The classification of the Proterosuchia

The earliest archosaurs (Upper Permian and Lower Trias) have been classified in many different ways. All classifications introduced during the period 1945-67 are compared and then themselves classified and evaluated. The typical characters of these archosaurs are listed. Most of them may be placed in a single suborder, the Proterosuchia, which is divided into two families, the Proterosuchidae and the Erythrosuchidae. The composition of each family is considered. Lists of genera in each family are given and of those generic names which should be regarded as nomina dubia. The placing of several genera in the synonymy of Erythrosuchus is rejected. The possible conspecificity of Chasmatosaurus vanhoepeni and C. alexanderi is considered. A simplified scheme for the evolution of the Proterosuchia is drawn up.     

陕西府谷古鳄类一新属

本文详细记述了陕西府谷下三叠统上部二马营组底部的一古鳄类化石.据其骨骼形态特征拟订为古鳄亚目(Proterosuchia)、引鳄科(Erythrosuchidae)的一新属种:石拐古城鳄(Guchengosuchus shiguaiensis gen. et sp. nov.),同引鳄科内已知属的对比,表明新属古城鳄与武氏鳄 Vjushkovia 的关系最为接近.     

Evolutionary relationships in the showy mistletoe family (Loranthaceae)

Loranthaceae (73 genera and ca. 900 species) comprise mostly aerial hemiparasitic plants. Three monotypic genera considered relicts are root parasites. The family is diverse in tropical areas, but representatives are also found in temperate habitats. Previous classifications were based on floral and inflorescence morphology, karyological information, and biogeography. The family has been divided into three tribes: Nuytsiae, Elytrantheae (subtribes Elytranthinae and Gaiadendrinae), and Lorantheae (subtribes Loranthinae and Psittacanthinae). Nuytsiae and Elytrantheae are characterized by a base chromosome number of x = 12, whereas subtribes Loranthinae (x = 9) and Psittacanthinae (x = 8) numbers are derived via aneuploid reduction. To elucidate the phylogeny of the family, we analyzed sequences from five genes (nuclear small and large subunit rDNA and the chloroplast genes rbcL, matK, and trnL-F) representing most genera using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian inference. The three root parasites, Nuytsia, Atkinsonia, and Gaiadendron, are supported as successive sister taxa to the remaining genera, resulting in a monophyletic group of aerial parasites. Three major clades are resolved each corresponding to a subtribe. However, two South American genera (Tristerix and Notanthera) and the New Zealand genus Tupeia, which were previously classified in subtribe Elytranthinae, are weakly supported as part of a clade representing the South American subtribe Psittacanthinae.     

梧桐科植物的地理分布

梧桐科植物全世界有60属约1546种,主要分布在热带和亚热带地区,只有少数种类可分布至温带地区,由于梧桐科是多型的科,科的范围较大,对有些属是否应隶属于该科,国内外学者的意见很不一致。本文基本上按照J.Hutchinson系统和参考有关文献对一些属的分类位置作了调整,把梧桐科分为12族,根据A.Takhtajan的世界植物区系区划的原则,将梧桐植物在世界上的分布区,划分为6区8亚区23地区,并指出各属在中国各省区的地理分布,现在中国梧桐科植物连引种栽培的在内共有25属99种7变种,其中野生的有18属85种7变种,引种栽培的有8属14种,对梧桐科植物的起源和发展作了一些探讨。     

巴岳山-西温泉风景名胜区种子植物区系特征分析

在对重庆市巴岳山-西温泉风景名胜区种子植物详细调查、标本采集及鉴定的基础上,对其科、属的分布区类型进行统计分析,其种子植物区系特征如下：（1）区系成分丰富,有136科,573属,1043种;包括11种科的分布区类型和15种属的分布区类型。（2）优势科、属明显。（3）种子植物区系起源古老,单型科、单型属及原始多心皮古老类群较多。（4）科属分布区类型以热带分布为主,温带分布类型也占相当比例;同时,有许多分布区亚型及间断分布类型,呈现出明显的区系过渡性质。（5）珍稀濒危及重点保护植物、中国特有分布类型丰富,有较高的保护价值。     

The skull and the jaw adductor musculature in some burrowing scincomorph lizards of the genera Acontias, Typhlosaurus and Feylinia

The skull and the jaw adductor musculature are analysed in a number of representatives of the Ethiopian scincomorph lizard genera Acontias, Typhlosaurus and Feylinia. Acontias and Typhlosaurus are closely related and are to be included in a single taxon, the Acontinae, provisionally classified as a subfamily of the Scincidae. The family Feyliniidae (including the genera Feylinia and Chabanaudia) is revalidated and an amended diagnosis is given, The Feyliniidae are a scincomorph family, possibly with gekkotan affinities.     

Chemometric analysis applied to a chemophenetics approach in Simaroubaceae family: The relevance of alkaloids and quassinoids

Simaroubaceae family belongs to the order Sapindales, which in turn is part of Eurosides II (APG IV). It consists of 23 genera: Ailanthus; Amaroria; Brucea; Castela; Eurycoma; Gymnostemon; Hannoa; Holacantha; Homalolepsis; Iridosma; Laumoniera; Leitneria; Nothospondias; Odyendeya; Perriera; Picrasma; Picrolemma; Pierreodendron; Quassia; Samadera; Simaba; Simarouba; Soulamea. Over the years, the classification of Simaroubaceae has changed and there is still a lot to evolve in this direction since there are still not many studies on some of its genera. In this sense, the present work discusses the chemistry of Simaroubaceae through the micromolecular chemical data, evolutionary indexes and chemometric analysis in order to assess affinities between its genera. The chemistry of this family is diverse and includes quassinoids, alkaloids, triterpenes, flavonoids, simple phenolics, coumarins, lignans and quinones. In addition to presenting specificity, quassinoids and alkaloids are prevalent among the substances already identified in the family and can be considered the chemical markers of it. Quassionoids are degraded triterpenes and can be classified as c25, c22, c20, c 19 and c18; c20 being the most common type in the family. The alkaloids already isolated in Simaroubaceae are predominantly beta-carboline and canthinone, both originating from the amino acid tryptophan. The evolutionary indexes calculated for the chemical markers showed great variation between the genera of Simaroubaceae and showed no correlation among them. The chemometric analysis positioned Simaroubaceae close to Rutaceae within the order Sapindales and, among the genera, alkaloids and quassinoids were very important for their distribution in Simaroubaceae considering the evolutionary proximity, corroborating their selection as chemical markers.     

The Phylogeny of the Lophopidae and the Impact of Sexual Selection and Coevolutionary Sexual Conflict

A cladistic analysis of Lophopidae was performed, using 73 observed morphological characters and 41 taxa. This analysis involved 36 genera belonging to the Lophopidae family and 5 outgroups. For a better understanding of the selected characters some illustrations are provided. The most parsimonious cladograms obtained show that the Lophopidae cannot be considered as a monophyletic lineage unless two genera are withdrawn from this family: Hesticus Walker, 1862, and Silvanana Metcalf, 1947. The systematic position of these two genera remains uncertain. They cannot yet be included in another family of Fulgoromorpha. A cladistic analysis of each of the 19 remaining Fulgoromorphan families must be performed first. A new family could be created for these two genera, but not before we are sure that these two genera are in no way members of an existing family. The outgroup problem is discussed. The monophyletic lineage represented by the Lophopidae can be divided into four natural groups: Carriona⁺, Makota⁺, Sarebasa⁺, and Bisma⁺. When a cladistic analysis is completed using a data matrix without characters linked to females, the cladogram obtained presents a disrupted basal resolution. Female characters appear to bring a phylogenetic signal important basally in the evolution of the Lophopidae but also apically, directly between the relationships of some genera. A similar analysis, using a matrix without characters linked to males, provides a phylogeny disrupted between the groups that form the Lophopidae and in the basal resolution in these groups. The respective impacts of the genitalic characters are discussed in relation to sexual selection conflict.     

Ultrastructure and taxonomy of Paraphysomonas (Chrysophyceae) and related genera 3

New observations are presented on the internal ultrastructure of the scale–bearing chrysophycean genera Chromophysomonas, Chrysosphaerella , the new genus Polylepidomonas and 15 species of Paraphysomonas. These data show that the pigmented genera Chromophysomonas, Chrysosphaerella and Polylepidomonas have a generally similar internal structure and that their taxonomic separation is based only on differences in scale structure. The structure of Paraphysomonas resembles that of these genera but the cells always possess a leucoplast rather than a chloroplast. In cell structure, the pigmented genera resemble the naked genus Ochromonas while Paraphysomonas resembles Spumella , the colourless counterpart of Ochromonas. Evaluation of the differences between these genera and the scale–bearing genera Mallomonas and Synura has led to the conclusion that Chromophysomonas, Chrysosphaerella, Polylepidomonas and Paraphysomonas should no longer be classified within the family Mallomonadaceae. The new family Paraphysomonadaceae is established to include Chrysophyceae with an Ochromonas type of cell structure but which also produce silica scales.     

Phylogenetic foundation of spirochetes

The spirochetes are free-living or host-associated, helical bacteria, some of which are pathogenic to man and animal. Comparisons of 16S rRNA sequences demonstrate that the spirochetes represent a monophyletic phylum within the bacteria. The spirochetes are presently classified in the Class Spirochaetes in the order Spirochetales and are divided into three major phylogenetic groupings, or families. The first family Spirochaetaceae contains species of the genera Borrelia, Brevinema, Cristispira, Spirochaeta, Spironema, and Treponema. The second family Brachyspiraceae contains the genus Brachyspira (Serpulina). The third family Leptospiraceae contains species of the genera Leptonema and Leptospira. Novel spirochetal species, or phylotypes, that can not be presently cultivated in vitro, have been identified from the human oral cavity, the termite gut, and other host-associated or free-living sources. There are now over 200 spirochetal species or phylotypes, of which more than half is presently not cultivable. It is likely that there is still a significant unrecognized spirochetal diversity that should be evaluated.     

A proposal for the conservation of the family Cucurbitaceae in Mexico

The pantropical Cucurbitaceae is one of the most important families ofvascular plants. The family includes 118 genera and 825 species, and Mexicois one of its most important centers of diversity, with 34 genera and 141species and subspecific taxa, including 13 cultivated ones. Five genera and 70taxa are endemic to the country. Some Mexican and Latin American wild speciesare close relatives of important crops, and others are employed as food ormedicine. Accordingly, in countries like Mexico the conservation of members ofthis family should be a priority. In this paper a list of members ofCucurbitaceae occurring in Mexico and their distribution patterns at state levelare discussed. Using cluster strategies, the states were classified according totheir floristic similarities. Hotspots of total diversity and endemismsat state level are identified, in order to discuss their role in futureconservation strategies. Iterative methods applied by conservation biology todetermine the best places for conservation are used to identify hierarchicallythe most important states that merit to be considered in this goal. Resultsindicate that implementing conservation strategies in half of the states wouldallow the protection of all the diversity found in the country, especially theendemisms. The combination of the results provided by the different methods isalso discussed as a possibly more efficient way to propose conservationstrategies for important species of the family.     

Comparative study on ovarian structures in scorpaenids: possible evolutional process of reproductive mode

The reproductive modes of the Scorpaenidae are extremely varied: oviparity, viviparity, and even spawning of internally fertilized eggs or embryos (zygoparity or embryoparity), as in Helicolenus, are known. The ovarian structure of this family is divided into two types by the arrangement of the stroma and the ovarian cavity. One type is the ovary in which the lamella-like stroma develops from the ovarian hilus located on the dorsal side and where the ovarian cavity is located on the ventral side of ovary, classified as “cystovarian type II-1” by Takano (1989). In the other type, the stroma in the ovary develops radially around the blood circulatory system that traverses the center of the ovary, and then the ovarian cavity surrounds all the ovary, classified as “cystovarian type II-3” by Takano (1989). In the present analysis, previous reports about ovarian structure and the relationship to the reproductive mode of scorpaenids were described, and the ovarian structure of eight genera of Scorpaenidae was examined. The ovary of cystovarian type II-1 is seen only in viviparous genera and is not seen in oviparous genera. However, the cystovarian type II-1 is a general structure in other families of Scorpaeniformes, and this structure could be considered a primitive type of ovary rather than that acquired by the process of evolution from oviparity to viviparity. The ovary of cystovarian type II-3 is seen in all six oviparous genera and the one zygoparous genus examined. The ovary of this type is not found in any other family of teleosts, so it could be a structure originally divided in Scorpaenidae. In the genera having the cystovarian type II-3 ovary, there is a common feature of spawning: a floating egg mass encompassed by the gelatinous material. We postulate that the evolution of reproductive mode in the scorpaenid fishes is as follows: Sebastes and Sebastiscus have a primitive ovary in which viviparity has developed, whereas the genera that spawn a floating egg mass evolved the ovarian structure from primitive type to cystovarian type II-3, and further zygoparity, such as in Helicolenus, evolved from them.     

Phylogeny of Pilobolaceae

The three genera traditionally classified as Pilobolaceae have been identified on the basis of morphological characteristics. In the absence of distinctive morphological differences phylogenetic techniques have proven to be superior for developing phylogenies. Molecular techniques have been used primarily for studies of higher fungi; there are few investigations of the Zygomycota using genetic sequences for classification. DNA sequences coding for three regions of rRNA were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships of the three genera traditionally considered within the Pilobolaceae. Evidence indicates that Pilaira should be removed from Pilobolaceae and the family redescribed. Sporangiospore size is the morphological characteristic that most closely correlates with rDNA clades of phylogenetic trees. This study demonstrates that traditional morphological characteristics alone are not adequate to differentiate species of Pilobolus.     

Eriophyoid Mites (Acariformes,Eriophyoidea) from Rosaceae: Taxonomic Diversity,Host-Parasite Relationships,and Ability to Cause Galls

A review on the complex of species of eriophyoid mites associated with Rosaceae is given, focused on the phylogeny, biology, and distribution of their host plants and galls induced by these mites. About 200 species of 39 genera from 3 families ofEriophyoidea are known from Rosaceae. Among them, 6 species from 2 genera belong to Phytoptidae, 178 species from 27 genera, to Eriophyidae, and 28 species from 10 genera, to Diptilomiopidae; 7 genera of the latter family are represented on Rosaceae by a single species each. The ability to induce galls is discussed using the example of the most widespread and numerous genera of the family Eriophyidae from Rosaceae. Mites of two large subfamilies, Eriophyinae and Phyllocoptinae, include both vagrant and concealed forms. The types of galls caused by mites are related to the systematic position of mites and the distribution of mites and their host plants. The hypothesis of host shifts of eriophyoid mites from other plant families to Rosaceae is considered. Most of the species which presumably switched to Rosaceae have been described from Southeast Asia. Morphological similarity between vagrant and concealed forms from the paraphyletic tribes Eriophyini and Phyllocoptini, and also Aceriini and Anthocoptini is discussed. Their pairwise similarity might be the result of evolution (Eriophyini → Phyllocoptini and Aceriini → Anthocoptini) connected with change oflife style.     

Classification, diversity, and distribution of Chilean Asteraceae: implications for biogeography and conservation

This paper provides a synopsis of the Chilean Asteraceae genera according to the most recent classification. Asteraceae is the richest family within the native Chilean flora, with a total of 121 genera and c . 863 species, currently classified in 18 tribes. The genera are distributed along the whole latitudinal gradient in Chile, with a centre of richness at 33°–34° S. Almost one-third of the genera show small to medium-small ranges of distribution, while two-thirds have medium-large to large latitudinal ranges of distribution. Of the 115 mainland genera, 46% have their main distribution in the central Mediterranean zone between 27°–37° S. Also of the mainland genera, 53% occupy both coastal and Andean environments, while 33% can be considered as strictly Andean and 20% as strictly coastal genera. The biogeographical analysis of relationships allows the distinction of several floristic elements and generalized tracks: the most marked floristic element is the Neotropical, followed by the antitropical and the endemic element. The biogeographical analysis provides important insights into the origin and evolution of the Chilean Asteraceae flora. The presence of many localized and endemic taxa has direct conservation implications.     

Phylogeny, evolutionary history and taxonomy of the Mustelidae based on sequences of the cytochrome b gene and a complex repetitive flanking region

The Mustelidae is a diverse family of carnivores which includes weasels, polecats, mink, tayra, martens, otters, badgers and, according to some authors, skunks. Evolutionary relationships within the family are under debate at a number of different taxonomic levels, and incongruencies between molecular and morphological results are important. We analysed a total of 241 cytochrome b (cyt b) gene sequences and 33 sequences of a complex repetitive flanking region from 33 different species to compile an extensive molecular phylogeny for the Mustelidae. We analysed these sequences and constructed phylogenetic trees using Bayesian and neighbor‐joining methods that are evaluated to propose changes to the taxonomy of the family. The peripheral position of skunks in phylogenetic trees based on both loci suggests that they should be considered a separate family, Mephitidae. The subfamily Melinae is the basal group within the Mustelidae and trees based on the cyt b gene suggest that the American badger, Taxidea taxus, should be considered a separate monotypic subfamily, Taxidiinae. Otters classified within the genera Lutra, Amblonyx and Aonyx are grouped within the same clade in cyt b and combined partial cyt b and flanking region trees and show reduced levels of inter specific divergence, suggesting that they could be classified together under a single genus, Lutra. The Bayesian tree based on combined data from both loci supports the idea that subfamily Mustelinae is paraphyletic, as otters (subfamily Lutrinae) are included in this subfamily. Low levels of genetic divergence among European polecat, Mustela putorius, steppe polecat, Mustela eversmannii, and European mink, Mustela lutreola, suggest that these species could be considered subspecies within a single species, Mustela putorius. Our results are consistent with a rapid diversification of mustelid lineages in six different radiation episodes identified since the Early Eocene, the oldest events being the separation of subfamilies and the split of marten (Martes, Gulo) and weasel (Mustela) lineages in the Early Middle Miocene. The separation of New World from Old World lineages and the split of the remaining genera are estimated to have occurred in Late Miocene. The most recent events have been the differentiation of species within genera and this probably occurred in four radiation episodes at the end of Late Miocene, Early Pliocene, Late Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs.     

A revision of the family Ciconiidae (Aves)

Behavioural and morphological characteristics of all members of the stork family are summarized. References are given to other papers where these subjects are discussed in greater detail for each group of storks. Based on the evidence now available, a revised classification is suggested (Table II) which divides the Ciconiidae into three tribes, six genera, and 17 species. The following genera (of Peters, 1931) are synonymized with other existing genera: Ibis, Sphenorhynchus, Dissoura, Euxenura , and Xenorhynchus. It is further suggested that Scopus should be placed in a suborder of its own and that Balaeniceps be placed in a monotypic family adjacent to the Ciconiidae, pending further study.     

The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: a review of the genera

The full anatomy of over fifty species of the Chromodorididae is described including the type species of all but one of the nominal genera. The holotype material of the type species of Ehrenberg's problematic genera Glossodoris, Actinodoris and Pterodoris is described. Sixteen genera are recognized within the family Chromodorididae including four new monotypic genera. Glossodoris is shown to be a senior synonym of Casella , not Chromodoris , and Ceratosoma and Verconia are shown to be members of the Chromodorididae. The separation of Cadlina, Tyrinna and Cadinella into a separate sub-family Cadlininae is considered unnecessary.
A large suite of characters including features of the external shape, mantle glands, gills, foregut, jaw-plates, radula and reproductive system are used to define the genera. A tentative phylogeny of the family is proposed.     

中国豆科植物分类系统概览

豆科是被子植物中继兰科和菊科之后的第三大科,其中包括三个亚科:即云实亚科、含羞草亚科和蝶形花亚科.本文根据最新资料,整理出世界豆科有42族、634属、17 834种,中国有33族、169属、1 518种(另外含15亚种、167变种和41变型),其中外来种158种(含亚种和变种,隶属于73属).为建立中国豆科植物数据库,本文在Polhill豆科植物分类系统的基础上,结合一些新的资料,提出中国豆科植物系统概要.文中按分类等级进行排序,每一属含有世界和中国种数及分布.