Five subspecies of the Dorogostaiskia parasitica complex (Dybowsky) (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Acanthogammaridae), epibionts of sponges in Lake Baikal

Based on morphological and molecular characters, the gammaroid amphipod Dorogostaiskia parasitica, living as an epibiont on sponges in Lake Baikal, Siberia, is here split into five parapatrically or allopatrically distributed subspecies: D. p. parasitica (Dybowsky, Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 10(Beiheft):1–218, 1874), D. p. kamaltynovi subsp. nov., D. p. hanajevi subsp. nov., D. p. ushkaniensis subsp. nov., and D. p. stenocephala subsp. nov. Diagnostic differences are described in the shape of dorsal keels, shape of head, length of antenna 1, number of segments of accessory flagellum, shape and armature of coxal plates, relative lengths of pereopod segments, and body coloration. Each subspecies is characterized by a distinct mitochondrial lineage, differing from others by 5–11% in the sequence of the COI gene, while they do not differ in nuclear 28S rRNA gene sequence. The question of taxonomic ranks for members of intralacustrine species complexes is considered and an argument is presented for a use of the subspecies rank for parapatrically distributed population segments that are distinguished by multiple independent geographically congruent character differences. This usage sorts out a pattern of systematic diversity lower than one based on documented reproductive isolation (e.g., sympatry) of full species but stronger than that based on single-gene genealogies alone.     

赤腹松鼠一新亚种

在查对中国南部赤腹松鼠标本(401号)的基础上,发现分布于云南东北部昭通地区的赤腹松鼠与赤腹松鼠其他亚种有明显的区别.毛色特征:背部棕黄色,背中央区域稍带黑色;腹部至前胸栗红色;喉、颏部棕灰色;尾毛背腹无明显差异,尾毛末端棕黄、次末端黑,尾末端具棕黄色(稍黄白)区域;前后足背棕褐色,稍带黑色.进一步对头骨可量性状数据进行分析(差异系数),结果表明:分布于该地区的赤腹松鼠分别与赤腹松鼠其他13个亚种两两之间至少有一项差异系数大于1.28,系一新亚种Callosciurus erythraeus zhaotongensis subsp.nov..     

赤腹松鼠(Callosciurus erythraeus）的三个新亚种

本文根据1980-1986年查考和搜集采集分布于我国云南、贵州、广西、广东、湖北、福建、浙江、安徽、江苏 、陕西和四川等地赤腹松鼠文献资料和31O宗号标本,按同质性原则对其各亚种在形态上进行全面比较分析研究,发现分布于陕西秦玲南坡．四川大巴山中段南坡和四川武陵山北坡等3个地区的赤腹松鼠分别为3个独立的新亚种,订名为赤腹鼠秦岭亚种、大巴山亚种和武陵山亚种。在详细描述其形态特证的基础上,提出鉴别特征并划出其地理分布图。     

Two different sensory mechanisms for the control of pupal protective coloration in butterflies

The butterflies Graphium sarpedon nipponum Fruhstorfer and Papilio xuthus Linné show pupal protective color polymorphism, but the two species appear to have different sensory mechanisms for determining pupal coloration. When light was of sufficient illumination, the larvae of Graphium sarpedon became bright yellowish green pupae on white pupation boards and reddish brown pupae on black pupation boards. The pupal coloration thus strongly depended on the brightness of the pupation site. In addition, larvae became bright yellowish green pupae in complete darkness. From these results, measurement of the illumination suggested that pupal color is determined by the illuminant difference between incidence light from the dorsal direction and ventral light from a paper board; i.e., the sum of the reflected light of the board plus the penetrated light passing through the board. The illuminant difference required for reddish brown coloration was 40 lux or more. The optical signals received through the stemmata during a critical period before formation of the thorax garter (band string) were important for coloration. By contrast, in Papilio xuthus, successive tactile signals from a rough surfaced pupation site during a critical period before and after formation of the garter were important for determining brown pupal coloration.     

Behavior of the terrestrial nocturnal lizards Goniurosaurus kuroiwae kuroiwae and Eublepharis macularius (Reptilia: Eublepharidae) in a thigmothermal gradient

• 1.Two eublepharid gecko species were tested for their thermal preferences in a thigmothermal gradient.
• 2.Goniurosaurus kuroiwae kuroiwae from a humid subtropical Oriental forest selected a lower body temperature (Tp; average 16.6 °C) than Eublepharis macularius from an arid Palaearctic area (25.8 °C).
• 3.Both the locations of animals along the gradient and the Tp were significantly more variable among G. k. kuroiwae than among E. macularius.
• 4.There were no significant differences in Tp and in its variance between photophase and scotophase in either species.

     

New Delias butterflies from the Solomon Islands (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

Abstract Four new taxa of Delias from the Solomon Islands are described. Two are races of a new species, D-messalina sp.n., which may be closely related to D.nigrina Fabricius and is distributed over three islands. The nominotypical subspecies, D.m.messalina subsp.n., occurs in Bougainville while D.m.orientalis subsp.n. is found on Santa Ysabel and Guadalcanal. The other two, D.alberti guava subsp.n. from Bougainville and D.alberti tetamba subsp.n. from Santa Ysabel, represent new subspecies of D.alberti Rothschld. Couplets for the inclusion of the new taxa in the standard key in Talbot are provided. In addition, a list of Solomon Islands Delias is given, together with brief distributional data.     

贵州距水虻属新种记述(双翅目,水虻科)

首次报道我国贵州距水虻属Allognosta 4个种(包括3新种或亚种),即背斑距水虻A.dorsalis sp.nov.,梵净山距水虻A.fanjingshana sp.nov.,斑胸距水虻A.maculipleura Frey 和黑腿距水虻Allognosta flavofemoralis nigrifemur subsp.nov,.模式标本保存在中国农业大学昆虫博物馆.     

The delimitation of Gelasine (Iridaceae), and G. uruguaiensis sp. nov. from Uruguay

The generic concept of Gelasine Herb. (Iridaceae) is reviewed, and the characters discussed in connection with Sphenostigma Bak., a synonym of Gelasine. The reduction of Sphenostigma is further justified on account of overlapping features. A new species from Uruguay, G. uruguaiensis Rav. sp. nov., is described and illustrated. This is shown to include two subspecies: ssp. uruguaiensis , and ssp. orientalis ssp. nov. The chromosome number of the latter is 2n = 14.     

中国线波纹蛾属研究及二新种一新亚种记述(鳞翅目,钩蛾科,波纹蛾亚科)

研究了中国线波纹蛾属Wernya Yoshimoto,1987,记述2新种,巨钩线波纹蛾W.hamigigantea sp.nov.,曲线波纹蛾W.cyrtoma sp.nov.,中国1新纪录种及其1新亚种,灰褐线波纹蛾海南亚种W.griseochrysa hainanensis subsp.nov.;修订了纽线波纹蛾W.thailandica Yoshimoto,1987在中国分布的亚种;取消了W.solena(Swinhoe,1894)和W.punctata Yoshimoto,1987在中国的分布记录。给出中国线波纹蛾属7种2亚种的检索表。     

Pluteus aurantipes sp. nov. from Wisconsin, United States

Pluteus aurantipes sp. nov. was discovered in Wisconsin, United States. This agaric species is characterized by its yellowish brown pileus, reddish orange stipe, pileipellis consisting of a trichoderm and lack of pleurocystidia.     

Molecular evolution of the tprC, D, I, K, G, and J genes in the pathogenic genus Treponema

We investigated the evolution of 6 genes from the Treponema pallidum repeat (tpr) gene family, which encode potential virulence factors and are assumed to have evolved through gene duplication and gene conversion events. The 6 loci (tprC, D, G, J, I, and K) were sequenced and analyzed in several members of the genus Treponema, including the 3 subspecies of human T. pallidum (T. pallidum subsp. pallidum, pertenue, and endemicum), Treponema paraluiscuniculi (rabbit syphilis), and the unclassified Fribourg-Blanc (simian) isolate. Phylogenetic methods, recombination analysis, and measures of nucleotide diversity were used to investigate the evolutionary history of the tpr genes. Numerous instances of gene conversion were detected by all 3 methods including both homogenizing gene conversion that involved the entire length of the sequence as well as site-specific conversions that affected smaller regions. We determined the relative age and directionality of the gene conversion events whenever possible. Our data are also relevant to a discussion of the evolution of the treponemes themselves. Higher levels of variation exist between the human subspecies than within them, supporting the classification of the human treponemes into 3 subspecies. In contrast to published theories, the divergence and diversity of T. pallidum subsp. pertenue relative to the other subspecies does not support a much older origin of yaws at the emergence of modern human, nor is the level of divergence seen in T. pallidum subsp. pallidum consistent with a very recent (< 500 years) origin of this subspecies. In general, our results demonstrate that intragenomic recombination has played a significant role in the evolution of the studied tpr genes and emphasize that efforts to infer evolutionary history of the treponemes can be complicated if past recombination events are not recognized.     

海南睑虎种群密度调查研究

关于睑虎属Goniurosaurus物种的研究主要集中在新种描述和系统进化等方面,对种群密度量化的研究较少。为研究海南吊罗山国家级自然保护区海南睑虎Goniurosaurus hainanensis种群的资源现状,2019年7—9月,在保护区内选取2个不同海拔梯度的样区(A样区551～688 m和B样区289～448 m),采用标记重捕法对该物种的种群密度进行了调查,并分别采用Schnabel法和Lincoln指数法进行种群密度估算。结果显示:采用Schnabel法估算的种群密度A样区为501只/hm²,B样区为1 999只/hm²;采用Lincoln指数法估算的种群密度A样区为583只/hm²,B样区为1 403只/hm²。结果表明:该物种的种群密度随海拔升高呈下降趋势。     

Morphology,morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of Lamtostyla granulifera sinensis subsp. nov. (Ciliophora,Hypotrichia) from a wetland in China

The morphology, morphogenesis and molecular phylogeny of a hypotrichous ciliate, Lamtostyla granulifera sinensis subsp. nov., isolated from northern China, were investigated. This population appeared highly similar in morphology to L. granulifera Foissner, 1997. However, on detailed investigation some non-overlapping features were identified, i.e., the body shape and the arrangement of the cortical granules. These differences suggested the separation at subspecies level. Furthermore, the morphogenesis of the new subspecies is described, which is characterized by: (1) the posterior part of the parental adoral zone of membranelles is renewed; (2) the amphisiellid median cirral row is formed from two anlagen; and (3) the frontoventral-transverse cirral anlagen II to VI generate one transverse cirrus each. Phylogenetic analyses based on SSU rDNA sequence data show that Lamtostyla species are scattered in different clades. The monophyly of the genus Lamtostyla is also rejected by the AU test in this study.     

Two new subspecies of Photorhabdus luminescens, isolated from Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae): Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii subsp. nov. and Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. thracensis subsp. nov

Bacterial isolates from nematodes from Turkish soil samples were initially characterized by molecular methods and seven members of the genus Photorhabdus identified to the species level, using riboprint analyses and metabolic properties. Strain 07-5 (DSM 15195) was highly related to the type strain of Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. laumondii DSM 15139T, and was regarded a strain of this subspecies. Strains 1121T (DSM 15194T), 68-3 (DSM 15198) and 47-10 (DSM 15197) formed one, strain 39-8T (DSM 15199T), 39-7 (DSM 15196) and 01-12 (DSM 15193) formed a second cluster that branched intermediate the three subspecies of Photorhabdus luminescens. Based upon moderate 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities and differences in metabolic properties among themselves and with type strains of the three subspecies we consider the two clusters to represent two new subspecies of Photorhabdus luminescens for which the names Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. kayaii, type strain 1121T (DSM 15194T, NCIMB 13951T), and Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. thracensis subsp. nov., type strain 39-8T (DSM 15199T, NCIMB 13952T) are proposed.     

A taxonomic revision of Crambe, sect. Leptocrambe (Brassicaceae)

As part of a revision of the genus Crambe based on the morphological study of herbaria and cultivated material, the systematics of sect. Leptocrombe DC. is presented here. Section Leptocrambe is considered to comprise five species: C. kilimandscharica O. E. Schulz, C. sinuatodentata Hochst. ex Petri, C. hispanica L., C. filiformis Jacq. and C. kralikii Coss. C. hispanica includes three subspecies, subsp. hispanica , subsp. glabrata (DC.) Cout. and subsp. abyssnica (Hochst. ex R. E. Fr.) stat. nov. which includes var. dyssinica and var. meyeri (O. E. Schulz) comb. nov. C. kralikii includes two subspecies, subsp. kralikii and subsp. garamas (Maire) Podlech.     

小泡巨鼠(Edwards'rat)一新亚种——海南小泡巨鼠

海南岛中南部山地林区产的小泡巨鼠(Rattus edwardsi)与分布于华南地区的模式亚种(R.e.edwardsi)、分布于四川的亚种(R.e.gigas)明显不同,与国外产的马来半岛亚种(R.e.ciliatus)、苏门答腊亚种(R.e.setiger)及苏门答腊西部亚种(R.e.siporanus)亦有明显的差别,经研究为一新亚种,定名为小泡巨鼠海南亚种Rattus edwardsi hainanensis Xu et Yu subsp.nov.。     

Genetic diversity,genetic structure and phylogeography of the Iberian endemic Gypsophila struthium (Caryophyllaceae) as revealed by AFLP and plastid DNA sequences: connecting habitat fragmentation and diversification

Iberian gypsum outcrops are highly fragmented and ecologically challenging environments for plant colonization. As gypsophytes occur exclusively in such habitats, they are ideal models for the study of both the effects of habitat fragmentation and selection on population genetic diversity and structure. In this study, we used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and plastid DNA sequences to investigate the phylogeographical history of the Iberian plant Gypsophila struthium (Caryophyllaceae), a widespread endemic restricted to Iberian gypsum outcrops. Gypsophila struthium consists of two subspecies that differ in the architecture of their inflorescence and have mostly allopatric ranges. Gypsophila struthium subsp. struthium occurs in central, eastern and south‐eastern Iberia, whereas G. struthium subsp. hispanica occurs in northern and eastern areas. AFLPs revealed low but significant genetic differentiation between the subspecies, probably as a result of a recent diversification during the Pliocene–Pleistocene. In the geographical contact zone between the taxa, the Bayesian analyses revealed populations with mixed ancestries and genetic clusters predominantly of one or the other subspecies, indicating incomplete reproductive barriers between them. Plastid DNA haplotypes revealed strong geographical structure and testified to processes of isolation by distance and continuous range expansion for some haplotype clades. The Bayesian analyses of the population structure of AFLP data and nested clade phylogeographical analysis (NCPA) of plastid haplotypes revealed that the putative ancestral range corresponded to central and eastern populations of G. struthium subsp. struthium, with those lineages contributing through more recent expansion to increased genetic diversity and structure of the south‐eastern and eastern ranges of this subspecies and to the diversification of G. struthium subsp. hispanica in northern and eastern gypsum outcrops. © 2013 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2013, 173 , 654–675.     

A revision of the genus Lasianthus (Rubiaceae) in Africa, excluding Madagascar

23 species, one subspecies and three varieties have been described or named for the pan-tropical genus Lasianthus Jack (Rubiaceae) in continental Africa. In the present revision thirteen species, five subspecies and one variety are recognized; additionally two hybrids are proposed. Of the previously named taxa, the subspecies is raised to species rank whereas two species are degraded to subspecies and variety status, respectively. Five species are synonymised including two varieties, and four are left with uncertain status, including one variety. The distribution of the genus in Africa consists of two distinct elements: one component is found in the Guineo-Congolian regional centre of endemism and one in the eastern part of Afiomontane Archipelago-like regional centre of endemism. A centre of species diversity is found in Eastern Arc Mts., where six endemic species occur together with L. laxinervis and the more widespread L. kilimandscharicus. Four of the species are strict endemics of the Uluguru Mts. In addition to the presentation of the new section: Lasianthus Sectio Membranacei, sect. nov., this revision contain two hybrids from Uluguru Mts.: L. macrocalyx × pedunculatus and L. cereifizorus × pedunculatus, and following new taxa and new combinations: L. africanus ssp. biokoensis, subsp. nov.; L. africanus ssp. mayumbensis, comb. et stat. nov.; L. kilimandscharicus ssp. glabrescens, ssp. nov.; L. kilimandscharicus ssp. glabrescens var. xanthospermus, comb. et stat. nov.; L. kilimandscharicus ssp. hirsutus, ssp. nov.; L. laxinervis, stat. nov.; L. pedunculatus ssp. angustisepalus, ssp. nov.