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1.
    
Summary Dose response curves of 4 somatic mutations ofEphestia kühniella were established for the dose-range between 100 and 1000r of X-rays after six hours of pretreatment in different temperatures (+3 and +35°C). The curves are non-linear and can be fitted by the equationy=ax b, werea is a constant, which is different for each mutant type, whileb is the same for all four mutants. The values ofa andb vary with the pre-irradiation-temperature. The exponentb is higher after a high temperature-treatment than after a low one. The differenceb 35 o-b3 o is the same for all mutants. The sensitivity of the mutation process (a) goes down after the warm treatment compared to the cold one. The direction of the change is the same for all mutants, but the difference between the treatments is proportionally higher in the less frequent types (ES 2 and ES 4) than in the more frequent mutants (ES 1 and ES 3). This leads to differences in the mutational spectrum, which — at certain doses — are as pronounced as to make the different mutant types show different reactions towards the same treatment (cold treatment, for example, yields more ES 2 and less ES 1 than a warm one at doses from about 500 r up to about 1300 r).The investigations may serve as an example for the fact, that a change in the mutational spectrum does not necessarily imply a different reaction of the mutant types to the modifying agent, but that it can be brought about as well by an analogous change in the parameters of their dose effect curves.

Mit 2 Textabbildungen

Die Untersuchungen wurden unterstützt von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und dem Bundesministerium für Atomkernenergie.  相似文献   

2.
Zusammenfassung An schwirrenden Kolibris (Amazilia fimbriata fluviatilis, mittleres Gewicht 5,7 g) wurden O2-Verbrauch, CO2-Produktion, Atemfrequenz, respiratorische Wasserabgabe und Flügelschlagfrequenz gemessen. Die Versuche wurden bei Temperaturen von 0–35 ° C durchgeführt.Der O2-Verbrauch im Plug bei Temperaturen über 20 ° C beträgt 4,1 ml O2/min= 43 ml O2/g·h, was das 14fache des Basalstoffwechsels ist. Bei Erniedrigung der Umgebungstemperatur nimmt der O2-Verbrauch kontinuierlich um etwa 6% je 10 ° C zu (Abb. 3). Es wird beim Schwirrflug eine weitgehende Substitution der thermoregulatorisch notwendigen Wärmeproduktion durch die bei der Kontraktion der Flugmuskeln entstehende Wärmemenge angenommen.Es wurde die Atemfrequenz mit rund 280/min bestimmt, das Atemzugvolumen mit 0,63 ml (BTS), die Ventilation mit 0,18 l/min (BTS) und die Sauerstoffausnutzung mit 2,2% errechnet.Die respiratorische Wärmeabgabe beträgt bei Temperaturen bis 20 ° C weniger als 20% der Wärmeproduktion, bei 35 ° C wurde das Maximum von 40% gemessen (Abb. 6). Bei trockener Luft macht die respiratorische Wasserabgabe 2,9–4,6% (0–20 ° C) bzw. rund 11% (bei 35 ° C) des Körpergewichtes pro Stunde aus. Bei 0 ° C gleichen sich Wasserproduktion durch Stoffwechselvorgänge und respiratorische Abgabe, bei allen anderen Temperaturen überwiegt die Abgabe: bei 35 ° C beträgt der Netto verlast 350% der Produktion.
Respiration in the hummingbirdAmazilia fimbriata during hovering at different ambient temperatures
Summary In hovering hummingbirds (Amazilia fimbriata fluviatilis, mean weight 5.7 g) oxygen consumption, CO2 production, breathing frequency, respiratory water loss and wing frequency were measured at various environmental temperatures from 0 to 35 ° C.The oxygen consumption above 20 ° C reached 4.1 ml/min = 43 ml/g·hr, and was 14 times the calculated basal rate. Oxygen consumption increased about 6% for a 10 ° C fall in environmental temperature (Fig. 3). During flight the thermoregulatory heat production at low temperatures was largely substituted by the heat that is produced by contraction of the wing muscles.The respiratory frequency was estimated to be 280/min, the tidal volume 0.63 ml (BTS), the ventilation 0.18 1/min (BTS) and the oxygen utilization as 2.2%.The respiratory heat loss at temperatures of 20 ° C and below was less than 20% of the heat production, while at 35 ° C a maximum loss of 40% was reached (Fig. 6). In dry air at 0–20° C the water loss measured 2.9 to 4.5% of body weight per hour while at 35 ° C the loss was 11%. At 0 ° C the respiratory water loss and metabolic water production were equal, but at all other temperatures the loss exceeded production (at 35 ° C the loss exceeded production by 350%).


Herrn Prof. Dr. Jürgen Aschoff zum 60. Geburtstag gewidmet.

N.R.C.C. Nr. 12844.  相似文献   

3.
Jürgen Bongers 《Oecologia》1969,2(2):223-231
Zusammenfassung Die Temperaturpräferenz von Oncopeltus fasciatus Dall. wurde untersucht. Die Verteilung in einem Temperaturgradienten erfolgte über einen breiten Temperaturbereich von 12,5–35°C, der als Vorzugstemperaturbereich für Oncopeltus definiert werden kann. Innerhalb seiner Grenzen variiert die Vorzugstemperatur (V.T.) je nach physiologischem Zustand des Versuchstieres. Nach 48stündigem Wassermangel wählen die Wanzen 15–17,5°C als V.T. Bei Temperaturen unterhalb von 30°C bildet Oncopeltus fasciatus aufgrund ihres subsozialen Verhaltens Aggregationen, oberhalb von 30°C dagegen erfolgt keine Gruppenbildung. Die relative Luftfeuchtigkeit besitzt im Bereich von 35–100% keine Bedeutung für die Lebensdauer. Auch in Kombination mit Wassermangel zeigt sie keinen Effekt. Die aktive Wasseraufnahme jedoch dürfte eine dominierende Bedeutung für das Überleben der samensaugenden Wanze Oncopeltus fasciatus haben.
On the Preferred Temperature and water economy of Oncopeltus fasciatus Dall. (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)
Summary The Preferred Temperature of Oncopeltus fasciatus has been investigated. In a temperature gradient the bugs disperse within a broad range from 12,5 to 35°C (=Range of Preferred Temperature). Within this special range each individual selects its own smaller Preferred Temperature (P.T.), depending on its physiological condition. After water deficiency for 48 hrs. the bugs choose a P.T. of a range between 15–17,5°C. At temperatures below 30°C Oncopeltus fasciatus forms aggregations because the bug exhibits a subsocial behaviour. At temperatures above 30°C no aggregation is formed. At a range between 35–100% the Relative Humidity (R.H.) has no meaning for the duration of life, also in combination with water deficiency. But the active uptake of water seems to be the dominant factor for the survival of the seed-sucking bug Oncopeltus fasciatus.


Durchgeführt mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft im Rahmen einer Herrn Prof. Kloft gewährten Sachbeihilfe.  相似文献   

4.
Zusammenfassung Der Temperaturkoeffizient für die Lebensdauer vonTubularia crocea wurde für das Temperaturintervall 36°–25° C. bestimmt. Es wurde gefunden, daß derselbe etwa 2 für einen Temperaturunterschied von 1° beträgt. Das ist derselbe Temperaturkoeffizient, denLoeb für die Lebensdauer der Seeigeleier für das Temperaturintervall 32°–20° C. gefunden hat.

I wish to thank ProfessorLoeb for his many helpful suggestions and criticisms.  相似文献   

5.
Spruce-fir forests extend along the Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America from 35° to 49° N. This montane vegetation differs from boreal spruce-fir forest in that it is dominated by Picea rubens, has a higher vascular species richness, has wind, rather than fire, dominated dynamics, and has a mean annual temperature above 2 °C. Using field reconnaissance, remote sensing, and literature review we described and modeled the latitude-elevation relationship for Appalachian spruce-fir. The elevation of the sprucefir/deciduous forest ecotone decreases from 1,680 m at 35° N to 150 m at 49° N, while the elevation of treeline (spruce-fir/tundra ecotone) decreases from 1,480 m at 44° N to 550 m at 55° N. Linear regressions gave latitude-elevation relationships of –100 m/lo Latitude for the spruce-fir/deciduous forest ecotone and –83 m/lo Latitude for treeline. These values compare to literature reports of –54 to –230 m/lo Latitude and are most similar to values reported from eastern Asia. The latitude-elevation relationship for eman July temperature ( –94 to –121 m/lo Latitude) was more similar to the slopes of these ecotones than is the slope for mean annual temperature ( –170 to –220 m/lo Latitude). The spruce-fir/deciduous forest ecotone was correlated with a mean July temperature of approximately 17 °C. Treeline was correlated with a mean July temperature of approximately 13 °C.  相似文献   

6.
Outwardly rectifying chloride channels in lymphocytes   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
Summary Outwardly rectifying Cl channels in cultured human Jurkat T-lymphocytes were activated by excising a patch of membrane using the inside-out (i/o) patch-clamp configuration and holding at depolarized voltages for prolonged periods of time (1–6 min at +80 mV, 20°C). The single-channel current at +80 mV was 4.5 ± 0.3 pA and at –80 mV, it was 1.0 ± 0.4 pA. After activation, the probability of being open (P 0)for the lymphocyte channel was voltage independent. Activation of the Cl channel in lymphocytes was temperature dependent. Nineteen percent of i/o recordings from lymphocytes made at 20°C exhibited Cl channel activity. In contrast, 49% of recordings made at 30°C showed channel activity. The number of channels in an active patch was not significantly different at the two temperatures. Channel activation in excised, depolarized patches also occurred 20-fold faster at 30°C than at 20°C. There was no marked change in the single-channel conductance at 30°C. Open-channel conductance was blocked by 200 m indanyloxyacetic acid (IAA) or 1 mm SITS when applied to the intracellular side of the patch. The characteristics of this channel are similar to epithelial outwardly rectifying Cl channels thought to be involved in fluid secretion  相似文献   

7.
Summary Body temperature (Tb), basal metabolic rate (BMR), thermal conductance and thermogeneic capacity was measured in newly hatched Common Puffin (Fratercula arctica) chicks. The thermoneutral zone extends from 32 to 35°C in which Tb was held at 38.6°C. The BMR (7.31 W kg–1) and thermal conductance (1.22 mW g–1 °C–1) was 70% and 140%, respectively, of the expected values for adult birds. The chicks were able to increase their metabolic rate by a factor of 2.1 A comparison with similar measurements for a precocial alcid species (the Xantus' Murrelet) suggests that the ability to increase the metabolic rate (i.e. a high thermogeneic capacity) is a key factor for the precocial type of development within the Alcidae.
Temperaturregulation bei frisch geschlüpften Papageitauchern (Fratercula arctica)
Zusammenfassung An frisch geschlüpften Papageitauchern (Nesthocker) wurden Körpertemperatur (Tb), Basalstoffwechsel (BMR), der Wärmedurchgangswert und die Fähigkeit zur Wärmebildung gemessen. Die Thermoneutralzone (konstante Körpertemperatur von ca. 38.6°C) liegt in einem Umgebungstemperaturbereich von 32 bis 35°C. Der BMR (7.31 W kg–1) und der Wärmedurchgangswert (1.22 mWg–1 °C–1) betrugen 70% bzw. 140% der zu erwartenden Adultwerte. Die Küken waren in der Lage, ihren Stoffwechsel um den Faktor 2.1 zu steigern. Ein Vergleich mit ähnlichen Messungen bei einer nestflüchtenden Alkenart (Synthliboramphys hypoleucus) legt nahe, daß die Fähigkeit, die Stoffwechselrate zu vergrößern (also hohe thermogenetische Kapazität) ein Schlüsselfaktor für den Typ des Nestflüchters bei den Alcidae darstellt.
  相似文献   

8.
Observations on the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the growth of Delesseria sanguinea (L.) Lamour. from the western Baltic Sea.The post-treatment effects of hydrostatic pressures (100–500 atm) on the growth in lenght and breadth of young prolifications of D. sanguinea were studied at 15°C. Growth activity was compared amongst the prolifications separated from the midrib and not separated ones, and cell-viability as influenced by high pressures was also observed under the microscope. Pressure-temperature relationship was investigated, in which the pressure effects on growth were studied at different temperatures (5°–22°C), using prolifications which were previously adapted to corresponding temperatures. Long-termed experiments were also set up to study the capability of pressure adaptation in young leaflets. In this regard the growth activity was measured after long-termed exposure to relatively smaller pressures (20–60 atm).

Institut für Meereskunde an der Universität Kiel, B. R. D.

Meinem hochverehrten Doktorvater, Herrn Prof. Dr. Fritz Gessner, zum ersten Wiederkehr seines Todestages am 20.12.1973 gewidmet.  相似文献   

9.
The response of stored-product beetles to a temperature gradient was measured with particular emphasis on the initial distribution. When initially introduced at the centre, the following zones were preferred: for Trogoderma granarium 28–33°C (The peak response of females shifts toward the warm side if they are mixed with males, in comparison to the response of female population). Tribolium castaneum 25–34°, Oryzaephilus surinamensis 22–26°, Tenebrio molitor 23–28°, Sitophilus oryzae 20–24°, Callosobruchus maculatus 22–24°, Rhyzopertha dominica 22–28°. T. castaneum and T. molitor aggregated at the corners under isothermal conditions. Some of the species, especially C. maculatus, show hardly any dispersal either in a temperature gradient or under isothermal conditions.
Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion von vorratsschädlichen Käfern gegenüber einem Temperaturgradienten wurde mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Ausgangsverteilung gemessen. Bei ursprünglicher Einbringung in das Zentrum wurden folgende Vorzugsbereiche festgestellt; für Trogoderma granarium 28–33°. Der Reaktionsgipfel der Weibchen verschiebt nach der warmen Seite wenn sie mit Männchen gemischt sind, in Vergleichung zu der Responz der weiblichen Population, für Tribolium castaneum 25–34°, für Oryzaephilus surinamensis 22–26°, für Tenebrio molitor 23–28°, für Sitophilus oryzae 20–24°, für Callosobruchus maculatus 22–24° und für Rhyzopertha dominica 22–28°. T. castaneum und T. molitor sammelten sich unter isothermalen Bedingungen in den Ecken. Einige der Arten zeigten weder in einem Temperaturgefälle noch unter isothermalen Bedingungen irgendeine geordnete Verteilung.
  相似文献   

10.
Zusammenfassung Aus dem exponentiellen Abfall der spezifischen Aktivität nach einmaliger Injektion von L-Leucin-14C wurden die Halbwertszeiten der Gesamtproteine in den meisten Organen des Mußkrebses zu 8,5–19 Tagen bestimmt, in Leber und Niere der Maus zu 1,6–1,7 Tagen. Muskel- und Hämolymphproteine des Krebses zeigten weit längere Halbwertszeiten. Berücksichtigt man die Temperaturdifferenz von 25° unter Annahme eines Q 10 von 2,0–2,5, so ergeben sich für Maus und Krebs etwa übereinstimmende Geschwindigkeiten des Proteinturnovers.
Protein turnover in the tissues of the crayfish, Orconectes limosus
Summary The exponential decay of protein radioactivity after injection of L-Leucin-14C was measured in the different tissues of the crayfish, and in liver and kidney of the mouse. The half life time of tissue proteins was calculated to be 8.5 to 19 days in most crayfish tissues, 1.6 to 1.7 days in the mouse liver and kidney. Proteins of muscle and hemolymph of crayfish had much longer half life values. Taking into consideration the temperature difference of 25° C and assuming a Q 10 of 2.0 to 2.5, the speed of protein turnover corresponds in the mouse and the crayfish.


Mit Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.  相似文献   

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