植物的水容特征与其耐旱性的关系

在自然风晾条件下,研究了不同植物器官的相对含水量、水势及比水容之间的相互关系。结果表明：植物叶片阻止体内蒸腾失水的能力大小顺序依次为：花生（Arrachishypogaea）＞甘薯（Ipomoeabatatas）＞大豆（Glycinemax）＞玉米（Zeamays）,各植物茎的保水能力相差不大;甘薯的茎、叶在风晾4h后仍未永久凋萎,其他植物的茎、叶在风晾1～3h就出现永久凋萎;花生、甘薯、大豆和玉米叶片风晚3～4h后,其水势的下降幅度分别为：1．00,1．30,1．80和2．70mPa,花生、甘薯、大豆茎的水势下降幅度分别为：1．95,1.40和1．30mPa;植物茎、叶的水势与其相对含水量具有较好的对数关系;植株茎、叶的比水客值范围在0．0258～0．6835mPa-1之间,叶片的比水容大于茎的比水容。因此,植物的水容特征表明不同植物茎、叶的保水、释水能力不同,因而其耐旱、抗旱性不同。玉米和大豆的耐旱性小于花生、甘薯的耐旱性。     

Phase and amplitude relations between transpiration, water potential and stem shrinkage

Abstract An electrical analogue describing the phase and amplitude relations between transpiration, water potential and stem shrinkage for trees was developed. Observations of shrinking and swelling at various heights up a Pinus radiata tree were obtained over several weeks in summer and autumn. The relative amplitude in shrinkage increased by a factor of two up the stem, but phase lags were small. The data obtained were used in conjunction with the electrical analogue of the How pathway to obtain an estimate of the relative magnitude of the capacitance of the living bark and the sapwood, and to predict phase lags between transpiration and leaf water potential, and lags in transpirational flux up the stem. The results suggest that if water potentials recover by dawn, phase lags in water potential down tree stems arc small and that the exchange between water stored in the sapwood and the transpiration stream is irreversible over the diurnal time scale.     

Roles of leaf water potential and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance in water use by understorey woody plants

Diurnal changes of leaf water potential and stomatal conductance were measured for 12 deciduous shrubs and tree saplings in the understorey of a temperate forest. Sunflecks raised the leaf temperature by 4°C, and vapor pressure deficit to 2 kPa. Although the duration of the sunflecks was only 17% of daytime, the photon flux density (PFD) of sunflecks was 52% of total PFD on a sunny summer day. Leaf osmotic potential at full turgor decreased in summer, except in some species that have low osmotic potential in the spring. Plants that endured low leaf water potential had rigid cell walls and low osmotic potential at full turgor. These plants did not have lower relative water content and turgor potential than plants with higher leaf water potential. There were three different responses to an increase in transpiration rate: (i) plants had low leaf water potential and slightly increased soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance; (ii) plants decreased leaf water potential and increased the hydraulic conductance; and (iii) plants had high leaf water potential and largely increased the hydraulic conductance.     

The role of capacitance in the water balance of Andean giant rosette species

Abstract Pith water storage capacity and its role in plant-water relations were studied in seven giant rosette species of the genus Espeletia from the Venezuelan Andes. Readily available water from the pith was calculated to be capable of sustaining mean transpiration for up to 2.5 h. The relative importance of water stored in the pith, however, differed among species. The species that grow in the higher and colder environments tended to have a greater capacitance than the species that grow in the lower and less extreme environments. The pith volume per unit leaf area (PV/LA) was found to be a good indicator of the relative water storage capacity of the adult individuals of each species. Diurnal fluctuations in leaf water potential were not as pronounced in the species with higher PV/LA values. The species-specific PV/LA was highly correlated with the leaf turgor loss point and with the total resistance to water flow from soil to leaves. These results suggested that species-specific capacitance in the genus Espeletia is a response to temperature-limited soil water availability and that cold tropical environments with frequent subfreezing temperatures tend to select for high water storage capacity in giant rosette plants.     

土壤-根系统水分再分配:土壤-植物-大气连续体中的一个小通路

吸收和传导水分一直被视为植物根系最主要的功能之一,而人们对根系在某些情况下还可以向土壤释放水分的事实及其对植物生长和生态系统功能的影响了解得还很不充分,尽管这样的证据由来已久。土壤-根系统水分再分配(Hydraulic redistribution, HR)是近20年间被发现和证实的,指水分从土壤中较湿的部分经由植物的根系传导而运动到土壤中较干的部分,通常发生在蒸腾减弱的夜间,可以沿水势梯度下降的方向而在不同土层间向上向下或侧向运动。HR研究揭示了土壤-植物-大气连续体中有时会存在土壤-根-土壤的水流小通路,细化了土壤-根系统中水分储存和运输的时空动态和机制。土壤水分状况的连续监测、根木质部液流测量、稳定性同位素技术的使用构成了HR实验研究的三大手段。当土壤中深层水分充足的时候,HR可以提高根系吸收和传导水分的效率,有利于植物充分利用资源,延长了浅层土壤的水分可利用期,有利于维持植物组织的生理活性和水流传导;旱季后降水来临的时候,HR可以将一部分降水转移到深层土壤,增加了可利用性水分的总量。对于干旱半干旱的沙地和草原、季节性干旱的森林等类型,HR过程可能对生态系统水分循环产生重要影响。有必要在国内针对这些生态系统展开深入的实验研究,同时探索将HR过程适当结合到生态系统模型和水文模型中,从而更准确地研究和预测群落内植物水分关系和生态系统水分动态。此外,结合农林设计、植被恢复、生态需水量估算和农业节水等方面进行的HR研究也值得深入探索。     

Stem water storage capacity and efficiency of water transport: their functional significance in a Hawaiian dry forest

We investigated the contribution of internal water storage and efficiency of water transport to the maintenance of water balance in six evergreen tree species in a Hawaiian dry forest. Wood‐saturated water content, a surrogate for relative water storage capacity, ranged from 70 to 105%, and was inversely related to its morphological correlate, wood density, which ranged between 0·51 and 0·65 g cm^?3. Leaf‐specific conductivity (k_L) measured in stem segments from terminal branches ranged from 3 to 18 mmol m^?1 s^?1 MPa^?1, and whole‐plant hydraulic efficiency calculated as stomatal conductance (g) divided by the difference between predawn and midday leaf water potential (Ψ_L), ranged from 70 to 150 mmol m^?2 s^?1 MPa^?1. Hydraulic efficiency was positively correlated with k_L (r² = 0·86). Minimum annual Ψ_L ranged from ? 1·5 to ? 4·1 MPa among the six species. Seasonal and diurnal variation in Ψ_L were associated with differences among species in wood‐saturated water content, wood density and k_L. The species with higher wood‐saturated water content were more efficient in terms of long‐distance water transport, exhibited smaller diurnal variation in Ψ_L and higher maximum photosynthetic rates. Smaller diurnal variation in Ψ_L in species with higher wood‐saturated water content, k_L and hydraulic efficiency was not associated with stomatal restriction of transpiration when soil water deficit was moderate, but avoidance of low minimum seasonal Ψ_L in these species was associated with a substantial seasonal decline in g. Low seasonal minimum Ψ_L in species with low k_L, hydraulic efficiency, and wood‐saturated water content was associated with higher leaf solute content and corresponding lower leaf turgor loss point. Despite the species‐specific differences in leaf water relations characteristics, all six evergreen tree species shared a common functional relationship defined primarily by k_L and stem water storage capacity.     

土壤-植物系统水分运移过程的阻容电模拟

把土壤-植物系统水分运移作为一维水流运动由阻容电路进行模拟,在于将D arcy-R ichards方程从对单点的描述扩展到对一段流路的描述。由此出发,考虑到水流的非稳态性,某一流路的水阻定义为其水势差与平均流量之比,水容为其贮水量对平均水势的导数。与D arcy-R ichards方程相对应,水阻、时间常数分别为导水度、水分扩散度的倒数,相应地单位化的水阻率、比时间常数分别为导水率、水分扩散率的倒数。把SP系统沿水流通道分为若干部分,每一局部的水阻与其水容相并联,各局部间相串联。在此基础上,文章给出了土壤-植物系统水流模拟通式、总水容与分水容间的关系式、总水阻与分水阻间的关系式及特定条件下叶水势随时间变化的关系式。     

Co-ordination of vapour and liquid phase water transport properties in plants

The pathway for water movement from the soil through plants to the atmosphere can be represented by a series of liquid and vapour phase resistances. Stomatal regulation of vapour phase resistance balances transpiration with the efficiency of water supply to the leaves, avoiding leaf desiccation at one extreme, and unnecessary restriction of carbon dioxide uptake at the other. In addition to maintaining a long-term balance between vapour and liquid phase water transport resistances in plants, stomata are exquisitely sensitive to short-term, dynamic perturbations of liquid water transport. In balancing vapour and liquid phase water transport, stomata do not seem to distinguish among potential sources of variation in the apparent efficiency of delivery of water per guard cell complex. Therefore, an apparent soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance based on relationships between liquid water fluxes and driving forces in situ seems to be the most versatile for interpretation of stomatal regulatory behaviour that achieves relative homeostasis of leaf water status in intact plants. Components of dynamic variation in apparent hydraulic conductance in intact plants include, exchange of water between the transpiration stream and internal storage compartments via capacitive discharge and recharge, cavitation and its reversal, temperature-induced changes in the viscosity of water, direct effects of xylem sap composition on xylem hydraulic properties, and endogenous and environmentally induced variation in the activity of membrane water channels in the hydraulic pathway. Stomatal responses to humidity must also be considered in interpreting co-ordination of vapour and liquid phase water transport because homeostasis of bulk leaf water status can only be achieved through regulation of the actual transpirational flux. Results of studies conducted with multiple species point to considerable convergence with regard to co-ordination of stomatal and hydraulic properties. Because stomata apparently sense and respond to integrated and dynamic soil-to-leaf water transport properties, studies involving intact plants under both natural and controlled conditions are likely to yield the most useful new insights concerning stomatal co-ordination of transpiration with soil and plant hydraulic properties.