从发酵液中高效提取L-缬氨酸的工艺研究

目的:利用有机膜过滤和离子交换法分离提取发酵液中的L-缬氨酸。方法:通过有机膜过滤,除去发酵液中的菌体及蛋白,滤液浓缩结晶获得L-缬氨酸产品,通过离子交换法从结晶母液中回收部分L-缬氨酸。结果:确定了有机微滤膜和超滤膜去除发酵液中菌体蛋白和色素的操作条件;确定了采用离子交换法提取L-缬氨酸的操作条件:选择732强酸性阳离子树脂,料液pH值为3.0左右,用0.4 mol/L的氨水以1.0 mL/min的速度洗脱,L-缬氨酸的收率为89.2%。结论:通过有机膜过滤和离子交换法分离提取发酵液中的L-缬氨酸,可以提高提取收率和产品质量。     

谷氨酰胺提取分离研究

谷氨酰胺是一种十分有用的氨基酸,它既可作为治疗药物,又可作为其它合成药物的前体。目前国内以谷氨酸为原料,采用化学合成法生产谷氨酰胺,供作试剂用,产量十分有限。日本用发酵法生产谷氨酰胺,年产1000吨,还有增加趋势。谷氨酰胺的销售价格比较高,经济效益可观。近年来国内有好几个研究小组都在进行谷氨酰胺发酵研究。我们是国内第一个谷氨酰胺研究组,已在5m~3发酵罐上取得中试成功。谷氨酰胺发酵液中混有谷氨酸,而这些少量的谷氨酸采用等电点沉淀法并不能将它们去除,影响谷氨酰胺的纯度。我们采用离子交换树脂法,成功地将谷氨酸从谷氨酰胺和谷氨酸的混合物中分离掉,得到单一的谷氨酰胺。在将发酵液上柱交换之前,必须对发酵液进行预处理,我们试验了4种不同方法,结果表明第4种方法更适合工厂使用。从我们使用过的几种树脂的分离效果及树脂的价格看,考虑到工     

谷氨酰胺发酵条件的研究

以黄色短杆菌ＳＧｒ和ＤＯＮｒ抗性菌株作为生产菌株,在１６升罐对产谷氨酰胺的发酵条件进行了研究。试验结果,产谷氨酰胺５．２２％,周期４４ｈ,转化率３３．３％。该变异菌株具有工业化开发的价值。     

药用级微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶的纯化工艺研究

为了提高谷氨酰胺转胺酶的纯度和扩展在医药领域的应用,探索了一种适合工业化生产的、安全高效的微生物谷氨酰胺转胺酶纯化方法。轮枝链霉菌发酵后,经离心10 000 r/min 4℃除去菌体,调节发酵液电导率至4.1mS/cm和pH6.0后,以直线流速60cm/h通过SP Sepharose FF阳离子交换层析柱对目的蛋白高 选择性和高载量地捕获,再通过phenyl sepharose 6 FF（high sub）疏水层析柱进行精细纯化。纯化后经SDS-PAGE鉴定纯度达到95%以上,HPLC分析纯度> 99%。鲎试剂测定内毒素含量为0.013EU/ml,达到中国药典中血制品要求的低于0.15EU/ml标准。     

L-谷氨酰胺精制纯化技术研究

研究了将谷氨酰胺粗晶进一步精制纯化使其达到国外质量标准要求的方法,报道了对粗晶谷氨酰胺的脱色条件,粗晶谷氨酰胺溶解液上离子交换树脂柱分离的操作技术和用乙醇析晶后得到的纯品谷氨酰胺的质量情况。     

L-谷氨酰胺在强碱性离子交换树脂上的稳定性

研究了谷氨酰胺在强碱性阴离子交换树脂 [OH型 ]上离子交换时的化学稳定性 ,结果显示 ,在所述实验条件下 ,谷氨酰胺会发生分解 ,降低离子交换时谷氨酰胺浓度可显著地减少分解 ;讨论了谷氨酰胺遇强碱性树脂时降解的可能机理。     

L-谷氨酰胺在强酸性离子交换树脂上的稳定性

研究了谷氨酰胺在强酸性阳离子交换树脂「氢型」上离子交换时的化学稳定性,结果显示,在典型的及所述其他实验条件下,谷氨酰胺相当稳定。典型离交过程：１００ｍｌ去菌体谷氨酰胺发酵液含主要成份谷氨酰胺、谷氨酸和硫酸铵分别为３１２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、６７．０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和０．７５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,离子交换柱床层体积２００ｍｌ,离交流速１．０ＢＶ／ｈ,０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ氨水洗脱流速０．５ＢＶ／ｈ。     

L-谷氨酰胺高产菌株的定向选育及产胺条件的研究

谷氨酰胺(Gln)是L-谷氨酸γ-羧基酰胺化的一种氨基酸,其结构式为NH2OC-CH2-CH2-CH2COOH.     

Role of glutamine synthetase in citric acid fermentation byAspergillus niger

The activity of glutamine synthetase fromAspergillus niger was significantly lowered under conditions of citric acid fermentation. The intracellular pH of the organism as determined by bromophenol blue dye distribution and fluorescein diacetate uptake methods was relatively constant between 6·0–6·5, when the pH of the external medium was varied between 2·3–7·0.Aspergillus niger glutamine synthetase was rapidly inactivated under acidic pH conditions and Mn²⁺ ions partially protected the enzyme against this inactivation. Mn²⁺-dependent glutamine synthetase activity was higher at acidic pH (6·0) compared to Mg²⁺-supported activity. While the concentration of Mg²⁺ required to optimally activate glutamine synthetase at pH 6·0 was very high (≥ 50 mM), Mn²⁺ was effective at 4 mM. Higher concentrations of Mn²⁺ were inhibitory. The inhibition of both Mn²⁺ and Mg²⁺-dependent reactions by citrate, 2-oxoglutarate and ATP were probably due to their ability to chelate divalent ions rather than as regulatory molecules. This suggestion was supported by the observation that a metal ion chelator, EDTA also produced similar effects. Of the end-products of the pathway, only histidine, carbamyl phosphate, AMP and ADP inhibitedAspergillus niger glutamine synthetase. The inhibitions were more pronounced when Mn²⁺ was the metal ion activator and greater inhibition was observed at lower pH values. These results permit us to postulate that glutamine synthesis may be markedly inhibited when the fungus is grown under conditions suitable for citric acid production and this block may result in delinking carbon and nitrogen metabolism leading to acidogenesis     

离子交换法分离发酵液中鸟苷和肌苷

乌苷发酵液中乌苷与副产物肌苷的分离对乌苷工业有重要的意义。对乌苷和肌苷的分离条件进行研究,得到了最佳分离条件：采用Hd-8树脂,树脂床高度为4cm,前120mL采用0．05mol／L盐酸洗脱收集肌苷,120mL至240mL采用0．74mol／L pH5．0醋酸钠缓冲液洗脱收集乌苷,可以获得很好的效果。     

Modeling of direct recovery of lactic acid from whole broths by ion exchange adsorption

Lactic acid fermentation process with L. casei CRL 686 was performed. The static adsorption isotherm over a strong anionic exchange resin, Amberlite^TM IRA-400 was measured, and the static binding capacity parameters were quantified. Early recovery of lactic acid from this lactate producer from unclarified culture broth was performed in a liquid solid fluidized bed, with the resin as the solid adsorbent, and the dynamic adsorption capacity was calculated. Good agreement was found between static and dynamic binding capacity values. The fluidized bed height was twice the settled bed height and the overall process was controlled by the liquid solid mass transfer. This operation was also simulated by continuously well stirred tanks arranged in series and superficial solid deactivation as in a gas solid catalytic reactor. The deactivation process takes into account liquid channeling and agglomerations of solid induced by the viscosity of the broth and also by the cells during the adsorption. These patterns were also verified by experimental observations, and are in agreement with the results found in the literature. The breakthrough data together with others from previous works were satisfactorily fitted until the 90% dimensionless concentration was reached for both culture broths. The model could be used in future studies on predictions about the liquid solid fluidized bed behavior and other different operating conditions.     

Reversible inhibition of mammalian glutamine synthetase by tyrosine nitration

The effect of tyrosine nitration on mammalian GS activity and stability was studied in vitro. Peroxynitrite at a concentration of 5 micro mol/l produced tyrosine nitration and inactivation of GS, whereas 50 micro mol/l peroxynitrite additionally increased S-nitrosylation and carbonylation and degradation of GS by the 20S proteasome. (-)Epicatechin completely prevented both, tyrosine nitration and inactivation of GS by peroxynitrite (5 micro mol/l). Further, a putative "denitrase" activity restored the activity of peroxynitrite (5 micro mol/l)-treated GS. The data point to a potential regulation of GS activity by a reversible tyrosine nitration. High levels of oxidative stress may irreversibly damage and predispose the enzyme to proteasomal degradation.     

Role of manganese accumulation in increased brain glutamine of the cirrhotic rat

Cirrhosis promotes increases of both manganese and glutamine in brain. Manganese is a modulator and glutamine is the product of glutamine synthetase. This work studies the relationship between manganese and glutamine synthetase in a model of cirrhosis in the rat. We administered manganese (1 g/L) in the drinking water of sham-operated and bile-duct obstructed rats. We evaluated the manganese and glutamine accumulation and the glutamine synthetase activity in frontal cortex, striatum, and pallidum after 2, 4, and 6 weeks of biliary obstruction or sham surgery. Cirrhotic rats receiving manganese increased their brain content of metal about 400%–600% after 4 weeks of treatment (P < .05) and also remarkably accumulated glutamine through time in the three regions studied (P < .05 at week 6). Interestingly, bile-duct obstructed rats treated with manganese showed no effect on glutamine synthetase activity. Results from this study suggest that manganese induces increases of brain glutamine independently of its synthesis.     

Effects of medium glutamine,glutamate, and ammonia on glutamine synthetase activity in cultured mouse astroglial cells

Mouse astroglial cells were grown during the last week of culture in either glutamine-free or glutamine-containing medium. The addition of cortisol to the glutamine-containing medium resulted in a doubling of astroglial glutamine synthetase (GS) activity. Withdrawal of glutamine from the medium resulted in a 50% elevation of GS and addition of cortisol to such a medium resulted in a further increase in GS which was not additive to glutamine withdrawal. Both in glutamine-free and glutamine-containing medium, the addition of glutamate resulted in a depression of both basal and cortisol induced GS activity. The simultaneous addition of ammonia plus glutamate to the culture medium ameliorated the glutamate mediated depressive effects on cortisol induced but not basal GS activity. Glutamine withdrawal from the culture medium resulted in an astroglial protein deficit. The addition of ammonia to the medium considerably reduced this deficit and the addition of glutamate completely eliminated this protein deficit.