双元覆盖对果园土壤水分的调控效果

为了研究双元覆盖对渭北旱塬苹果园土壤水分的调控效果,对4个不同处理(地膜压秸秆双元覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和对照)下的果园0～600 cm土层范围内的土壤水分进行测定,并对果树产量和枝条生长量进行了统计.结果表明: 双元覆盖的整体保墒效果最佳,0～600 cm土壤贮水量比对照高6.7%;长期双元覆盖能够有效地缓解该地区深层土壤出现的干燥化现象,稳定层(240～600 cm)月平均土壤贮水量比对照高64.22 mm;双元覆盖和地膜覆盖两种措施均能降低浅层(0～60 cm)土壤水分随时间的波动,提高浅层土壤水分随时间变化的稳定性;与单一覆盖方式相比,双元覆盖方式更能减小土壤剖面水分垂直变异,提高土壤剖面水分垂直分布的稳定性;双元覆盖方式增产效果明显,苹果产量比对照高48.2%.综上,相对于单一的覆盖方式,双元覆盖能更好地调控果园土壤水分、提高苹果产量.     

半干旱黄土高原地区地膜覆盖和底墒对春小麦生长及产量的影响

在年均降水量为415mm的半干旱地区黄绵土旱地上,以春小麦为供试作物进行大田实验,研究不同底墒(包括低底墒、中底墒和高底墒)下．地膜覆盖(包括不覆膜、播种后覆膜30d、覆膜60d和覆膜120d即全程覆膜)进程对作物生产的影响。结果表明．增加底墒和合理的覆膜进程均会显著增加作物的生长和产量,但底墒不同,其最佳覆膜进程不同：在低底墒时,覆膜处理反而使产量低于不覆膜处理;在中底墒时．覆膜30d产量最高,随着覆膜时间延长．产量呈下降趋势,甚至全程覆膜产量低于不覆膜处理;高底墒以覆膜60d产量最高。综合作物生长和产量,全程覆膜并没有多少实际意义。在同种覆膜处理下,随着底墒的增加,根生物量、地上干物质、叶面积及产量也增加显著,高底墒覆膜60d处理的产量在所有处理中为最高。     

半干旱黄土高原地区春小麦地膜覆盖研究概述

在黄土高原半干旱地区春小麦上进行的地膜覆盖试验表明,地膜覆盖通过改善耕层土壤生态环境条件,即通过改善水,热状况,活化土壤养分,对提高水分和养分利用效率,实现粮食增产具有重要作用,但近年来在生产实践和科学实验中发现,不合理的长期全生育期地膜覆盖,因在作物生长前期和中期覆膜作物较不覆膜作物生长好,覆膜作物在生长期水分蒸腾损失严重,土壤水分的蒸散（蒸发＋蒸腾）损失远比不覆膜土壤严重,在作物生长后期降水少或没有补充灌溉时,会产生严重的水分肋迫现象,显著抑制小穗分化和灌浆,最终导致收获得指数和产量下降,同时,地膜覆盖的增产作用在一定程度上是以耗竭土壤肥力,特别是在有机物质为代 的,因此,不正确的地膜覆盖（如全生育期的地膜覆盖）,不仅有时起不到显著的增产作用,而且易造成土壤养分,特别是土壤中硝态氮的累积和损失,肥料利用效率降低,土壤生态条件恶化,下降,难以持续高产,因此在确定地膜覆盖范式时,必须要考虑底墒,作物生育期降水,地膜覆盖的阶段性和氮肥的施用等。     

Soil water, nutrient availability and sapling survival under organic and polyethylene mulch in a seasonally dry tropical forest

We examine the effect of mulches on the soil volumetric water content (SVWC), pH, carbon (C), total and mineral (NH₄ and NO₃) nitrogen (N), total and bicarbonate phosphorus (P), and on the survival and relative growth rate of three species, Ipomea wolcottiana Rose, Lonchocarpus eriocarinalis Micheli and Caesalpinia eriostachys Benth, in a degraded seasonally dry tropical forest (SDTF) area. Our study year was unusually dry, with only half of the mean annual rainfall. Sixteen plots (5 × 6 m) for each of our four treatments, mulches with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) straw, forest litter (SDTF litter), polyethylene and bare soil (control), were used. In each plot, 20 tree saplings were planted of each species. The SVWC was higher in plots mulched with polyethylene than in bare soil plots. The soil pH did not change with mulching, and there were no differences between treatments in the concentrations of soil organic C, total N, NO₃ and total P. However, soil concentrations of NH₄ were highest in plots with alfalfa straw and of bicarbonate P in plots with polyethylene. Sapling survival was higher in polyethylene mulch plots than in other mulching treatments, in the order I.␣wolcottiana > C. eriostachys > L. eriocarinalis. Sapling survival under organic mulches, alfalfa straw and forest litter were similar, and lowest in bare soil. The relative growth rate followed the order L. eriocarinalis < C. eriostachys < I. wolcotiana, and the growth rate of all species was greatest under polyethylene mulch. We conclude that a combination of polyethylene mulch with species of high growth rate is best for restoring seasonally dry tropical areas.     

The effect of organic mulches on yields and phosphorus utilization by plants in acid soils

Summary The effect of organic mulches on the yields of plants and on their utilization of applied phosphate was determined by using a variety of crops grown in a Manitoba acid soil. The plants gave larger yields and utilized a greater portion of applied phosphate when the soil was mulched than when unmulched. The increased utilization of applied phosphate by the plants grown in the mulched soils appeared to be due to two factors. First, mulching resulted in a greater concentration of roots near the soil surface, thus enabling the plants to utilize the surface-applied phosphate. Approximately 60 to 97 per cent of the effect of mulch in increasing yield and phosphate utilization could be attributed to the above factor. Secondly, mulching tended to increase the downward movement of phosphorus and decrease the amount of phosphorus fixed by the soils     

半干旱雨养区不同覆膜方式对冬小麦土壤水分利用及产量的影响

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,于2008—2009、2009—2010两个年度,以露地种植为对照(CK),研究了不同覆膜方式(全膜覆土穴播,全膜穴播,垄膜沟播)对旱地冬小麦产量和水分利用的影响。结果表明:两年度覆膜平均较CK产量分别显著提高49.4%和53.2%,水分利用效率提高11.8%和14.3%。覆膜的高产建立在高生长量、高耗水基础上,产量与生育期耗水量显著正相关(r=0.952*—0.958*),两年度覆膜分别平均较CK多耗水33.5%和34.1%。覆膜处理中以全膜穴播较CK的增产幅度和WUE提高幅度最大,耗水量也最大。由于覆膜耗水量大,覆膜各处理收获期0—200 cm土壤贮水量均显著低于CK,但通过全年连续覆膜和夏闲期降水补充,在下茬秋播时,覆膜各处理0—200 cm土壤贮水量均超过CK,夏闲期覆膜的水分休闲效率两年度分别平均高出CK 41.8和86.4个百分点,覆膜有利于土壤水分恢复和下茬作物的可持续生产。覆膜方式中,以全膜覆土穴播种植效益最高,两个年度纯收益平均达5531.6元/hm2,较CK增收2542.2元/hm2。综合考虑,全膜覆土穴播是一种高产高效兼顾、操作简单、适宜于半干旱雨养区推广应用的冬小麦覆膜种植方式。     

红壤旱坡地桔园覆盖的生态效应及经济效益评价

柑桔是南方红壤地区栽培的主要果树种类,栽培面积达1126×106ｈｍ2。柑桔是一种常绿果树,生长量大,挂果期长,周年需要消耗大量的水分。我国南方红壤地区虽然雨水充沛,但降水季节分布不均,柑桔果实迅速生长的7～10月正是该地区雨水少、蒸发量大的伏秋干旱季节。经常性的伏秋干旱是制约我国柑桔产量和质量进一步提高的主要障碍因素之一。桔园夏秋进行秸秆覆盖可以降温[1]、保水[2]、防止杂草生长[3]等,但桔园应用地膜覆盖及常年连续覆盖对桔园的生态效应方面的研究较少,为此我们开展了这方面的工作,并通过连续3ａ的产量及产值分析覆盖桔园的经…     

Effects of ground cover (straw and compost) on the abundance of natural enemies and soil macro invertebrates in vineyards

1 Herbicides are commonly applied under grapevines in Australia to remove weeds and thereby to avoid water loss through transpiration. 2 Interest in sustainability promotes a reduction in chemical inputs, including herbicides, leading to trials with surface mulches to suppress weeds. 3 Surface mulches may also influence the abundance of a range of invertebrates. Potentially, an increase in natural enemies will contribute to pest control and encourage a reduction in pesticide application. 4 We used three trapping methods and direct soil sampling to assess invertebrates at ground level, in the canopy and in the soil to determine the influence of mulch on natural enemies, potential pests and soil macroinvertebrates, including earthworms. 5 Collections sorted to family demonstrated that the addition of straw or compost mulches increased natural enemies collected with pitfall traps and soil organisms. However, there was no clear indication of the overall superiority of either mulch. 6 Abundance of ground beetles, parasitoid Hymenoptera and spiders collected with pitfall traps were increased by the addition of mulches. In the canopy, predatory and parasitic Diptera and predatory Hemiptera increased after mulching. 7 Earthworms collected by hand sorting soil increased with straw mulching. 8 No influence on pests was detected. Although Lepidoptera and Sigmurethra, collected in pitfall traps, increased with straw mulching, neither included pest species. 9 The results are discussed with reference to the potential economic impact of mulches.     

Abundance of boll worm, flower beetle, predators and field colonization by Rhynocoris kumarii (Het., Reduviidae) following mulching and shelter provisioning in cotton

Abstract:  Field colonization of the assassin bug Rhynocoris kumarii Ambrose and Livingstone and biocontrol potential of predatory arthropods after mulching with sorghum trash and coconut leaflets and with shelter provisioning with pieces of clay pots and stones was studied in a cotton field experiment at the Agricultural College Farm, Killikulam, South India. Third and fourth nymphal instars of R. kumarii were released. There were fewer Helicoverpa armigera Hübner larvae in plots with mulched cotton trash than in control and other (mulched and shelter provisioned) plots. But mulching did not affect the number of adult Mylabris pustulata Thunberg. The flower and boll damage was significantly less in trash and leaflet mulch plots than in other shelter provisioned and control plots. The percentage of good quality cotton was also greater in mulch plots than in control plots. The yield of seed-cotton was also significantly greater in plots with trash mulches and coconut leaflet mulches than in control plots.     

覆膜对旱地麦田土壤水分及氮素平衡的影响

通过大田试验研究了平膜穴播和垄膜沟播等覆膜方式对晋南旱地麦田土壤水分、氮素平衡及产量的影响,以期在当地确立一套适宜的科学覆膜方式,为晋南旱塬地区乃至我国旱作小麦的高产优质提供理论依据。结果表明,垄膜沟播和平膜穴播处理的冬小麦增产效果显著,且以平膜穴播处理的效果最优,较测控施肥处理的籽粒产量和生物产量分别提高22.71%和25.45%。经过冬小麦一个生育期对土壤水分的吸收利用,两种覆膜处理的耗水量较不覆膜处理有较大的提高,而其水分利用率略低于不覆膜处理,但差异不显著。两种覆膜处理也能提高麦田的降水生产效率和休闲效率,较不覆膜处理分别提高9.46%—30.16%和9.95%—39.22%。覆膜有利于氮的矿化,并能促进小麦对氮素的吸收利用,同时也可以在一定程度上降低氮素在土壤中的残留,最终有利于小麦增产。     

不同种植方式对花生土壤微生物生物量及活性的影响

在大田条件下,采用随机区组设计研究了春播覆膜（CBFM）、春播露地（CBLD）、麦田套种（MT）、麦田套种露地对照（MTLD）、夏播覆膜（XBFM）和夏播露地（XBLD）6种花生种植方式对土壤微生物生物量碳、活跃微生物生物量和土壤呼吸的影响.结果表明： 花生生育期和种植方式均显著影响土壤微生物生物量及活性.从始花期开始,随着生育进程的推进,土壤微生物生物量碳、活跃微生物生物量和呼吸速率逐渐升高,到结荚期达到最大值,随后下降.露地栽培花生提高了土壤微生物生物量碳和土壤呼吸速率,但是降低了活跃微生物生物量,对土壤养分的转化和吸收不利;覆膜花生提高了活跃微生物生物量,促进土壤养分的分解和有效化;麦田套种花生比同期播种的露地对照花生提高了土壤微生物生物量碳、活跃微生物生物量和土壤呼吸速率,固结养分较多,不利于花生生长.     

Rice-Straw Mulch Reduces the Green Peach Aphid,Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Populations on Kale,Brassica oleracea var. acephala (Brassicaceae) Plants

Organic mulches, like peel and rice-straw, besides other materials affect the UV and temperature, which cause a reduction in the aphid arrival. The aim was to evaluate the effect of covering the soil with straw on the populations of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae on the kale, Brassica oleracea var. acephala plants. The first experiment evaluated the direct effect of the rice-straw mulch and the second its indirect effect on aphid immigration, testing the plant characteristics that could lead to the landing preference of this insect. The third experiment evaluated the direct effect of the mulch on the aphid population. In the second and third experiments, four plants, each in a 14 L polyethylene pot with holes at the bottom, were used in areas with and without soil mulching. These pots were changed between areas, after seven days, to evaluate the effects of this change on the arrival of the winged aphids to the plants. Each plant was covered with anti-aphid gauze and inoculated with one winged M. persicae. Winged and apterous adults of this insect were counted per plant after 15 days. The temperature increased in the mulched plots to a maximum of 21–36°C and to 18–32°C in the plots with or without soil covering, respectively. Plant growth reduced the numbers of the winged aphids landing before and after they were moved to the bare soil plots. The nutrient content was similar in plants in both the mulched and no mulched plots. The population growth of M. persicae was higher in the control than in the mulched plots. This was partially due to temperatures close to 30°C in these plots and changes in the plant physiology. The soil mulching with rice-straw decreased the M. persicae landing, increased the plot temperatures and improved the vegetative growth of the kale plants.     

覆膜与沟垄种植模式对旱作马铃薯产量形成及水分运移的影响

研究了覆膜及不同沟垄种植模式对黄土高原西部半干旱区旱作马铃薯产量形成和水分运移的影响.结果表明:平畦覆膜(T2)、全膜双垄沟播(T3)、全膜双垄垄播(T4)、半膜膜侧种植(T5)和半膜沟垄垄播(T6)种植方式的产量分别比传统平畦不覆膜(T1)方式高50.1%、75.9%、86.8%、69.6%和60.6%;水分利用效率(WUE)分别提高47.0%、82.7%、84.0%、75.2%和54.3%,其中,T4、T3产量和WUE增加幅度最大.与传统方式相比,各覆膜及沟垄处理普遍优化了马铃薯各产量构成性状,其中T4和T3最有利于大薯率和中薯率的提高、绿薯率和烂薯率的降低,其单株结薯数和单株薯产量也较高.因此,全膜双垄垄播和全膜双垄沟播为半干旱区马铃薯适宜的抗旱节水高产种植模式.     

Mulching with coffee husk and pulp in strawberry affects edaphic predatory mite and spider mite densities

Mulching of soil beds of strawberry fields is usually done with polyethylene film in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. This material is relatively expensive and difficult to discard after use. In some countries, mulching is done with the use of organic material that could have an advantage over the use of plastic for its easier degradation after use, and for favoring edaphic beneficial organisms. Predatory mites (especially Gamasina, Mesostigmata) may be abundant in the soil and could conceivably move to the soil surface and onto the short-growing strawberry plants at night, helping in the control or pest arthropods. The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is considered an important strawberry pest in that region, where the fungus Neozygites floridana (Weiser and Muma) has been found to infect it. Different mulching types could affect the incidence of this pathogen. Dehydrated coffee husk and pulp (DCHP) is a byproduct readily available in southern Minas Gerais, where could be used as organic mulching in strawberry beds. The temporary contact of that material with the soil of a patch of natural vegetation could facilitate its colonization by edaphic predatory mites helpful in the control of strawberry pests. The objective of this work was to study the effect of mulching type on the population dynamics of the two-spotted spider mite, associate mites and N. floridana, in a greenhouse and in the field. The use of DCHP increased the number of edaphic Gamasina on strawberry plants—Proctolaelaps pygmaeus (Müller) (Melicharidae) and Blattisocius dentriticus (Berlese) (Blattisociidae) were observed on strawberry leaflets, mainly in nocturnal samplings, indicating their possible daily migration from soil to plants. Lower levels of two-spotted spider mite occurred on plants from pots or soil beds mulched with DCHP instead of polyethylene film, possibly because of the slightly higher levels of mites of the family Phytoseiidae and infection by N. floridana. Adding DCHP onto the floor of natural vegetation did not result in higher diversity or levels of gamasine mites on DCHP. Complementary studies should be conducted to find ways to increase diversity and density of those organisms in strawberry beds, in an attempt to improve biological control of strawberry pests. The decision to use DCHP for mulching should also take into account other factors such as strawberry yield, costs and efficiency of weed management, to be evaluated in subsequent studies.     

覆膜方式对一膜两年覆盖旱地玉米籽粒产量、水分利用效率和土壤水分平衡的影响

以挖掘黄土高原半干旱区全膜双垄沟播玉米节本增效技术,探讨一膜两年覆盖系统土壤水分平衡为目标,通过大田定位试验,量化研究了一膜两年覆盖条件下,全膜沟垄作(F₁M)、全膜平作(F₂M)、半膜平作(F₃M)和不覆膜平作(F₄M,对照)玉米的产量、经济收益、水分利用效率和土壤水分平衡.结果表明: 2年全膜沟垄作、平作的生物产量较对照平均增加32.8%和32.9%,籽粒产量增加60.8%和51.7%,水分利用效率和降水利用效率平均增加59.8%、35.9%和87.6%、64.4%.新覆膜全膜沟垄作、平作属于高产高投模式,其总产值较对照增加51.0%、41.2%,产投比较对照降低15.1%和16.2%;一膜两年覆盖全膜沟垄作、平作属于节本增效型生产模式,其总产值较对照增加40.8%和42.2%,产投比增加40.3%和42.2%.在606.5 mm的低降水条件下,一膜两年覆盖全膜沟垄作、平作的总耗水量分别达731.3和746.8 mm,土壤水分亏缺分别达124.8和140.3 mm,较对照增加22.7%和38.0%.一膜两年覆盖使全膜沟垄作、平作休闲期土壤水耗水量较对照降低了28.6%和30.0%,休闲效率较对照增加178.9%、148.3%.这说明全膜沟垄作、平作具有明显的增产和提高水分利用效率的作用,该技术结合一膜两年覆盖技术能实现节本增效,但在推广应用时需考虑低降水条件下的土壤水分亏缺问题.     

覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,研究了不同覆盖方式(夏季覆膜,T₁;秋季覆膜,T₂;小麦碎秆覆盖,T₃;小麦整秆覆盖,T₄;夏季覆膜+麦秆还田,T₅;旧膜二茬利用,T₆;无覆盖对照,CK)对旱地冬小麦土壤水分的影响.结果表明: T₆在各时期、各土层土壤含水量普遍高于CK,其他5个覆盖处理可明显改善开花前0～90 cm土壤墒情,但开花后0～90 cm土层以及全生育期90～200 cm土层含水量普遍低于CK.全生育期0～200 cm土层平均含水量T₆显著高于CK,两者差值为0.9%,其余处理均低于CK.0～200 cm土层平均含水量秸秆覆盖处理高于覆膜处理,旧膜二茬利用高于新覆膜.覆膜处理单位面积籽粒产量较CK提高20.3%～29.0%,秸秆覆盖处理较CK提高5.0%～16.7%,冬小麦产量与生育期耗水量呈显著正相关(r=0.77^*).     

甘肃旱作大豆全膜双垄种植的土壤水热及产量效应

以晋豆23为材料,在甘肃省农业科学院镇原试验站进行田间试验,研究了全膜双垄沟播(FMRFC)、覆膜沟播(FMFC)、覆膜条播(FMSC)和露地条播(NMSC,CK)4个处理的水热及产量效应.结果表明: 在大豆生育期降水量为246.3 mm(干旱年)和407 mm(丰水年)两种年型下,各覆盖处理0～20 cm土层平均地温在24 h内呈“S”型变化,并随生育进程波动振幅缩小.各覆盖处理使大豆苗期(VE～V3)至鼓粒期(R6)0～20 cm土层平均土壤温度显著提高0.5～2.5 ℃,并使全生育期平均地温提高1.3～1.6 ℃.各覆盖处理分别加速了大豆植株对0～120 cm土层土壤水分的消耗,但使0～200 cm土层的平均含水量和贮水量分别提高了1.2%～1.4%和62.7～70.3 mm.与CK相比,FMRFC和FMFC在旱年增温增湿作用显著,改善了大豆株高、分枝数、单株荚数和百粒重等经济性状,使水分利用效率分别提高47.7%～56.3%和33.3%～35.4%,产量分别提高27.7%～51.1%和10.2%～25.2%,是旱作大豆优选的抗寒抗旱覆盖种植方式.     

基于AHC模型的辽西北花生膜下滴灌灌水量优化

为评价AHC模型在辽西北半干旱地区的适用性及寻求花生膜下滴灌条件下的最优灌水量,本研究以2016、2017年花生田间试验数据为基础,首先对模型参数进行全局敏感性分析,然后对土壤水分、作物生长模块参数进行率定及验证,最后应用AHC模型分析了试验年份花生产量和水分利用效率对不同灌水量的响应。结果表明: 模型的极敏感参数为土壤第1、2层的饱和导水率。校验过程中,土壤含水率模拟值与实测值的均方根误差(RMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)分别在0.02～0.03 cm³·cm^-3和1.5%～2.3%,叶面积指数、株高的RMSE和MRE分别在0.3～0.6、4.2～4.5 cm和5.0%～8.9%、5.2%～6.8%,花生产量和耗水量的MRE都在5%以内,模型适用于辽西北地区土壤水分与花生生长模拟研究。随着灌水量增加,花生产量增加,而水分利用效率却减小。综合考虑产量和水分利用效率,试验年份(平水年)辽西北半干旱地区膜下滴灌花生优化灌水量为80～97 mm。     

不同覆盖方式对黄土高原旱地土壤水分及糜子生长、光合特性和产量的影响

为探索黄土高原旱地覆盖栽培模式下糜子田土壤蓄水保墒和节水增产效果,于2011—2013年连续3个糜子生长季在陕西横山县小杂粮试验示范基地,研究了不同覆盖栽培方式对农田土壤水分、糜子生长发育、光合特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响.试验设置4种覆盖栽培处理,分别是“W”垄覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆(SG)、垄覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆(LM)、双垄面覆地膜+垄间覆秸秆(QM)、秸秆覆盖(JG)处理,以传统平作无覆盖(CK)为对照.结果表明：各覆盖处理均较CK显著提高了糜子各生育期0～100 cm土层土壤含水量,其中以SG处理蓄水保墒效果最好,其次依次为LM、QM和JG处理,且各覆盖处理间差异达到显著水平.在各覆盖处理中,SG处理对糜子生长发育和光合能力的影响最大,增产效果最显著,3年平均产量和水分利用效率分别较CK提高55.9％和64.9％,其中各覆盖处理之间差异达到显著水平.因此,“W”垄覆地膜垄间覆秸秆的二元沟垄集雨覆盖种植模式提高糜子产量和水分利用效率的效果最为明显,适宜在黄土高原旱地糜子生产中应用和推广.     

Recycling of organic matter through mulch in relation to chemical and microbiological properties of soil and crop yields

Summary Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of organic mulching on the nutrient status, microbiological properties and the yield of maize and green gram crops. Soil organic carbon and humin and humus carbon of the fallow and the cropped soils were augmented by mulching. More of nitrogen, available phosphorus and ammoniacal and nitrate nitrogen were found in mulched soils. Soil reaction was not affected by mulching. Mulched treatments maintained more of soil moisture and soil temperature lowered during summer and rainy seasons. Population of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and Azotobacter were augmented in mulched treatments at all the stages of sampling. Mulching significantly increased the grain and straw yield of both the crops. The nitrogen uptake by grain was higher in mulched than in the unmulched treatments.