5-HT1A受体对新生大鼠离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的调制

本研究探讨5-HT1A受体在延髓基本节律性呼吸放电发生和调节中的作用。以改良Kreb＇s液恒温灌流新生Sprague-Dawley大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,稳定记录与之相连的舌下神经根的呼吸节律性放电活动（respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA）后,第一组在灌流液中分别单独给予5-HT1A受体的特异性激动剂8-羟四氢萘[（＋／-）-8-hydroxy-2-（di-N-propylamino）tetralin hydrobromide,8-OHDPAT]和特异性拮抗剂多次甲基多苯基多异氰酸酯[4-iodo-N-[2-[4-methoxyphenyl]-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-N-2-pyridynyl-benzamide hydrochloride,PMPPI];第二组分别先后给予8-0HDPAT和8-0HDPAT＋PMPPI,观察舌下神经根RRDA的变化,探讨5-HT1A受体对其调节作用。结果显示,给予8-OHDPAT后,呼吸周期（respiratory cycle,RC）和呼气时程（expiratory time,TE）显著延长,放电的积分幅度（integral amplitude,IA）持续降低,吸气时程（inspiratory time,TI）无明显变化;给予PMPPI后RC、TI和TE明显缩短,舌下神经根IA无明显变化,且8-OHDPAT的作用可部分被PMPPI逆转。结果提示,5-HT1A受体参与了哺乳动物基本呼吸节律的产生和调节。     

多巴胺D_1受体参与新生鼠离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的调节

本研究旨在探讨多巴胺D1受体在延髓离体脑片基本节律性呼吸放电调节中的作用。以改良的Kreb’s液（modified Kreb’s perfusion,MKS）恒温灌流Sprague—Dawley大鼠（0～3d）离体延髓脑片标本,稳定记录到与之相连的舌下神经根的呼吸节律性放电活动（respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA）后,第一组（n=5）先给予多巴胺D1受体特异性激动剂[cis-（±）-1-（Aminomethyl）-3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-1H-2-Benzopyran-5,6-Diolhy,drochlo—ride,A68930]灌流10min,用MKS洗脱后,再给予多巴胺D1受体特异性拈抗剂[R（＋）-7-Chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl—1—pheny1-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride,SCH-23390]灌流10min;第二组（n=5）先给予A68930持续灌流10min后再给予A68930＋SCH-23390持续灌流10min;观察各时间点舌下神经根RRDA的变化。结果显示,给予A68930灌流后呼吸周期（respiratory cycle,RC）和呼气时程（expiratory time,TE）显著缩短,放电积分幅度（integral amplitude,IA）增加,吸气时程（inspiratory time,TI）无明显变化;给予SCH-23390后RC、TE显著延长、TI显著缩短、IA减小,而且A68930的作用可以被SCH．23390部分逆转。这些观察结果提示多巴胺D1受体参与了哺乳动物基本呼吸频率和幅度的调节。     

5-HT2A受体在尼可刹米增强新生大鼠延髓脑片呼吸放电中的作用

本文旨在探讨中枢呼吸兴奋剂尼可刹米对新生大鼠基本节律性呼吸的产生和调节的影响及5-HT2A受体在其中的作用.制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,含面神经后核内侧区(the medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis,mNRF)并保留舌下神经根,灌流改良Kreb'S液(modified Kreb'S solution,MKS),记录舌下神经根呼吸相关节律性放电活动(respiratory-re-lated rhythmic discharge activity,RRDA),观察不同浓度尼可刹米、5-HT2A受体特异激动剂2,5-二甲氧基-4-碘苯基丙烷[1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl)-2-aminopropane,DOI]、5-HT2A受体特异拮抗剂酮舍林(ketanserine)以及联合使用尼可刹米和酮舍林对舌下神经根RRDA的影响.结果显示,尼可刹米在0.5～7μg/mL时对延髓脑片RRDA有兴奋作用,在5 μg/mL时对吸气时程(inspiratory time,TI)、放电积分幅度(integral amplitude,IA)、呼吸周期(respiratory cycle,Re)等呼吸指标综合效果最显著.DOI明显延长TI、增强IA、缩短RC,对RRDA有兴奋作用.酮舍林明显缩短TI、减弱IA、延长RC,对RRDA有抑制作用.联合使用DOI和酮舍林对RRDA无明显作用.酮舍林可完全阻断尼可刹米对RC的作用,部分阻断尼可刹米对IA的作用,对尼可刹米引起的TI变化无明显影响.结果提示,尼可刹米增强新生大鼠离体延髓脑片舌下神经根RRDA,5-HT2A受体可能足尼可刹米作用途径之一.     

腺苷A1受体在离体延髓脑片上对节律性呼吸的调制

实验旨在探讨腺苷A1受体在对基本呼吸节律调制中的可能作用。制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,主要包含面神经后核内侧区(themedial region of the nucleus retrofacialis,mNRF),并保留完整的舌下神经根。以改良Kreb‘s液灌流脑片,记录mNRF吸气神经元的电活动,并同步记录舌下神经根呼吸节律性放电(respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA)。在灌流液中先分别单独给予腺苷A1受体的特异性拮抗剂8-环戊-1,3-二丙基黄嘌呤(8-cyclopenty 1-1,3-dipropylxanthine,DPCPX)和特异性激动剂R-苯异丙基-腺苷(R-phenylisopropyl-adenosine,R-PIA);再分别先后给予R-PIA和R-PIA DPCPX,观察RRDA和吸气神经元电活动的变化。结果显示,给予腺苷A1受体拮抗剂DPCPX后,呼气时程和呼吸周期明显缩短,吸气神经元中期放电的频率和峰频率显著增大;给予腺苷Al受体激动剂R-PIA后,吸气时程、积分幅度和吸气神经元中期放电的频率和峰频率均显著降低,呼吸周期明显延长,且R-PIA的呼吸抑制作用可部分地被DPCPX逆转。实验结果提示,腺苷A1受体可能通过介导吸气神经元的抑制性突触输入参与节律性呼吸的调制。     

NMDA与非NMDA受体激动剂对新生大鼠延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的作用

目的：探讨N－甲基－D－天门冬氨酸（NMDA）和非NMDA类受体在基本呼吸节律发生和调节中的可能作用。方法：以改良的Kerb's液灌流新生SD大鼠离体延髓脑片,记录片与之相连的舌下神经的呼吸节律性放电活动（respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA),在灌流中给予兴奋性氨式酸类递质及相应的拮抗剂,观察其对RRDA的影响。结果：使用非NMDA受体激动剂海人酸（KA）后,可见呼吸周期及呼吸时间有所延长,NMDA受体激动剂NMDA对呼吸活动则没有明显影响;相应的拮抗剂6－氰基－7－硝基喹恶啉土卫四（DNAX）和2－氨基酸戊酸（AP5）均可使放电频率和积分幅值明显降低,吸气时间显著缩短,但DNQX同时可致呼吸周期和呼气时间明显缩短。结论：在哺乳动物基本呼吸节律的产生和调节中,NMDA类受体主要对呼吸活动的强度产生调节作用;而非NMDA类受体不仅可以影响呼吸的强度,同时对呼吸的频率也发挥调节作用。     

组胺受体家族新成员:组胺H4受体

组胺H4受体是最近在基因库内筛选寻找新的G蛋白偶联受体时发现的,其cDNA序列与组胺H1、H2受体的同源性很低,与组胺H3受体有很高的同源性。很多组胺受体的配体与组胺H4受体有亲和性,但该受体表现出独特的药理学性质。组胺H4受体激动后可影响细胞内Ca^2 浓度和cAMP的生成,推测其与Gi或Go蛋白相偶联。组胺H4受体主要分布于骨髓、肺、脾脏、小肠和中枢,可能与机体的免疫反应和精神活动有关。     

一氧化氮对呼吸节律性放电的调节作用

实验旨在探讨一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)在基本呼吸节律产生和调节中可能的作用。制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,主要包含面神经后核内侧区,前包钦格复合体、腹侧呼吸组以及背侧呼吸组的一部分。同时保留舌下神经根,用改良Kreb′s液灌流脑片并记录与之相连的舌下神经根呼吸节律性放电(respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA),在灌流液中分别给予不同浓度的NO供体硝普钠(sodium nitroprusside,SNP),NO合成前体L—精氨酸(L—Arginine,L-Arg)以及神经元型一氧化氮合酶(neuronal nitric oxide synthase,nNOS)特异性抑制剂7-nitro indazole (7-NI),观察其对RRDA的影响。结果显示,nNOS的特异性抑制剂7-NI对吸气时程和放电强度有明显抑制,而NO合成前体L—Arg,以及NO供体SNP对呼吸放电活动没有明显的影响。这提示,在哺乳动物基本呼吸节律的产生和调节中,NO可能对吸气中止和呼吸幅度具有调节作用。     

组胺H3受体研究进展

组胺H3受体作为突触前自身受体和异身受体,广泛分布于中枢和外周组织,抑制组胺的释放和合成,调节多种神经递质的释放,组胺H3受体是G蛋白偶联受体家族成员,激活后由G蛋白介导,通过调控N型Ca^2 通道,产生生物学效应,组胺H3受体在中枢和外周器官有着重要的生理功能,对心功能,胃酸分泌,觉醒的睡眠,认知和记忆,惊厥抽搐等都有调节作用。     

cAMP-PKA通路参与Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体对新生鼠离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的调节

本研究旨在探讨cAMP-PKA通路在Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体对离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的影响中的作用。制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,主要包含延髓面神经后核内侧区(medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis,mNRF),并完整保留舌下神经根,以改良Kreb’s液(modified Kreb’s solution,MKS)恒温灌流脑片,用吸附电极记录舌下神经根呼吸节律性放电活动(respiratory rhythmical discharge activity,RRDA)。待放电活动稳定后,第1组灌流Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体特异性拮抗剂(2S)-α-ethylglutamic acid(EGLU)10min,第2组先给予cAMP-PKA通路激动剂Forskolin灌流10min,而后MKS洗脱至正常,灌流cAMP-PKA通路抑制剂Rp-cyclic3’,5’-hydrogen phosphorothioate adenosine triethylammonium salt(Rp-cAMPS)10min,第3组首先给予Rp-cAMPS10min,洗脱后联合Rp-cAMPS+EGL...     

切割延髓、酸碱度及温度对新生大鼠离体延髓—脊髓标本呼吸节律性放电的影响

目的和方法：在新生大鼠离体延髓－－脊髓标本上,用吸附电极记录膈神经根－颈4、颈5腹根（C4v,C5v)和舌下神经根（Ⅻ）节律性放电活动(rhythmical discharge activity,RDA),并观察其在对延髓微切割、改变灌流液pH值及温度后RDA的变化。结果：①新生鼠离体延髓－脊髓标本在这灌流条件下,可存活6－8h,持续4h可稳定记录到C4v、C5v和Ⅻ的RDA,且两者完全同步,为呼吸节律性放电（RDA,RRDA）;②从延髓头端向尾端切割（每次100μm）,切至闩前500μm水平时,RRDA不变,进一步切割,至闩水平,RRDA消失;③从尾端向头端切割,切至舌下神经根下缘水平,RRDA不变,进一步向头端切割,RRDA逐渐消失;④从延髓背侧向腹侧水平切割,切割至背→腹一半水平时,RRDA不变,进一步向腹侧切割,RRDA逐渐消失;⑤灌流液的pH值从7.35降至6.85,RRDA逐渐增强,而从6.85降至4.5时,逐渐减弱至消失。pH值从7.45上升到7.85,呼吸频率逐渐减漫,放电幅度增强;⑥温度由27℃上升到37℃,RRDA逐渐增强;由38℃上升到41℃,RRDA逐渐减弱,温度则27℃降23℃,RRDA逐渐减弱。温度为42℃或22℃时,RRDA消失。结论：面神经后核内侧区可能是呼吸节律起源的部位,且此区域的神经元对温度及酸碱度变化敏感。     

cAMP-PKA通路参与Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体对新生鼠离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的调节

本研究旨在探讨cAMP-PKA通路在Ⅱ组代谢性谷氨酸受体对离体延髓脑片呼吸节律性放电的影响中的作用.制作新生大鼠离体延髓脑片标本,主要包含延髓面神经后核内侧区(medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis,mNRF),并完整保留舌下神经根,以改良Kreb's液(modified ...     

Effects of Bile Acids and the Bile Acid Receptor FXR Agonist on the Respiratory Rhythm in the In Vitro Brainstem Medulla Slice of Neonatal Sprague-Dawley Rats

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy is always accompanied by adverse fetal outcomes such as malfunctions of respiration. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a critical role in the homeostasis of bile acids. Thus, we are determined to explore the effects of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and five bile acids on respiratory rhythm generation and modulation of neonatal rats. Spontaneous periodic respiratory-related rhythmical discharge activity (RRDA) was recorded from hypoglossal nerves during the perfusion of modified Krebs solution. Group 1–6 was each given GW4064 and five bile acids of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), cholic acid (CA) as well as ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) at different concentrations to identify their specific functions on respiratory rhythm modulations. Group 7 was applied to receive FXR blocker Z-guggulsterone and Z-guggulsterone with the above bile acids separately to explore the role of FXR in the respiratory rhythm modulation. Group 8 was given dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as controls. Apart from UDCA, CDCA, DCA LCA and CA all exerted effects on RRDA recorded from hypoglossal nerves in a concentration-dependent manner. Respiratory cycle (RC), Inspiratory time (TI), Expiratory Time (TE) and Integral Amplitude (IA) were influenced and such effects could be reversed by Z-guggulsterone. FXR may contribute to the effects on the modulation of respiratory rhythm exerted by bile acids.     

Glial Cells are Involved in the Exciting Effects of Doxapram on Brainstem Slices In Vitro

This study tested whether the glial cells are involved in the exciting effects of doxapram on brainstem slice in vitro. Experiments were performed in brainstem slice preparations from neonatal rats. The medial area of nucleus retrofacialis (mNRF) and the hypoglossal nerve (XII nerve) were contained in the preparations. The slices were perfused with modified Kreb’s solution (MKS), and the rhythmical respiratory discharge activity (RRDA) was simultaneously recorded from the XII nerve by using suction electrodes, including the discharge time course of inspiratory (Ti), expiratory (Te), respiratory cycle (RC), and integrity amplitude of inspiratory discharge (IA). After applying of doxapram (5 μM) to the MKS for 10 min, Ti and IA increased significantly (85.0 ± 25.0%, 13.2 ± 2.5%, respectively, P < 0.05), the Te and the RC decreased significantly (19.0 ± 1.4%, 12.8 ± 1.4%, respectively, P < 0.05) when compared with control group. When the methionine sulfoximine (MS, 10 μM), a blockage of glutamine synthetase, was applied, all the exciting effects of doxapram on RRDA were reversed. After the glutamine (20 μM) was applied to the MKS for 10 min, the exciting effects were revealed again. Our results suggest that the normal metabolism of glial cells takes a key role in the modification of the RRDA in the slices. In conclusion, glial cells are involved in the exciting effects of doxapram on brainstem slice in vitro.     

Histamine directly acts on beta-adrenoceptors as well as H1-histaminergic receptors, and causes positive inotropic effects in isolated ventricular muscles of carp heart (Cyprinus carpio)

1. The mechanism for positive and negative inotropic effects of histamine was studied in electrically stimulated ventricular strips of carp heart. 2. A high concentration of histamine (1 mM) caused a transient negative, and subsequent positive inotropic effects. The positive effect was significantly reduced by pyrilamine, diphenhydramine or dl-propranolol, but was not affected by cimetidine or d-propranolol. 3. Prior treatment with reserpine significantly decreased epinephrine and norepinephrine contents in ventricular muscles, and also almost completely abolished the positive inotropic effect caused by tyramine; however, this treatment failed to affect the positive inotropic effect of histamine. 4. The transient negative inotropic effect was reduced by neither atropine, diphenhydramine, pyrilamine nor cimetidine, and potentiated by pyrilamine. 5. These results suggest that the positive inotropic effect of histamine observed in the ventricular muscle of carp heart is mediated by a direct stimulation of both H1-receptors and beta-adrenoceptors. The negative inotropic effect is unrelated to either cholinergic or histaminergic receptor stimulation.     

Histamine protects against NMDA-induced necrosis in cultured cortical neurons through H receptor/cyclic AMP/protein kinase A and H receptor/GABA release pathways

Using histamine and the H3 receptor antagonist thioperamide, the roles of histamine receptors in NMDA-induced necrosis were investigated in rat cultured cortical neurons. Within 3 h of intense NMDA insult, most neurons died by necrosis. Histamine reversed the neurotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner and showed peak protection at a concentration of 10(-7) m. This protection was antagonized by the H2 receptor antagonists cimetidine and zolantidine but not by the H1 receptor antagonists pyrilamine and diphenhydramine. In addition, the selective H2 receptor agonist amthamine mimicked the protection by histamine. This action was prevented by cimetidine but not by pyrilamine. 8-Bromo-cAMP also mimicked the effect of histamine. In contrast, both the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor 9-(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)-9H-purine-6-amine and the cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor N-[2-(p-bromocinnamylamino) ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide reversed the protection by histamine. Thioperamide also attenuated NMDA-induced excitotoxicity, which was reversed by the H3 receptor agonist (R)-alpha-methylhistamine but not by pyrilamine and cimetidine. In addition, the protection by thioperamide was inhibited by the GABA(A) receptor antagonists picrotoxin and bicuculline. Further study demonstrated that the protection by thioperamide was due to increased GABA release in NMDA-stimulated samples. These results indicate that not only the H2 receptor/cAMP/cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway but also the H3 receptor/GABA release pathway can attenuate NMDA-induced neurotoxicity.     

Presence of histamine H2-receptors on human gastric carcinoma cell line MKN-45 and their increase by retinoic acid treatment.

Histamine dose-dependently stimulated cyclic AMP production in human gastric carcinoma cell line MKN-45, and this effect was inhibited by cimetidine but not by pyrilamine. Moreover, not only histamine but also cimetidine displaced the specific binding of [3H]tiotidine to these cells, whereas pyrilamine had no effect. On the other hand, pretreatment of MKN-45 cells with retinoic acid (RA) significantly enhanced histamine-induced increase of cyclic AMP production, although the cyclic AMP response to either forskolin or NaF was not affected. Finally, RA treatment increased the number of histamine receptor without altering its affinity. Thus, it appears that histamine H2-receptors are present on MKN-45 cells, and that RA treatment enhances the action of histamine on these cells by increasing the number of H2-receptors.