Glutathione and superoxide dismutase redox system in the development of toxic-infectious shock caused by Yersinia pestis toxin

The changes in the glutathione-dependent and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activity in the rat lungs and liver tissues have been studied after the administration of plague murine toxin (LD100). It has been found out the early toxic effect in 1h in the lungs: 35% SOD and glutathione peroxidase (tributyl hydroperoxide) (GP) decrease, 87% glutathione reductase (GR) increase along with two-hold ascent of ratio GR/Glutathione-S-transferase (GT), GR/GPs. The fundamental ratio GR/GT.GPs rises in 1h 3.7 times and then falls below standard rate (5h). This is the evidence of the lungs antioxidant system potential power exhaustion. It has been established that in the liver, 4 times SOD activity increases in 2h after the toxin injection, and 1.5 times GP (tributyL) hydroperoxide) activity ascends in 1h. The ratio increase (150% for SOD/GP-H2O2 in 2h, 114% for GR/GP (tributyl hydroperoxide) and 61% for GR/GT in 5h) indicates the stable unbalance of this system. The pathogenetic significance of detoxication system disturbances in the lungs and liver tissues under the murine toxin influence is discussed.     

Antioxidant Enzymatic Activity of Coelomocytes of the Far East Sea Cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix

The basal activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and catalase in a pool of coelomocytes as well as in the fraction of amoebocytes and the mixed fraction of amoebocytes and morula-like cells of the sea cucumber Eupentacta fraudatrix is studied. For SOD and catalase, pH optima are in the range of values of pH optimum for tissues of mammals, the pH optimum for GR is shifted to a more acidic region in comparison with the latter enzymes. Temperature optima for all studied enzymes are higher than the usual temperature values of the sea cucumber habitation. A pronounced temperature dependence of all three enzymes is revealed. In coelomocytes, the activities of SOD and catalase, but not of GR, are lower than in the fraction of amoebocytes, but higher than in the mixed fraction of amoebocytes and morula-like cells. The rate of production of active forms of oxygen (AFO) is three times higher in amoebocytes than in the fraction relatively enriched in morula-like cells. Apparently, the main part of the SOD and catalase activities, as well as AFO production in coelomocytes is located in amoebocytes, which confirms the existence of cytophagic function in the latter cells as well as argues in favor of functional differentiation between individual types of coelomocytes.     

Peculiarities of antioxidant defense system organization of the Black Sea mollusks Mytilus

Antioxidant (AO) system and lipid peroxidation (LP) in tissues of two species of the Black Sea bivalve mollusks Mytilus galloprovincialis and Anadara inaequivalvis were investigated. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, 1.15.1.1), catalase (1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GP, 1.11.1.9), glutathione reductase (GR, 1.6.4.2), concentrations of reduced glutathione (GSH) and TBA-reactive products were determined in the foot, hepatopancreas and gills of mature mollusks. The characteristics of AO complex and LP products connected with tissue and species specificity of mollusks were found. Hepatopancreas of mussels has been found to have higher values of all characteristics investigated, except GP. The gills and the foot of anadara have been found to be involved in AO defense along with hepatopancreas: maximum activity of GR, catalase and SOD was found in the gills and the highest activity of GP and maximum level of GSH was observed in the foot. Anadara has been shown to have higher antioxidant potential and lower level of oxidative stress because the LP intensity in all tissues examined of the hemoglobin-containing mollusk was twice lower in comparison with the mussel.     

Effects of Chlorpromazine on the Activities of Antioxidant Enzymes and Lipid Peroxidation in the Various Regions of Aging Rat Brain

In this work, the effect of chronic intraperitoneal administration of chlorpromazine (5 and 10 mg/kg) on the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CA), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GP); lipid peroxidation; and lipofuscin accumulation in the brains of rats ages 6, 9, and 12 months was studied. Chlorpromazine increased the activities of SOD, GR, and GP in particulate fraction from cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem in a dose-dependent manner. While GR and SOD associated with soluble fraction increased, GP associated with soluble fraction was not affected. CA did not change after chlorpromazine administration in any regions of the brain of rats from all age groups. Chlorpromazine, thus, had a somewhat different action on antioxidant enzymes in different subcellular fractions. Chlorpromazine inhibited lipid peroxidation, both in vivo and in vitro, and it also inhibited accumulation of lipid peroxidation fluorescent products (lipofuscin), which was studied histochemically and biochemically as well. The data indicate that chlorpromazine inhibition of lipid peroxidation and of accumulation of lipofuscin can result from elevation of the activity of brain antioxidant enzymes.     

渗透胁迫对黑麦幼苗活性氧和抗氧化酶活性的影响

用20%聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)研究了渗透胁迫对黑麦(Secale cereale L.)幼苗活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)和主要抗氧化酶—— 超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(ascorbate peroxidase, APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(glutathione reductase, GR)活性的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, PEG处理明显提高了叶子和根中丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)的含量、ROS的水平和以上4种抗氧化酶的活性。渗透胁迫下,叶子和根中MDA和ROS水平变化的规律基本相似, 但抗氧化酶活性在2种器官中表现不完全相同, 叶子中CAT的活性在对照和处理中无显著差异, 但在根中差异明显, 表明叶子中SOD、APX和GR在植物应答渗透胁迫中起重要作用, 而根中这4种抗氧化酶都参与植物对胁迫的反应。GR活性随PEG处理变化幅度显著高于其它抗氧化酶, 表明GR在黑麦应答渗透胁迫中所起作用可能强于其它抗氧化酶。     

Acute oral toxicity of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis to fleas: implications for the evolution of vector-borne transmission of plague

Yersinia pestis diverged from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis相似文献   

Blood antioxidative enzymes during epileptic activity

It has been shown that the development of generalized epileptic activity in rats led to the decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity without affecting glutathione peroxidase (GP) and glutathione reductase (GR) activity. Long-term examination of 13 patients suffering from generalized forms of epilepsy has shown an about 30% decrease in SOD and GP activity in red blood cells. It is assumed that the functional insufficiency of the antioxidative system plays an essential role in the development of lipid peroxidation disturbances during epilepsy.     

Use of immunomodulators isolated from marine invertebrates for reducing the toxic effects of thermostable toxin and lipopolysaccharides from Yersinia pseudotuberculosis on a macroorganism]

The possibility to use immunomodulators isolated from marine invertebrates for the lowering of the toxic effects caused by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis thermoresistant toxin and lipopolysaccharide was investigated. Effects were evaluated by the animals survival rate in per cent and mice average lifetime after toxin lethal dose injection. It was shown that polypeptide gangleen when compared to timalin as well as glycanes mitilane and strombus had dose-dependent protective effect. These substances increased animals survival rate to 15-17 per cent and prolonged life period for about two times when compared to control group. These results demonstrates the possibility to use investigated immunomodulators is clinical practice at the treatment of the patients with pseudotuberculosis.     

Growth inhibition of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans by cadmium: an antioxidant enzyme approach

The heavy metal cadmium is very toxic to biological systems. Although its effect on the growth of microorganisms and plants has been investigated, the response of antioxidant enzymes of Aspergillus nidulans to cadmium is not well documented. We have studied the effect of cadmium (supplied as CdCl(2)) on catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR). 0.005 mM CdCl(2) had a very slight stimulatory effect on the growth rate of A. nidulans, but at concentrations above 0.025 mM, growth was totally inhibited. The accumulation of Cd within the mycelium was directly correlated with the increase in the concentration of CdC(2) used in the treatments. Although a cadmium-stimulated increase in SOD activity was observed, there was no change in the relative proportions of the individual Mn-SOD isoenzymes. Higher concentrations of CdCl(2) induced a small increase in total CAT activity, but there was a major increase in one isoenzymic form, that could be separated by gel electrophoresis. GR activity increased significantly following treatment with the highest concentration (0.05 mM) of CdCl(2). The increases in SOD, CAT, and GR activities suggest that CdCl(2) induces the formation of reactive oxygen species inside the mycelia of A. nidulans.     

Oxidative stress response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Kluyveromyces marxianus</Emphasis> to hydrogen peroxide,paraquat and pressure

The aim of this work was to study the oxidative stress response of Kluyveromyces marxianus to hydrogen peroxide (50 mM), paraquat (1 mM), an increase in air pressure (120 kPa, 600 kPa) and pure oxygen pressure (120-600 kPa) in a pressurized bioreactor. The effect of these oxidants on metabolism and on the induction of antioxidant enzymes was investigated. The exposure for 1 h of K. marxianus at exponential growth phase with either H(2)O(2) or paraquat, under air pressure of 120 kPa or 600 kPa, induced an increase in both superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) content. SOD induction by the chemical oxidants was independent of the air pressure values used. A 2-fold increase in SOD activity was observed after 1 h of exposure to H(2)O(2) and a 3-fold increase was obtained by the presence of paraquat, with both air pressures studied. In contrast, GR activity was raised 1.7-fold by the exposure to both chemicals with 120 kPa, but a 2.4-fold GR induction was obtained with 600 kPa. As opposed to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, catalase was not induced and was even lower than the normal basal levels. This antioxidant enzyme seemed to be inhibited under increasing oxygen partial pressure. The cells showed a significant increase in SOD and GR activity levels, 4.7-fold and 4.4-fold, when exposed for 24 h to 120 kPa pure oxygen pressure. This behaviour was even more patent with 400 kPa. However, whenever cells were previously exposed to low air pressures, low enzymatic activity levels were measured after subsequent exposure to pure oxygen pressure.     

Growth of Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis in Yersinia selective enrichment broth according to Ossmer

The growth of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Yersinia enrichment broth according to Ossmer (YSEO) was investigated. Y. enterocolitica reached a higher concentration than Y. pseudotuberculosis but both always exceeded 10(6)CFU/ml. The medium may be useful for the detection of both species in foods.     

玉米大斑病菌HT—毒素与玉米细胞的膜脂过氧化研究

以土培玉米幼苗为材料,通过测定玉米大斑病菌HT－毒素处理后玉米叶片细胞膜透性和细胞内丙二醛（MDA）含量变化及其与细胞内过氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性之间的关系来研究玉米细胞膜脂过氧化的程度。结果表明,HT－毒素胁迫后,亲和组合MDA含量上升,POD活性受到刺激,SOD活性受抑制较强;非亲和组合POD活性受到抑制,SOD活性受抑制较弱。HT－毒素对玉米叶片细胞膜有强烈的破坏作用,而且这种作用与毒素的浓度和毒素处理的时间呈正相关。试验结果初步推测在抗、感玉米的细胞膜上可能都有HT－毒素的结合位点,但毒素作用后幅地它们的活性氧代谢程度不同而导致了对HT－毒素敏感性的差异。     

Pair-wise linear and 3D nonlinear relationships between the liver antioxidant enzyme activities and the rate of body oxygen consumption in mice

Relationships between the rate of body oxygen consumption (VO₂) and the liver key antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed in female CBA mice. The pair-wise linear regression and correlation demonstrated significant correlative links between VO₂ and activity of catalase (CAT). Nonlinear 3D plotting revealed a complementary pattern of CAT and glutathione peroxidase (GP) relation. CAT activity was elevated in mice with proportionally high VO₂ and superoxide dismutase (SOD), whereas GP activity was high in animals with low or disproportional VO₂ and SOD.     

夜间低温胁迫对番茄叶片活性氧代谢及AsA-GSH循环的影响

以番茄品种‘辽园多丽’为试材,利用人工气候室模拟设施生产中的夜间低温胁迫环境,研究9℃和6℃夜低温对番茄叶片活性氧代谢和AsA-GSH循环的影响。结果显示:9℃和6℃夜间低温胁迫3～9d可诱导番茄叶片中超氧阴离子(O2.-)产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量上升;抑制过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性,增加超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和AsA-GSH循环中抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,并提高还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)的含量。研究表明,在夜间低温胁迫过程中,增加的番茄叶片中SOD活性和AsA-GSH循环清除活性氧的能力并未与氧还原的速率一致,从而导致番茄叶片中活性氧的累积,使细胞膜系统受到一定破坏,在6℃处理的植物中尤为明显。     

State of the system of antioxidant defense in tissues of the black sea turbot during the spawning

The system of antioxidant (AO) defense and processes of lipid peroxidation (LP) of the Black Sea turbot Psetta (Scophtalmus) maxima maeotica (L., 1758) have been investigated during the spawning season. The activity of glutathione peroxidase (GP), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase and content of reduced glutathione (GSH) and TBA-reactive products have been determined in gonads, gills, liver, red and white muscles of males and females at different stages of gonad's maturity (V and VI stages). The peculiarities of AO complex and LP depended on tissue specificity and sexual distinctions of the turbot have been found. The turbot females at VI stage were found to have the most significant changes. In gonads and liver the level of TBA-reactive products decreased. In gonads the activities of GP and GR decreased, but the level of GSH increased. In gills of these females the activity of GP and the level of GSH increased, while in the red muscles the activity of catalase raised. In white muscles the activity of GR dropped. In the males' tissues of the turbot at VI stage the growth of the activity of GP in gills and GSH content in white muscles have been found. In all tissues of males the decrease of the TBA-reactive products content has been observed.     

水分胁迫下山黧豆中ABA及ODAP的积累研究

用PEG、PEG+ABA、ABA分别处理15d龄的山黧豆幼苗,取其叶片为实验材料,测定内源ABA、ODAP、MDA和H₂O₂含量以及几种抗氧化酶活性,结果表明,与对照相比处理材料叶片中ABA和ODAP含量显著增加;外源ABA的加入降低了PEG胁迫引起的MDA和H₂O₂含量的增加,延缓了PEG胁迫引起的CAT活性的衰减,提高了GR活性.用外源ABA长时间处理山黧豆,发现叶片中ABA含量显著增加,随后出现ODAP的积累;ABA处理初期(0～3d)对叶片中活性氧代谢影响不大,随着ABA处理时间的延长(7～15d),可引起叶片中SOD、POD、CAT、GR活性的降低,MDA、H₂O₂含量的增加,表明ABA确实可促进ODAP的积累.     

低氧应激下甘肃鼢鼠与SD 大鼠心脏抗氧化酶和ATP 酶活性的比较

为探讨低氧应激下甘肃鼢鼠心脏对抗氧化损伤和电生理紊乱的可能机制,对甘肃鼢鼠和SD 大鼠在4. 5%氧浓度下分别进行2 h、4 h、6 h、8 h、10 h、16 h 低氧应激,比较常氧和各时程低氧下二者心脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)和Ca^{2 +} - ATP 酶、Ca^{2 +} - Mg^{2 +} - ATP 酶、Na ⁺ - K ⁺ - ATP酶活性,以丙二醛(MDA)含量作为机体氧化损伤指标。结果显示,常氧组甘肃鼢鼠GR 活性比SD 大鼠高,SOD、CAT、Ca^{2 +}-ATP 酶、Ca^{2 +} - Mg^{2 +} - ATP 酶和Na ⁺ - K ⁺ - ATP 酶活性及MDA 含量与SD 大鼠相比均无显著性差
异;低氧组甘肃鼢鼠SOD、CAT、GR、Ca^{2 +} - ATP 酶、Ca^{2 +} - Mg^{2 +} - ATP 酶和Na ⁺ - K ⁺ - ATP 酶活性迅速升高,显著高于SD 大鼠,MDA 含量则显著低于SD 大鼠。说明甘肃鼢鼠心脏通过提高抗氧化酶活性清除低氧诱导产生的多余自由基,并通过提高ATP 酶活性保证心电活动正常、心率稳定,应对低氧应激。     

Serotype differences and lack of biofilm formation characterize Yersinia pseudotuberculosis infection of the Xenopsylla cheopis flea vector of Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis, the agent of plague, is usually transmitted by fleas. To produce a transmissible infection, Y. pestis colonizes the flea midgut and forms a biofilm in the proventricular valve, which blocks normal blood feeding. The enteropathogen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, from which Y. pestis recently evolved, is not transmitted by fleas. However, both Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis form biofilms that adhere to the external mouthparts and block feeding of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes, which has been proposed as a model of Y. pestis-flea interactions. We compared the ability of Y. pestis and Y. pseudotuberculosis to infect the rat flea Xenopsylla cheopis and to produce biofilms in the flea and in vitro. Five of 18 Y. pseudotuberculosis strains, encompassing seven serotypes, including all three serotype O3 strains tested, were unable to stably colonize the flea midgut. The other strains persisted in the flea midgut for 4 weeks but did not increase in numbers, and none of the 18 strains colonized the proventriculus or produced a biofilm in the flea. Y. pseudotuberculosis strains also varied greatly in their ability to produce biofilms in vitro, but there was no correlation between biofilm phenotype in vitro or on the surface of C. elegans and the ability to colonize or block fleas. Our results support a model in which a genetic change in the Y. pseudotuberculosis progenitor of Y. pestis extended its pre-existing ex vivo biofilm-forming ability to the flea gut environment, thus enabling proventricular blockage and efficient flea-borne transmission.     

The Activity of Principal Antioxidant Enzymes and the Content of Metabolites in Dormancy Breaking and Germination of Davidia involucrate Seeds

The principal antioxidant enzymes and metabolites were reported to play a very important role in eliminating reactive oxygen species and maintaining vigour in dormancy breaking and germination of Davidia involucrate seeds. However, the researches on the change laws of content and activity are seldom. In present study, we chose Davidia involucrate seeds which collected from the Mabian Nature Reserve as experimental materials, and then investigated the activity of principal antioxidant enzymes and the content of metabolites in dormancy breaking and germination of the seeds. The results showed that the activity of peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione reductase (GR) exhibited an increasing trend but the activity of total antioxidant capacity (T AOC) decreased greatly in early stage of stratification. Comparing with the decrease of protein (Pr), the content of ascorbic acid (Vc) and free amino acid (FAA) significantly increased. In middle stage of stratification, the activity of SOD and T AOC increased firstly and then decreased at last. The activity of POD always maintained a higher level although the activity of CAT and GR decreased greatly. In terminal stage of stratification, the activities of POD, GR, T AOC and the content of FAA and Vc exhibited an increasing trend, while the activity of CAT and SOD maintained a low level. In germination stage, the activity of all antioxidant enzymes and the content of Vc and FAA were increased obviously (P < 005), but the content of the protein was decreased. These results suggested that Davidia involucrata seeds may have a good ability to efficiently remove the effects on cell structure caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) by keeping the interaction of antioxidant enzymes and metabolites successively during the period of dormancy breaking and germination. This adjustment helps to ensure the germination of seeds by acceleration the post ripening in morphological and physiological of progresses.