小麦进化材料水分利用效率与氮利用效率间相互关系

利用田间微区试验,在整株水平上研究了10种小麦进化材料水分利用效率(WUE)和氮利用效率(NUE)间的关系．结果表明,小麦在从二倍体→六倍体的长期进化过程中,WUE和NUE均逐渐增加．除法国黑麦外,其余9种小麦进化材料WUE和NUE间呈显著正相关,表明法国黑麦高的NUE可能与WUE以外的其它生理机制有关．     

氮对苹果幼树水分利用效率的影响

以２年生盆栽新红星／平邑甜茶苹果树为试材,初步探讨了土壤不同水分状况下氮肥对植株水分利用效率（ＷＵＥ）及有关参数的影响,结果表明,充足供水时,随施Ｎ量的增加,植株ＷＵＥ降低,施Ｎ导致气孔导率（Ｇｓ）增大,对蒸腾（Ｔｒ）的提高幅度大于光合（Ｐｎ）;供水不足时,施Ｎ植株的ＷＵＥ明显高于对照,不同施Ｎ水平的ＷＵＥ表现为：高Ｎ〉中Ｎ〉低Ｎ,ＷＵＥ改善是由于叶肉羧化能力提高,导致光合增强。     

不同水分管理方式下水稻的水分利用效率与产量

采用温室微区试验研究常规水作、裸地旱作、覆膜旱作和覆草旱作等土壤水分管理下水稻生长及其对水分的利用状况。结果表明,几种旱作水稻的需水量为349-473mm,常规水和水稻需水量为762.5mm。旱作水稻的水分籽粒和干物质生产效率为0.899-1.273g·kg^-1和1.655-2.321g·kg^-1之间,而相同条件下常规水作水稻水分的籽粒和干物质生产效率为0.766g·kg^-1和1.459g·kg^-1左右。覆草旱作水稻可以获得相当于常规水作水稻90％的经济产量。     

Growth responses and essential oil profile of Salvia officinalis L. Influenced by water deficit and various nutrient sources in the greenhouse

Salvia officinalis L. is a medicinal plant extensively used in foods, traditional medicine, and the pharmacological industry. In the current study, the effects of different irrigation regimes [irrigation after 70 ± 5 (regular), 105 ± 5 (moderate drought stress), and 140 ± 5 (severe drought stress) mm evaporation] and nutrient sources (control, NPK, farmyard manure, foliar fertilizer, and hydrogel) were investigated on the growth parameters and essential oil (EO) components of S. officinalis in the greenhouse. The plants were harvested two times. The regular irrigation treatment had the most significant effect on plant height (51 cm), fresh and dry herb weight (51.5 and 18.1 g plant⁻¹), and fresh and dry leaf weight (40.1 and 13.1 g plant⁻¹). The highest amount of EO was observed after moderate drought stress (1.48%). The NPK treatment had the greatest effect on plant height (40 cm), branch number (19 per plant), fresh and dry herb weight (53.4 and 18.9 g plant⁻¹), fresh and dry leaf weight (41.2 and 13.6 g plant⁻¹), and EO content (1.67%). The 1^st cutting was superior in EO amount, while the 2^nd cutting had a high agronomic yield. α-Thujone (from 21.6 to 34.2%) was identified as the predominant compound. Additionally, the content of α-thujone in the 2^nd cutting was higher after moderate drought stress, NPK, and hydrogel treatments. Moreover, 1,8-cineole, β-thujone, camphene, α-pinene, α-humulene, viridiflorol, borneol, and bornyl acetate were the other main compounds. As a general result, regular irrigation and NPK treatments improved the agronomic yield of S. officinalis. The plants under drought stress produced high amounts of EO. The farmyard manure also improved plant yield by providing a part of the plant's nutritional needs. Therefore, it could be concluded that it is crucial to determine the effects of limited water availability and various nutrient sources on yield and chemical compositions for medicinal and aromatic plant growth.     

氮肥运筹对小麦产量、氮素利用效率和光能利用率的影响

连续2年在西南冬麦区的重庆、仁寿、广汉、西昌4个地点,开展3种施氮水平(每公顷纯氮0、120、180 kg,简写为N₀、N₁₂₀、N₁₈₀)和3种氮肥分配模式(N_A:底肥100%;N_B:底肥70%+苗肥30%;N_C:底肥60%+拔节肥40%)的田间试验,监测小麦花后冠层叶片SPAD值、群体光合速率(CAP)、光能利用等生理参数和籽粒产量,计算氮素利用效率、光能利用率等.结果表明: 随施氮水平增加,小麦上三叶SPAD值、CAP、光合有效辐射(PAR)截获率和产量均呈增加趋势,而氮肥农学利用效率、生产效率、吸收效率和利用效率呈降低趋势.氮肥后移的增效作用因施氮水平而异,SPAD于N₁₈₀增效明显,而CAP于N₁₂₀增效明显,不同氮肥管理模式的光能利用率因地点而异.氮肥后移能明显提高小麦氮肥农学效率、生产效率、吸收效率和氮素表观回收率,但氮肥利用效率则略有减少.氮肥后移效果N_C总体优于N_B处理.不同地点比较,广汉的SPAD值、CAP、PAR截获率、氮肥利用参数较高,其产量也相应最高;西昌的产量、SPAD值及氮素利用效率较高,但其光能利用率和CAP较低;重庆和仁寿的SPAD值、光能利用率及氮素利用效率均较低,其产量也最低.小麦生物产量与各地点的籽粒产量、CAP、SPAD值和PAR累积截获量均呈显著或极显著的正相关关系.表明不同生态区域增施氮肥都能促进小麦增产,氮肥后移可进一步优化产量结构、改善氮肥和光能利用效率,但存在年份和地点差异,各地需要制定有针对性的氮肥管理模式.     

旱砂田补灌水氮互作对西瓜产量、品质及水氮利用的影响

为了探明旱砂田西瓜在有限补灌条件下的最佳水氮耦合形式,采用完全随机裂区设计,研究不同补灌量(W: 0、35、70、105 m³·hm^-2)和施氮量(N: 0、120、200 kg·hm^-2)处理对旱砂田西瓜生长、产量、品质以及水氮利用率的影响.结果表明: 西瓜叶片的光合速率、水分利用效率、产量和氮肥利用率均随着补灌量的增加而增加;西瓜氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率均随施氮量的增加而降低;施氮量在0～120 kg·hm^-2时,西瓜叶片的光合速率和品质指标随施氮量的增加而增加,超过120 kg·hm^-2时不再显著增加,甚至有下降趋势;水氮耦合对西瓜产量和水氮利用效率的互作效应显著,其中灌水的增产效应大于氮肥,以W₇₀N₂₀₀和W₁₀₅N_120处理的西瓜产量最高,较对照分别增产42.4%和40.4%,水分利用效率随水氮组合水平的提高而增加,W₇₀和W₁₀₅水平下的所有施氮处理均在26 kg·m^-3以上, W₁₀₅N₁₂₀处理的西瓜氮肥偏生产力和氮肥利用率最高.综合考虑各因素,在本试验条件下,砂田西瓜生育期补灌量105 m³·hm^-2、施氮量120 kg·hm^-2处理为产量和效益兼优的最佳水氮组合.     

氮肥水平对不同基因型水稻氮素利用率、产量和品质的影响

以不同基因型的水稻品种日本晴、N70、N178和OM052为供试品种,氮肥采用尿素,按基肥(70%)和蘖肥(30%)两次施用,设置3个施氮水平(N用量设0、120、270 kg·hm^-2)的田间小区试验,研究氮素水平对水稻产量、氮素利用效率和稻米品质的影响,以期为氮肥合理施用和氮高效水稻品种创制提供科学依据.结果表明:施氮能增加水稻品种产量的原因是提高了有效穗数和每穗实粒数;与对照(0 kg·hm^-2)相比,当施氮量为120和270 kg·hm^-2时,OM052籽粒产量在4个品种中增幅最大,分别为41.1%和76.8%;品种产量增幅不同是由于氮素利用效率的差异,在120、270 kg·hm^-2氮处理下,4个供试品种中,日本晴籽粒产量和氮素农学利用率(40.90 g·g^-1、18.56 g·g^-1)都最低,为氮低效品种,OM052籽粒产量和氮素农学利用率(145.9 g·g^-1、81.24 g·g^-1)都最高,为氮高效品种.施N能够增加各品种的直链淀粉和蛋白质含量,使胶稠度变长,降低垩白率、垩白度和碱消值;随施氮量增加,热浆黏度、峰值黏度、回复值和崩解值递减,而消碱值递增.相关性分析表明,低N水平下,供试品种产量及产量构成因子与外观品质、蒸煮食味的相关性更显著.综上,OM052是一个籽粒产量和氮素利用效率“双高”基因型品种,合理施用氮肥可以显著增加水稻的有效穗数和每穗粒数,改善稻米籽粒品质,实现高产和优质的协同.     

膜下滴灌水氮调控对南疆棉花产量及水氮利用率的影响

为探明水氮调控对膜下滴灌棉花的生长特性、产量构成因素以及水氮利用效率的影响,设置了3个灌溉水量和5个氮素水平进行大田棉花膜下滴灌试验.结果表明: 随着灌溉水量的增加,棉花的株高、主茎叶数、果枝数和叶面积指数显著增加,棉花叶、茎干物质积累增加,但抑制了根系生长,与低(4950 mm·hm^-2)和高(6750 mm·hm^-2)灌水量处理相比,中灌水量(5850 mm·hm^-2)处理平均单株有效铃数和单铃质量分别增加0.96、0.4个和0.22、0.11 g.与其他施氮处理相比,施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时棉花茎直径显著增加,促进了棉花蕾、铃和根系的发育,而且在灌水量为5850 mm·hm^-2条件下,棉花干物质由营养器官向生殖器官的分配比灌水量为4950和6750 mm·hm^-2处理分别增加5.1%和29.6%.灌溉水量对棉花产量有显著影响,对衣分率影响不显著,而施氮量对棉花产量和衣分率都有一定的影响,但灌溉水量过低会抑制氮肥增产效应的发挥.在本试验条件下,灌水量为5850 mm·hm^-2、施氮量为300 kg·hm^-2时,棉花生长健壮,株型结构优化,显著促进了干物质向生殖器官的运转,有效铃数、单铃质量和衣分增加,产量达到最高(6992 kg·hm^-2),水分利用效率和氮肥利用率分别达1.45 kg·m^-3和45.9%.     

Chemical signals and their regulations on the plant growth and water use efficiency of cotton seedlings under partial root-zone drying and different nitrogen applications

Partial root-zone drying during irrigation (PRD) has been shown effective in enhancing plant water use efficiency (WUE), however, the roles of chemical signals from root and shoot that are involved and the possible interactions affected by nitrogen nutrition are not clear. Pot-grown cotton (Gossypium spp.) seedlings were treated with three levels of N fertilization and PRD. The concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻), abscisic acid (ABA) and the pH value of leaf and root xylem saps, biomass and WUE were measured. Results showed that PRD plants produced larger biomass and higher WUE than non-PRD plants, with significant changes in leaf xylem ABA, leaf and root xylem NO₃⁻ concentrations and pH values, under heterogeneous soil moisture conditions. Simultaneously, high-N treated plants displayed larger changes in leaf xylem ABA and higher root xylem NO₃⁻ concentrations, than in the medium- or low-N treated plants. However, the WUE of plants in the low-N treatment was higher than that of those in the high- and medium-N treatments. PRD and nitrogen levels respectively induced signaling responses of ABA/NO₃⁻ and pH in leaf or root xylem to affect WUE and biomass under different watering levels, although significant interactions of PRD and nitrogen levels were found when these signal molecules responded to soil drying. We conclude that these signaling chemicals are regulated by interaction of PRD and nitrogen status to regulate stomatal behavior, either directly or indirectly, and thus increase PRD plant WUE under less irrigation.     

黄腐酸拌种对春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

在大田研究了黄腐酸拌种对春小麦产量形成和水分利用效率的影响。实验设４个处理：对照（ＣＫ）,播种前种子不处理;ＦＡ处理：播种前用ＦＡ拌种;ＷＭ处理：浇３０ｍｍ底墒水,覆膜;处理ＷＭＦＡ：浇３０ｍｍ底墒水,覆膜,播种前用ＦＡ拌种。２个覆膜处理均在播种后６２ｄ揭膜。同ＣＫ相比,ＦＡ拌种后,根系生长良好,吸收利用了更多的土壤水分,增加了穗重、单穗籽粒重和收获指数,产量和水分利用效率均显著提高。ＷＭ和ＷＭＦ     

Effects of different Nitrogen forms and osmotic stress on water use efficiency of rice (Oryza sativa)

A hydroponic experiment with simulated water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) was conducted in greenhouse to study the effects of different nitrogen (N) forms (; and the mixture of and ) on water stress tolerance and water use efficiency (WUE and WUE_T) of different rice cultivars. Two rice cultivars (cv. ‘Shanyou 63’ hybrid indica and ‘Yangdao 6’ indica, China) were grown under non‐water‐ or water‐stressed condition [10% (w/v) PEG, molecular weight 6000] with different N forms for 3 weeks. Under non‐water stress, the biomass of Shanyou 63 was 50.0% and 64.3% and of Yangdao 6 was 6.9% and 87.8% higher under the supply of mixture of and than either under the sole supply of or , respectively; under water stress, the biomass of both rice cultivars decreased in all three nitrogen forms compared with non‐water stress; however, the inhibitory effect of water stress on biomass varied between and nutrition; the reduction of dry matter was significantly higher in than in nutrition. Compared with non‐water stress, under water stressed condition, WUE of both two rice cultivars significantly decreased in supply; WUE did not vary in and the mixture supply. It is concluded that (a) the resistance of water stress of rice seedlings is related to nitrogen form; (b) under water stress, could maintain a higher WUE compared with ; (c) hybrid indica rice seedlings have a higher water stress tolerance than indica rice seedlings.     

Long-term yield and water use efficiency under various tillage systems in Mediterranean rainfed conditions

Conservation tillage (CT) can be beneficial for soil, water and soil organic matter conservation in Mediterranean areas that are prone to soil erosion and where water availability for crops is the main factor for sustainability. CT is the best option to protect the soil from erosion, improve infiltration, reduce soil evaporation and so conserve rainwater to increase crop water use (WU) and also water use efficiency (WUE). While CT can play an important role in reaching the stability and sustainability of these agricultural systems, performance depends upon the choice and adoption of an appropriate soil management (tillage) system. In rainfed areas of the Ebro Valley, winter cereals are the main crop sown. This paper presents the results of 15 years of research in different soil and climatic conditions of the area of CT on water conservation, WU and WUE. Long‐term experiments, comparing different tillage systems, were established in 1987, 1990 and 1992, at three locations in the Ebro Valley, chosen according to their degree of aridity (Selvanera, Agramunt and El Canós). Results reveal that CT was most effective in increasing yield under the driest conditions at Agramunt (10–15%), still effective with a smaller advantage under slightly wetter conditions at El Canós (5–10%) but ineffective at Selvanera, the wettest site. CT only increased WU in some years at Agramunt and never at the other two sites. The benefits of CT to both increased yield at Agramunt and El Canós were determined by improved WUE arising from changes in the pattern of WU before and after anthesis.     

封丘地区小麦耗水量与水分利用率研究

根据水量平衡方程式计算,雨养麦田5个试验麦季的耗水量分别为435.5、326.0、293.8、277.2和365.9mm,可代表该区过湿、一般和干旱年份的小麦耗水量.研究结果表明,小麦地上部分生物量与其总耗水量的相关关系不显着(r=0.67).在耗水量中,土壤储水的贡献占50%.在降雨少而土壤储水丰足的年份,其贡献高达60%,是小麦水分的重要来源.在充分施肥条件下,5个麦季的水分利用率≥11.25kg·ha^-1·mm^-1,表明适当增加肥料投入可提高农田水分利用率.     

Zn fertilization improves water use efficiency,grain yield and seed Zn content in chickpea

In a number of the major chickpea-growing areas in the world, rainfed crops of chickpeas are often grown on soils with low available zinc (Zn). Consequently, chickpea crops can be challenged by soil water deficits and Zn deficiency coincidentally during the growing season. The interaction between these stresses was examined in two glasshouse experiments using genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. Water stress was imposed during podding. Increasing the level of Zn resulted in large and significant increases in vegetative growth up to podding. Applying Zn increased grain yields when the plants were well watered, but not under water stress, except for the Zn-efficient and drought-resistant genotype ICC-4958. Harvest indices were generally reduced as the supply of Zn and water increased. Applying Zn increased water use and water use efficiency of chickpea. Yields were reduced by water stress, largely due to fewer pods set per plant. Losses from water stress were greatest at the highest level of Zn, which was attributed to the limited soil volume afforded by the pots and the rapid development of stress in the larger plants grown at adequate levels of Zn. However, at each level of Zn, the loss in yield from water stress tended to be less in a Zn-efficient genotype. The major factor determining the distribution of Zn in the plant was the supply of Zn, while differences due to water stress and genotype were relatively small. Two-thirds of the Zn present in the plant at maturity was accumulated after the start of podding and this was little affected by water stress. The proportion of Zn in the roots of Zn-deficient plants was less than that in Zn-adequate plants. As the Zn supply increased, Zn accumulation was higher in leaves than in the stem and reproductive parts, due to combined effect of both higher Zn concentration and higher dry matter. At maturity, senesced leaves and pod walls had relatively lower concentrations of Zn compared to leaves and pods at the start of podding in all Zn treatments. In contrast, the Zn content in the stem either increased or remained unchanged. At maturity, Zn accumulation in plant organs generally increased with increasing Zn supply, but the largest proportion of Zn was found in the seeds, which is a beneficial nutritional trait for human nutrition.     

盐胁迫对黄瓜幼苗根系生长和水分利用的影响

采用营养液水培法,研究了NaCl胁迫对两个耐盐性不同的黄瓜品种幼苗根系生长、活力、质膜透性和叶片生长、蒸腾速率（T_r）、相对含水量（RWC）及水分利用率（WUE）的影响.结果表明,盐胁迫下黄瓜植株根系吸收面积下降,质膜透性升高,叶片数减少,叶片T_r和RWC在盐胁迫2 d后明显下降,根系活力和叶片WUE均先升后降,50、75和100 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫9 d时,耐盐性较弱的津春2号根系活力降低幅度分别比耐盐性较强的长春密刺高18.01%、12.17%和10.95%,胁迫8 d时WUE下降幅度分别比长春密刺高2.74%、5.27%和0.23%.短期盐胁迫下,黄瓜植株通过提高根系吸收能力来补偿根系吸收面积的下降,通过降低叶片T_r和提高WUE来减少水分散失,在一定程度上有利于缓解水分失衡,提高植株耐盐性;盐胁迫5 d后,根系活力和WUE的下降导致水分失衡加剧,表明根系吸收能力的下降是导致水分失衡的重要原因,叶片WUE的下降是水分失衡的反应,两者均与品种的耐盐性关系密切.     

Response of maize genotypes with different nitrogen use efficiency to low nitrogen stresses

Objectives

This paper aims to compare the property difference of spatial and temporal distribution of different nitrogen use efficiency maize genotypes and discuss the physiological mechanism of nitrogen efficiency of maize.

施氮量对不同肥力水平下夏玉米碳氮代谢及氮素利用率的影响

以郑单958为材料,在高产田和中产田两种地力水平下,利用15N标记法研究了施氮量对夏玉米氮素分配率、利用率和碳氮代谢的影响.结果表明:高产田适量施氮可以提高玉米产量,过量施氮没有表现出进一步增产效果,其氮肥利用率较低(29 04%).中产田随施氮量的增加产量提高,但氮素利用率却降低.各个器官15N积累量依次为籽粒>叶片>茎>根>叶鞘>穗轴.在高产田,当施氮量超过300kg·hm-2时,玉米籽粒和叶片中积累15N有所下降,而茎和根中积累15N的量随施N量的增加而增加;在中产田,随着施N量的增加,籽粒和穗轴积累15N量均相应增加.高产田叶片的硝酸还原酶活性、谷氨酰胺合成酶活性和蔗糖磷酸合成酶活性以及籽粒中蔗糖合成酶活性和酸性转化酶活性均是施氮300kg·hm-2时最大,施氮450 kg·hm-2则抑制了其活性的增强,而中产田的各个酶活性则随着施氮量的增加而增加.     

Analysis of differences in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency of alpine and lowland Poa species

This study investigates factors determining variation in photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (φ_N) in seven slow- and fast-growing Poa species from altitudinally contrasting sites. The species and their environmental origin were (in order of increasing relative growth rate): two alpine (Poa fawcettiae and P. costiniana), one sub-alpine (P. alpina) and three temperate lowland perennials (P. pratensis, P. compressa and P. trivialis), as well as one temperate lowland annual (P. annua). Plants were grown hydroponically under identical conditions with free access to nutrients in a growth room. Photosynthesis per unit leaf area measured at growth irradiance (500 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) was slightly higher in the slow-growing alpine species. At saturating light intensities, photosynthesis was considerably higher in the alpine species than in the lowland species. Carboxylation capacity and Rubisco content per unit leaf area were also greater in the alpine species. Despite variation between the species, the in vivo specific activity of Rubisco showed little relationship to relative growth rate or photosynthetic rate. Both at light saturation and at the growth irradiance, φ_N was lowest in the slow-growing alpine species P. fawcettiae, P. costiniana and P. alpina, and highest in the fast-growing P. compressa and P. annua. The proportion of leaf nitrogen that was allocated to photosynthetic capacity and the in vivo catalytic constant of Rubisco accounted for most of the variation in φ_N at light saturation. Minor variations in intercellular CO₂ partial pressure also contributed to some extent to the variations in φ_N at light saturation. The low φ_N values at growth irradiance exhibited by the alpine species were additionally due to a lower percentage utilisation of their high photosynthetic capacity compared to the lowland species. Received: 28 May 1998 / Accepted: 28 March 1999     

土壤含水量与苹果叶片水分利用效率的关系

以盆栽苹果幼树为试材研究了土壤相对含水量与叶片水分利用效率（WUE）的关系,探讨了引起WUE变化的原因,结果表明,土壤相对含水量（SWC）52.0％时WUE最高。SEC从77.2%降至52.0％时,气孔导度下降,并使蒸腾速率（Tr）的于净光合速率（Pn）的降幅而导致WUE升高;SEC从52.0％降至20.1%时,WUE降低的根本原因在于羧化效率下降使Pn大为降低 水后WUE回升,但至复水第7天仍低于对照,土壤渍水当天WUE下降,第3天回升至对照水平,之后随渍水期延长WUE逐渐降低,淹水第6天羧化效率开始下降。