差异无统计学意义;观察组无胃肠道反应,对照组有4例胃肠道反应。结论阿奇霉素治疗小儿支原体肺炎能有效改善临床症状,较红霉素能提高治疗效果,缩短病程,且无严重不良反应,安全可靠,值得推广应用。     

糖皮质激素对大叶性肺炎患儿血清TNF-alpha、IL-6、IL-8水平的影响

目的：探究糖皮质激素对大叶性肺炎患儿血清TNF-alpha、IL-6、IL-8 水平的影响。方法：选取2014 年3 月至2014 年8月我院收 治的大叶性肺炎患儿60 例,并将其随机分为对照组和实验组。对照组30 例,给抗炎、退热、镇咳、平喘等临床常规治疗;实验组30 例,在与对照组相同治疗的基础上加用糖皮质激素联合治疗。治疗结束后,比较两组患儿治疗前后血清TNF-alpha、IL-6、IL-8 水平的 变化。结果：治疗前,两组患儿的血清TNF-alpha、IL-6、IL-8 水平比较均无统计学差异(P 均>0.05);治疗后,两组患儿的血清TNF- alpha、 IL-6、IL-8 水平均较治疗前显著降低(P 均<0.05),且实验组患儿的血清TNF-alpha、IL-6、IL-8 水平均显著低于对照组,差异均有统计 学意义(P 均<0.05)。结论：糖皮质激素辅助治疗可降低大叶性肺炎患儿血清TNF-alpha、IL-6、IL-8 的水平,这可能是其治疗儿童大叶 性肺炎的药理学作用之一。     

微生态制剂联合抗生素对重症肺炎的治疗

目的 探讨微生态制剂联合抗生素治疗重症肺炎的临床疗效。方法 选取2017年1月至2018年5月涿州市医院收治的160例重症肺炎患者,按随机数字表法将患者分为观察组（n=80）和对照组（n=80）。对照组患者采用抗生素治疗,观察组患者在对照组基础上加用微生态制剂进行治疗。观察两组患者治疗14 d后的疗效和治疗前后免疫功能指标（CD3+细胞、CD4+细胞、CD8+细胞、CD4+/CD8+）及白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、C反应蛋白（CRP）及降钙素原（PCT）水平的变化,并记录两组患者不良反应发生情况。结果 观察组患者治疗总有效率显著高于对照组（93.8% vs 81.3%,P<0.05）。观察组患者不良反应发生率明显低于对照组（6.3% vs 17.5%,2=4.838,P=0.028）。与治疗前比较,观察组和对照组患者治疗后CD3+细胞、CD4+细胞及CD4+/CD8+水平明显升高（P<0.05）,CD8+细胞水平明显降低。治疗后观察组和对照组患者IL-6、CRP及PCT水平均明显低于治疗前（P<0.05）,且观察组治疗后IL-6、CRP及PCT水平均明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 微生态制剂联合抗生素治疗重症肺炎的临床效果较好,可提高患者的免疫功能及减轻炎症反应。     

Pollenanalytical research in the Grisons (Switzerland)

In the first part, an overview of the history of palynological researeh in Switzerland and particularly in the Grisons is given, with a map showing all investigated areas in the Grisons. The second part deals with the significance of the pollenanalytical research in the Grisons, namely, the history of vegetation during the Late and Post Glacial, climatic fluctuations and applications in geomorphology, archaeology and forestry research. Finally, some results concerning the history of vegetation during the Late and Post Glacial are discussed.I would like to thank my colleague H. Holzhauser for his help with the drawing of the figures.     

长江江豚感染铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的诊治

本文记录了一例患急性铜绿假单胞菌肺炎的长江江豚诊断、治疗和预后观察过程。病原学鉴定采用鲜血琼脂平板对该江豚鼻腔拭子,在37℃下进行细菌需氧、厌氧培养和分离,并对所分离的细菌种类进行细菌学鉴定,结合血常规和血生化的检测结果,判定病原为铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA）。依据病原菌的药敏试验结果对患病江豚进行治疗,预后良好。通过对整个过程的资料分析以及预后观察,得到如下提示：1）应做好饲养环境的消毒措施,防止江豚出现获得性PA感染;2）对江豚日常呼吸道和粪便中PA的检测,有利于疾病的早期预防和控制;3）江豚呼吸系统疾病的治愈依赖于准确的病原鉴定和及时的治疗,药敏试验对于PA感染的治疗非常必要;4）行为学的改变在江豚呼吸道疾病发病初期以及预后有重要的指示作用。     

早期肠内免疫微生态营养在重症肺炎治疗中的应用观察

目的 研究早期肠内免疫微生态营养对重症肺炎肠道菌群分布及肠道黏膜屏障的影响,为重症肺炎患者选择可靠的营养支持方式提供依据.方法 选取2017年1月至2019年1月在我院接受治疗的82例重症肺炎患者.采用随机数字表法随机分为观察组(n=41)与对照组(n=41).所有患者入院即采用常规治疗,对照组患者在常规治疗基础上建立...     

阿齐霉素联合头孢噻肟钠治疗老年社区获得性肺炎

目的探讨阿齐霉素联合头孢噻肟对老年社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的临床效果和安全性。方法84例老年CAP随机分为2组。治疗组42例,给阿齐霉素0.5 g,po,qd,连用3 d,同时给头孢噻肟钠2.0 g,静滴,bid。对照组42例,给头孢噻肟钠2.0 g静滴,bid。2组总疗程14 d。结果治疗组与对照组的总有效率分别为90.5%和73.8%,差异有显著性(P<0.05);治疗组与对照组的细菌总清除率分别为80.0%和78.9%,差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论阿齐霉素联用头孢噻肟钠治疗老年社区获得性肺炎安全、有效。     

Statilia maculata (Thunberg, 1784) – the first invasive praying mantis (Mantodea,Mantidae) in the fauna of Russia

Summary

Recent years have seen an increasing number of alien praying mantis species being introduced and establishing populations across Europe. Here we add to this count, reporting a stable and spreading population of an Asian species, Statilia maculata (Thunberg, 1784), in Krasnodar Krai of Southern Russia. This is the first introduced praying mantis species in the Russian fauna and the first representative of the genus Statilia Stål, 1877 in Europe. We review what is known about biology of this species and provide diagnostic characters to distinguish nymphs, adults and oothecae from native and introduced European species of praying mantis. Our attempts at captive breeding identify humidity as one of the most important factors limiting possible spread of S. maculata. Invasion to neighbouring territories and other countries with a humid subtropical climate remains a very real possibility with an unknown outcome for local ecosystems.     

Early versus later response to treatment in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: analysis of the REACH study

Background

Key goals in the treatment of CAP include early response to treatment and achievement of clinical stability. The US FDA recommends early response endpoints (72 hours after initiation of treatment) in clinical trials for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia. REACH (REtrospective Study to Assess the Clinical Management of Patients With Moderate-to-Severe Complicated Skin and Soft Tissue Infections [cSSTI] or CAP in the Hospital Setting) was a retrospective observational study, providing current data on the clinical management and resource burden of CAP in real-life settings in European hospitals. This analysis reviews the characteristics and outcomes of patients showing early positive response to treatment (time to clinical stability [TCS] ≤4 days, as assessed by Halm’s criteria) compared with patients with later positive response (TCS >4 days).

Methods

Patients were adults, hospitalized with CAP (2010–2011) and requiring in-hospital treatment with intravenous antibiotics.

Results

Of the 2039 patients included in REACH, 585 (28.7%) had TCS assessed by Halm’s criteria: 332 (56.8%) showed early response (median 3.0 days), and 253 (43.2%) showed later response to treatment (median 7.0 days). Use of Halm’s criteria varied across participating countries, ranging from 0% (Belgium) to 49.1% (UK). Patient characteristics and relevant medical history were similar between the two groups. There were no notable differences in initial antibiotic therapy between groups, except that more early responders had been treated with amoxicillin–clavulanate and amoxicillin monotherapy (22.6%; 7.5%, respectively) than later responders (5.9%; 1.2%, respectively). Initial treatment modification and re-infection or recurrences were less frequent in early responders compared with later responders (14.2% and 3.3% vs. 34.8% and 5.9%, respectively). Early responders had a shorter duration of hospitalization (mean 9.4 ± SD 7.0; median 8.0 days vs. mean 15.6 ± SD 10.5; median 12.0 days, respectively), lower rate of ICU admission (3.3% vs. 21.3%) and shorter duration of ICU stay (mean 6.2 ± SD 5.7; median 4.0 days vs. mean 10.4 ± SD 10.1; median 8.0 days, respectively) compared with later responders. Mortality was low in both groups.

Conclusions

Achieving early clinical stabilization in CAP (≤4 days) is associated with improved outcomes, lower requirement for initial treatment modification or readmission and lower resource use, compared with a later response.

Trial registration

{"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01293435","term_id":"NCT01293435"}}NCT01293435     

On the holocene history of vegetation in SE Bulgaria (Lake Arkutino,Ropotamo region)

Palynological studies and investigations on macrofossil remains have been carried out on two profiles of the Holocene sediments of Lake Arkutino situated near to the Black Sea coast of SE Bulgaria. Lake Arkutino is a freshwater lake with shallow water. The lake is separated from the Black Sea by a dune barrier. Sedimentation started at about 6100 B.P. No marine or brackish influence could be traced in the sediments although the lake level is around sea level. The history of vegetation does not display major fluctuations except for the lake vegetation itself and for the swamp forests (Longos forests) surrounding the lake. Forests on normal mineral soils were mainly occupied by deciduous oaks throughout the last 6100 years. Deciduous oaks are represented in the pollen diagrams by the Quercus robur type and the Quercus cerris type. Until about 5800 B.P., one of the two pollen diagrams indicates that forests still contained more Pinus and Corylus than afterwards. After 5800 B.P., Fagus and a hundred years later together with Carpinus betulus became more important in addition with submediterranean elements as Carpinus orientalis, Fraxinus ornus and Phillyrea. After 5200 B.P., Carpinus betulus became somewhat less important. Indicators for human influence are rare. The archaeological record speaks for a small population in the area under study since the 12th century B.C. Swamp forests of the so-called Longos forests type started to develop at about 3000 B.P. The macrofossil record offers possibilities to trace hydrological changes by tracing the history of hydrophyte and reed plant comminties. From about 5100 to at least 4000 B.P., the record for Lemnetea and Potametea communities is poor and the processes of terrestrialization was interrupted. It can be assumed that the highest Black Sea transgression which is dated to 5700–4000 B.P. and which showed a sea level 3–4 m higher than today heavily influenced Lake Arkutino. That may have resulted in a higher lake level and in some water supply from the nearby river Ropotamo which would explain certain changes in the sediments and in the composition of hydrophyte communities.     

Dietary treatment of diabetes mellitus in the pre-insulin era (1914-1922)

Before the discovery of insulin, one of the most common dietary treatments of diabetes mellitus was a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. A review of Frederick M. Allen's case histories shows that a 70% fat, 8% carbohydrate diet could eliminate glycosuria among hospitalized patients. A reconsideration of the role of the high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for the treatment of diabetes mellitus is in order.     

大剂量氨溴索联合头孢哌酮钠对卡氏肺孢子菌肺炎(PcP)的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨大剂量氨溴索联合头孢哌酮钠对卡氐肺孢子菌肺炎的临床疗效。方法:选取我院收治的肺孢子菌肺炎患者68例,按照随机数字表法分组,对照组34例予以小剂量新诺明治疗;研究组34例在对照组基础上予以大剂量氨溴索联合头孢哌酮钠治疗,记录并比较两组临床症状、动脉血气分析、血清细胞因子水平、临床疗效及并发症的发生情况。结果:照组临床总有效率(70.59%)显著低于研究组(91.18%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);与对照组比,研究组临床症状缓解时间较短,治疗后PaO_2、PaO_2/FiO_2、SaO_2较高,血清IL-10、IFN-γ、IL-8、IL-23水平较低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);两组患者均无恶性不良反应发生,存在轻微的恶心,呕吐等胃肠道反应,两组间不良反映的发生率对比无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:大剂量氨溴索联合头孢哌酮钠对卡氐肺孢子菌肺炎疗效好,安全性高。     

Health in exchange: teachers,doctors, and the strength of informal practices in Russia

This article explores teachers' and doctors' informal medical exchange practices in the context of the transforming health care system in post-Soviet Russia. Despite the advent of a medical marketplace, most Russians have low incomes and cannot buy the goods and services the market offers. Instead, they bypass the formal market mechanisms (such as obtaining cheaper medicine through personal connections) and official procedures (such as obtaining free or cheaper health care services despite the emergence of paid services) by using their social networks. This paper uses a network perspective to investigate how doctors' and teachers' mutual relations are formed and what resources form the basis of these informal exchange practices. Drawing on structured diary data and qualitative interviews with 20 teachers, in addition to interviews with eight doctors in St. Petersburg, the study goes beyond mere statistics on health care and attempts to depict from below the implications health and illness have for survival in contemporary Russia.     

老年重症肺炎病原学特点以及预后相关因素分析

目的 探讨老年重症肺炎病原学特点以及分析预后相关因素。方法 选取我科住院的老年重症肺炎（SP）患者140例,分析患者病原菌感染的病原学特点,包括对患者痰液菌株的分离鉴定及药敏试验检测,并使用多因素logistic回归进行预后相关因素分析。结果 共121株病原菌被分离,其中革兰阴性菌91株（75.20%）,革兰阳性菌27株（22.31%）,真菌3株（2.48%）。主要革兰阴性菌均对氨苄西林具有较高的耐药性（≥80%）,对阿米卡星、环丙沙星耐药性稍低;主要革兰阳性菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松耐药性较高（＞70%）,对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药性稍低。住院时间（P=0.025）、机械通气（P=0.021）、MODS评分（P=0.019）与血浆白蛋白含量（P=0.013）是老年重症肺炎影响预后的独立危险因素。结论 革兰阴性菌为老年重症肺炎主要致病菌,以鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主,对氨苄西林耐药性较高。患者的预后与住院时间、机械通气、MODS评分和血浆白蛋白含量具有显著相关性。     

双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊治疗婴儿支气管肺炎并症状性腹泻疗效观察

目的观察双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊（贝飞达）治疗婴儿支气管肺炎并症状性腹泻的疗效。方法156例婴儿支气管肺炎并症状性腹泻患儿随机分为2组,对照组72例按支气管肺炎常规抗感染及对症治疗,治疗组84例在此基础上加用双歧杆菌三联活菌。结果治疗组有效率为82．2％,显著高于对照组（58．3％）,2组间差异有非常显著性（χ^2=10．7,P〈0．01）。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌治疗婴儿支气管肺炎并症状性腹泻疗效显著。     

Kinetics of c-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) in patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), as presented with biologic half-life times

Context: In management of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), excellent biomarkers for inflammation would be helpful in our practice.

Objectives: Kinetics of c-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA) was characterized, using their biologic half-life times.

Materials and methods: Time course of CRP and SAA levels in the successfully treated 36 CAP patients were investigated and their half-life times were determined and compared.

Results & Discussions: SAA and CRP declined in an exponential mean and the biologic half-life times of SAA levels was 34.9?±?28.7?h, significantly shorter than that of CRP, 46.4?±?21.7?h (p?=?0.0014). Conclusion: The kinetic evidence, presented as biologic half-life times of CRP and SAA, helps us make a clinical assessment of CAP patients.     

血清LTB4和PCT在细菌性肺炎患者中的表达及其与预后的相关性

目的 探究治疗前后细菌性肺炎患者血清中白三烯B4(LTB4)、降钙素原(PCT)表达水平及其与预后相关性。 方法 选取2018年3月-2019年2月我院收治细菌性肺炎患者作为观察组(n=70),另选择同期于我院体检健康合格者作为对照组(n=70)。观察两组血清LTB4、PCT表达水平。观察治疗1周后、治疗2周后观察组患者血清LTB4、PCT表达水平。采用ROC曲线及Cox分析法分析观察组血清LTB4、PCT表达水平与预后相关性。 结果 观察组治疗前LTB4与PCT水平均高于对照组(P结论 血清PCT与LTB4在细菌性肺炎患者中处于高表达状态,治疗后两者表达水平显著降低。血清PCT及LTB4与患者预后情况密切相关,可作为临床监测细菌性肺炎患者预后重要指标。