韭菜胚囊发育与胚胎发生

韭菜胚囊发育为葱型,胚胎发生属柳叶菜型。成熟胚囊中,三个反足细胞形态上常类似卵器,其中二个呈助细胞状,一个呈卵细胞状。卵状反足细胞可分裂成多细胞原胚,但随着胚乳的发育而退化。在未受精胚囊中,卵细胞和卵状反足细胞均可分裂,它们的发生过程与合子胚相似,但因无胚乳哺育,均不能继续发育。论证了反足细胞胚的性质,初步探讨了胚乳与反足细胞无配子生殖的关系。     

韭菜幼小子房培养时胚囊的发育和一些异常现象

对韭菜开花前1天左右的子房进行培养可获得大量的单倍体植株。观察表明单倍体植株起源于未受精的卵细胞和反足细胞。为了探索培养不同发育时期的子房对单倍体原胚发生频率的影响,我们又对大孢子母细胞时期的幼     

植物组织培养中的胚状体

植物的胚胎发生是从合子开始的。但是,在自然界中,有些植物除合子胚外,还可以从胚囊的其它分子产生胚,如助细胞胚、反足细胞胚;甚至从珠心组织细胞产生胚,即不定胚。总之,被称为“胚”的结构,都限于有性生殖和胚珠的范围內。     

水稻“双－3”多胚发生的研究

水稻ＭＩＶ（双－３、籼稻）传粉后可以有多个花粉管同时进入胚囊．大多数胚囊的合子发育为一个正常的胚,但是有少数合子胚发生裂生并分化形成双胚芽和一胚根．有些胚囊的助细胞和卵细胞同时受精后,分别发育为助细胞胚和合子胚;有些胚囊中的反足细胞团可直接发育为胚．可见“双－３”水稻除有正常合子胚外还存在助细胞胚和反足细胞匹的多胚现象．     

水稻“双－3”多胚发生的研究

叶秀,陈泽濂,黎垣庆 　　水稻ＭＩＶ（双－３、籼稻）传粉后可以有多个花粉管同时进入胚囊．大多数胚囊的合子发育为一个正常的胚,但是有少数合子胚发生裂生并分化形成双胚芽和一胚根．有些胚囊的助细胞和卵细胞同时受精后,分别发育为助细胞胚和合子胚;有些胚囊中的反足细胞团可直接发育为胚．可见“双－３”水稻除有正常合子胚外还存在助细胞胚和反足细胞匹的多胚现象．     

大麦未授粉子房培养的胚胎学观察

在离体条件下诱导了大麦未授粉子房内的胚状体发生。雌核发育的胚主要起源于卵器,也可能起源于反足器。原胚发育与胚分化过程中既有类似体内合子胚的正常类型,也有变态的类型。未受精的极核亦可分裂成类似胚乳的游离核。研究了胚囊发育时期与培养方式对诱导胚胎发生的影响。     

禾本科植物组织培养中的体细胞胚胎发生

在植物组织培养中,形态发生的途径通常有两条:一条是器官发生(Organogensis),另一条是胚胎发生(Embryogenesis)。在胚胎发生途径中形成类似合子胚而被称为胚状体的结构。根据外植体的不同来源,胚状体又可分为两类,即由普通植物体的各种器官、组织等的二倍体细胞产生的体细胞胚(Somatic embryos)和由小孢子或其分裂产物等单倍体细胞产生的花粉胚(Polleuembryos)。本文主要论述体细胞胚胎的发生。     

油菜裂外壁小孢子胚在分子水平上具有胚体/胚柄分化

早期合子胚取材困难, 难以开展相关研究。前人的工作表明, 油菜(Brassica napus)裂外壁小孢子胚胎发生系统能够较好地模拟合子胚的分化模式, 因而可替代早期合子胚胎作为研究材料。但目前尚缺乏该胚胎发生系统中胚胎具有胚体/胚柄分化的分子水平的证据。该文首次证明了油菜WOX家族基因能够用于标记胚体/胚柄的分化过程, 利用胚柄标记基因BnWOX8的表达模式, 从分子水平上证明了带胚柄的裂外壁小孢子胚的确存在胚体/胚柄的分化。研究结果为充分利用油菜裂外壁小孢子胚胎发生系统, 解决早期胚胎取材困难的问题奠定了坚实的基础。同时, 建立了活体激光切割分离特定细胞的技术, 结合用于少量细胞RNA提取的活体特异细胞RNA提取技术, 为鉴定少量特异分化细胞的基因表达模式提供了一个可行且明确的解决方案。     

被子植物未受精胚珠与子房离体培养的研究进展

介绍被子植物未受精胚珠与子房离体培养诱导单倍体植株的研究进展。迄今已有9个科21种植物用这一方法诱导出单倍体植株,植物的基因型、外植体的发育程度、接种前的预处理、培养基和培养条件等均能影响诱导率的高低。胚胎学观察揭示大孢子与胚囊内的卵细胞、助细胞和反足细胞均有可能在培养中启动分裂,通过胚状体或愈伤组织形成单倍体植株。本项技术在植物单倍体育种中可发挥重要作用。     

小麦×大麦胚胎发育的研究——Ⅱ.小麦与大麦远缘杂交中非合子胚的形成

作者在小麦与大麦远缘杂交的胚胎发育过程中观察到了胚囊中形成助细胞胚、反足细胞胚和珠心胚的情况。文章初步讨论了非合子胚在杂种幼胚离体培养中的作用及多胚现象的生物学意义。     

Ultrastructural Observations on Parthenogenesis and Antipodal Apogamy of Allium tuberosum Roxb

Alliurn tuberosum Roxb is a species characterized by spontaneous parthenogenesis and antipodal apogamy. This paper deals with the ultrastructural changes during these processes. Before pollination, the mature egg cell contained abundant mitochondria with well developed cristae, spherical or ellipsoidal plastids and some polyribosomes, which suggested a relatively high metabolic activity. After fertilization, in zygotes the mitochondria changed to irregular shape and their cristae degenerated, the plastids elongated or became cup-shaped, the polyribosomes decreased and the free ribosomes increased in number. Some unfertilized egg ceils, two days after anthesis, showed similar ultrastructural changes as those taking place in zygote, which. seemed to be a sign of triggering to parthenogensis. In Allium tuberosum Roxb, the three antipodai cells bore a close resemblance to the egg apparatus: Among them two antipodal cells were similar to the synergids with a filiform apparatus-like structure and plentiful organelles at their chalazal end. The other was an egg-like antipodal cell which could undergo similar ultrastructural changes as those happened in zygote, leading to divide into apogamic proembryos two days after anthesis. The problems of parthenogenesis and antipodal apogamy in Allium tuberosum Roxb is diicussed in view of ultrastructural features of the egg and egg-like antipodal cell.     

植物微核技术在监测水质污染中的应用

应用韭菜微核技术,检测哈尔滨市量具刃具厂含铬废水的遗传毒性,试验表明：含铬废水可诱导韭菜和蚕豆根尖细胞产生微核,进行回归分析,其蚕豆对Ｃｒ＾＋６诱变剂回归分析为ｙ＝２４．９４＋１２７．７７ｘ（ｒ＝０．９９６,Ｐ〈０．０１）,韭菜对Ｃｒ＾＋６诱变剂回归广泛为：ｙ＝２１．７４＋１００．２３ｘ（ｒ＝０．９００,Ｐ〈０．０１）,ｒ＝１１．１７＋３．３８ｘ（ｒ＝０．７８１,Ｐ〈０．０５）,韭菜根尖微核技术具     

韭不同倍性及其非整倍体的ITS序列变异研究

对不同倍性及其非整倍体韭Allium tuberosum和野韭Allium ramosum核糖体DNA的内部转录区(ITS)进行了PCR扩增和克隆,并测定10个ITS1和ITS2的序列,用ITS1 ITS2的序列探讨Allium tuberosum和Allium ramosum的系统发育关系。研究表明,Allium tuberosum与Alli-um ramosum种间的平均Kimura遗传距离仅为0．0146,二者是一对近缘种。虽然韭经历了长期的人工选择和自然选择,但与野韭的分化仍然较小。韭不同倍性及其非整倍体之间,其ITS序列亦无明显差异。     

韭菜和土壤中毒死蜱的残留与降解动态

在大棚和露地栽培条件下,研究了不同浓度的毒死蜱灌根施药后土壤和韭菜中毒死蜱的残留与降解动态.结果表明:韭菜中毒死蜱的降解速度比土壤中快,平均半衰期分别为3.41 d和7.40 d;在大棚和露地栽培条件下,韭菜中毒死蜱的降解速率差异不大,平均降解半衰期分别为3.37和3.44 d.施药灌根后第21天,韭菜中毒死蜱的残留量(0.021 ～0.102mg·kg-1)基本低于GB 2763-2005规定的最大残留限量标准(≤0.1 mg·kg-1).新生韭菜中仍残留少量毒死蜱,但明显低于药后第一次刈割.土壤中残留的毒死蜱对韭菜中的农药残留量有显著影响.     

Fatty acid composition of the seed oil of Allium tuberosum

The fatty acid compositions of seed oil from ten kinds of Allium tuberosum (Chinese chive, Liliaceae) were determined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). The seed oil of Allium tuberosum contained much important fatty acids with linoleic (57.0-71.6%) and palmitic (6.6-9.7%), the most abundant unsaturated and saturated fatty acids, respectively. The total unsaturation for the oil was 79.2-93.0%. It is concluded that Allium tuberosum oil is of important nutritional value.     

Onion aphid (Neotoxoptera formosana) attractants, in the headspace of Allium fistulosum and A. tuberosum leaves

Abstract:  Attractancy of Allium fistulosum L. and Allium tuberosum Rottl. to adult apterae of the onion aphid, Neotoxoptera formosana (Takahashi), an oligophagous aphid pest of Allium crops, was investigated with a Y-tube olfactometer. The aphids were significantly attracted to both A. fistulosum and A. tuberosum . The headspace components of both plants were extracted with solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main volatile components of A. fistulosum were dipropyl disulphide (relative contents: 67%), 1-propenyl propyl disulphide (23%) and dipropyl trisulphide (6%). In the headspace of A. tuberosum , diallyl disulphide was detected as the main component (58%). Attractancy of dipropyl disulphide, dipropyl trisulphide and diallyl disulphide to the aphids was examined with the Y-tube olfactometer. The aphids were significantly attracted to dipropyl trisulphide and diallyl disulphide at a concentration of 0.01%. Dipropyl disulphide did not significantly attract the aphids at any concentrations tested. It was revealed that attractancy of A. fistulosum and A. tuberosum was caused by dipropyl trisulphide and diallyl disulphide, respectively. The findings suggest that N. formosana uses these sulphur compounds, characteristic components of Allium plants, as olfactory cues to find the host plants.     

韭菜的小孢子四分体微核和核型的初步研究

本文研究了昆明栽培的韭菜的小孢子染色体数目和核型,多数小孢子的染色体数目ｎ＝１６,少数是非整倍体,核型公式为ｎ＝２ｘ＝１６＝１４ｍ＋２ｓｔ（ＳＡＴ）。同时观察了韭菜的育性和小孢子四分体微核情况,育性和四分体微核率分别为４８％、２３６％。上述结果说明韭菜的核型与前人曾报道过的韭菜的核型一样是同源四倍体。     

超临界CO_2萃取韭菜籽油成分的GC-MS分析

以索氏提取法为对照,采用超临界二氧化碳(SC-CO_2)萃取韭菜籽油,气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)对韭菜籽油成分进行分析,NIST 02质谱数据库对其进行分析和鉴定.结果表明,SC-CO_2萃取压力为22.25 MPa、温度为40.40℃条件下萃取86.7 min时,萃取得率为17.52%,共分离鉴定出17种物质,其中,饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(6.25%)为主,占脂肪酸总量的 9.05%;不饱和脂肪酸主要是亚油酸(69.71%)和油酸(19.53%),占脂肪酸总量的90.50%.采用索氏提取得率为16.50%,共鉴定出10种物质,饱和脂肪酸以棕榈酸(7.22%)为主,占总脂肪酸量的9.84%;不饱和脂肪酸主要是亚油酸(69.34%)和油酸(20.12%),不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的90.16%.另外SC-CO_2萃取韭菜籽油还检出单不饱和脂肪酸7-棕榈烯酸、角鲨烯和β-谷甾醇.