我国西南喀斯特地区2001—2018年植被净初级生产力时空演变

植被净初级生产力（Net primary productivity,NPP）是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要指标,定量评价NPP的变化规律是碳循环机理的主要研究内容之一。以我国西南地区为研究区域,基于土地覆盖和NPP产品分析了2001-2018年西南地区NPP的时空变化特征,利用土地转移矩阵和统计分析方法,定量描述了土地覆盖类型变化导致的NPP变化量,对NPP变化的主要原因进行分析。结果表明：（1）2001-2018年,西南地区NPP均值呈波动上升趋势。（2） NPP变化趋势在空间分布上呈南高北低,NPP呈增长趋势主要集中在四川的中东部、重庆、贵州西部和云南东部;NPP呈减少趋势出现在云南、四川中西部和贵州东部。（3）森林、草地和耕地转灌丛以及灌丛转森林是对NPP变化量影响较大的土地覆盖类型转变,土地类型转变导致的NPP净增量为20.643 TgC。（4）降水与NPP相关性低,气温与NPP有一定相关性,植被叶面积指数与NPP有显著相关关系,表明气候因子对NPP的影响较小,植被生长密度对NPP有显著影响。退耕还林还草等生态工程实施,导致耕地面积减少和森林面积大量增加,是西南地区NPP上升的主导因素,因此生态工程的实施是西南地区NPP增加的重要影响因素。研究可为生态工程实施背景下NPP的变化机理研究提供参考。     

汉江流域植被净初级生产力时空格局及成因

运用MOD17A3-NPP等数据,分析汉江流域植被NPP的时空格局及其形成演变机理,为区域生态环境管治提供科学理论依据。运用GIS空间分析法、线性拟合法研究流域NPP的时空格局,结合相关系数法、土地利用程度指数等方法探析成因。结果显示:(1)汉江流域植被NPP多年平均值为439 g C m~(-2)a~(-1),整体呈微小的波动上升趋势,年增长幅度为3.11 g C m~(-2)a~(-1)。植被NPP集中分布在300—600 g C m~(-2)a~(-1),占全域面积的83.65%。(2)从流域空间上看,多年平均NPP呈上游中游下游,各子流域内部差异呈上游中游下游。高值区集中分布在汉中,十堰、襄樊和荆门平均NPP呈下降趋势的所占面积最大。(3)垂直景观上植被NPP的空间分布往往受水热综合作用的影响,汉江流域降水是植被NPP累积的主要制约因素。(4)垂直方向上NPP呈规律性变化:高程上表现为"陡升-下降-缓升-陡降,坡向上为阳坡半阳坡半阴坡阴坡。(5)浅山丘陵区NPP变化主要受土地利用方式的影响,高山区NPP变化受气候变化的影响。汉江流域植被NPP稳定,中下游平原区植被NPP略有下降;气候和地形特征决定了植被NPP的空间分布特征,气候变化和人类活动对植被NPP的变化有重要影响。     

Subcellular targeting and function of osteoblast nucleotide pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1

The ectonucleoside pyrophosphatase phosphodiesterase 1 (NPP1/PC-1) is a member of the NPP enzyme family that is critical in regulating mineralization. In certain mineralizing sites of bone and cartilage, membrane-limited vesicles [matrix vesicles (MVs)] provide a sheltered internal environment for nucleation of calcium-containing crystals, including hydroxyapatite. MV formation occurs by budding of vesicles from the plasma membrane of mineralizing cells. The MVs are enriched in proteins that promote mineralization. Paradoxically, NPP1, the type II transmembrane protein that generates the potent hydroxyapatite crystal growth inhibitor inorganic pyrophosphate (PP_i), is also enriched in MVs. Although osteoblasts express NPP1, NPP2, and NPP3, only NPP1 is enriched in MVs. Therefore, this study uses mineralizing human osteoblastic SaOS-2 cells, a panel of NPP1 mutants, and NPP1 chimeras with NPP3, which does not concentrate in MVs, to investigate how NPP1 preferentially targets to MVs. We demonstrated that a cytosolic dileucine motif (amino acids 49–50) was critical in localizing NPP1 to regions of the plasma membrane that budded off into MVs. Moreover, transposition of the NPP1 cytoplasmic dileucine motif and flanking region (AAASLLAP) to NPP3 conferred to NPP3 the ability to target to the plasma membrane and, subsequently, concentrate in MVs. Functionally, the cytosolic tail dileucine motif NPP1 mutants lost the ability to support MV PP_i concentrations and to suppress calcification. The results identify a specific targeting motif in the NPP1 cytosolic tail that delivers PP_i-generating NPP activity to osteoblast MVs for control of calcification. calcification; dileucine motif; NPP3     

Biochemical and molecular characterization of a novel choline-specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase belonging to the nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family

Nucleotide pyrophosphatases/phosphodiesterases (NPPs) are ubiquitous membrane-associated or secreted ectoenzymes that release nucleoside 5'-monophosphate from a variety of nucleotides and nucleotide derivatives. The mammalian NPP family comprises seven members, but only three of these (NPP1-3) have been studied in some detail. Previously we showed that lysophospholipase D, which hydrolyzes lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to produce lysophosphatidic acid, is identical to NPP2. More recently an uncharacterized novel NPP member (NPP7) was shown to have alkaline sphingomyelinase activity. These findings raised the possibility that other members of the NPP family act on phospholipids. Here we show that the sixth member of the NPP family, NPP6, is a choline-specific glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase. The sequence of NPP6 encodes a transmembrane protein containing an NPP domain with significant homology to NPP4, NPP5, and NPP7/alkaline sphingomyelinase. When expressed in HeLa cells, NPP6 was detected in both the cells and the cell culture medium as judged by Western blotting and by enzymatic activity. Recombinant NPP6 efficiently hydrolyzed the classical substrate for phospholipase C, p-nitrophenyl phosphorylcholine, but not the classical nucleotide phosphodiesterase substrate, p-nitrophenyl thymidine 5'-monophosphate. In addition, NPP6 hydrolyzed LPC to form monoacylglycerol and phosphorylcholine but not lysophosphatidic acid, showing it has a lysophospholipase C activity. NPP6 showed a preference for LPC with short (12:0 and 14:0) or polyunsaturated (18:2 and 20:4) fatty acids. It also hydrolyzed glycerophosphorylcholine and sphingosylphosphorylcholine efficiently. In mice, NPP6 mRNA was predominantly detected in kidney with a lesser expression in brain and heart, and in human it was detected in kidney and brain. The present results suggest that NPP6 has a specific role through the hydrolysis of polyunsaturated LPC, glycerophosphorylcholine, or sphingosylphosphorylcholine in these organs.     

Molecular Basis of Purinergic Signal Metabolism by Ectonucleotide Pyrophosphatase/Phosphodiesterases 4 and 1 and Implications in Stroke

NPP4 is a type I extracellular membrane protein on brain vascular endothelium inducing platelet aggregation via the hydrolysis of Ap3A, whereas NPP1 is a type II extracellular membrane protein principally present on the surface of chondrocytes that regulates tissue mineralization. To understand the metabolism of purinergic signals resulting in the physiologic activities of the two enzymes, we report the high resolution crystal structure of human NPP4 and explore the molecular basis of its substrate specificity with NPP1. Both enzymes cleave Ap3A, but only NPP1 can hydrolyze ATP. Comparative structural analysis reveals a tripartite lysine claw in NPP1 that stabilizes the terminal phosphate of ATP, whereas the corresponding region of NPP4 contains features that hinder this binding orientation, thereby inhibiting ATP hydrolysis. Furthermore, we show that NPP1 is unable to induce platelet aggregation at physiologic concentrations reported in human blood, but it could stimulate platelet aggregation if localized at low nanomolar concentrations on vascular endothelium. The combined studies expand our understanding of NPP1 and NPP4 substrate specificity and range and provide a rational mechanism by which polymorphisms in NPP1 confer stroke resistance.     

植被净第一性生产力研究回顾与发展趋势

植被的净第一性生产力(NPP)反映了植物每年通过光合作用所固定的碳总量,目前NPP研究是全球变化研究的重要内容之一。本文回顾国内外植被NPP研究的历史,对遥感和地理信息系统(GIS)在NPP研究中的应用做了分析,并对近期陆地植被NPP研究的特点及发展趋势作了总结。     

The hydrolysis of lysophospholipids and nucleotides by autotaxin (NPP2) involves a single catalytic site

Autotaxin (NPP2) is a tumor cell motility-stimulating factor that displays both a nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase activity and a recently described lysophospholipase D activity. The hydrolysis of nucleotides is a metal-assisted reaction that occurs via a nucleotidylated threonine in the catalytic site. We show here that the catalytic site threonine and the metal-coordinating residues are also essential for the hydrolysis of lysophospholipids. In comparing the substrate specificity of NPP2 and the closely related NPP1 and NPP3, we found that only NPP2 displayed a lysophospholipase D activity, whereas NPP1 and NPP3 had a much higher nucleotide pyrophosphatase activity.     

Two Ca2+-requiring p-nitrophenylphosphatase activities of the highly purified Ca2+-pumping adenosinetriphosphatase of human erythrocyte membranes, one requiring calmodulin and the other ATP

The highly purified Ca2+-pumping ATPase from human erythrocyte membranes displays two p-nitrophenylphosphatase (NPPase) activities: one of these requires calmodulin and low concentrations of Ca2+, while the other requires ATP and higher Ca2+ concentrations. The free Ca2+ concentrations required for the expression of the two NPPase activities differed very substantially. Both activities required high free Mg2+ concentrations and displayed simple hyperbolic kinetics toward p-nitrophenyl phosphate (NPP) with a Km in the range of 5-20 mM. Study of the dependence of the calmodulin-stimulated NPPase on Mg2+ and NPP indicated that the Mg-NPP complex is not the substrate of the enzyme. Under conditions optimal for ATP-requiring NPPase (1 mM free Ca2+), the Ca2+-ATPase displayed simple hyperbolic kinetics with a low Km for ATP. NPP competitively inhibited this activity, and the apparent Ki for NPP was less than 1 mM, much lower than the Km for NPP as a substrate. If NPP were inhibiting the ATPase by binding at the same site at which NPP is hydrolyzed, the apparent Ki for NPP as inhibitor would be the same as the Km for NPP as substrate. (Under these circumstances, the apparent Ki and the Km can be directly compared, since NPP was being hydrolyzed under both circumstances.) Since Ki was much lower than Km, NPP must have been inhibiting at another site; thus, these data show the existence of two types of NPP sites on the enzyme, one at which NPP is hydrolyzed and the other at which it inhibits ATP hydrolysis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

基于耦合模型的干旱区植被净初级生产力估算

净初级生产力是陆地生态系统物质与能量运转研究的基础, 在干旱区生态环境演变及其与气候相互作用和影响方面极为敏感,是揭示干旱区生态环境特征的重要指标.本研究基于RS和GIS技术,利用地面气象数据、涡度相关数据、Landsat 8数据和MODIS数据,通过SEBAL模型和光能利用率模型的耦合,估算了新疆玛纳斯河流域植被净初级生产力(NPP),分析了其空间格局及与高程和坡度的关系.结果表明: SEBAL模型与光能利用率模型的耦合对玛纳斯河流域山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统植被NPP的模拟效果较合理,能较好地反映植被净初级生产力的实际情况;2013年,玛纳斯河流域植被NPP总量为7066.72 Tg C·a^-1,平均值为278.06 g C·m^-2·a^-1,总体分布趋势是自南向北先增加后减少再增加最后减少,随着地貌和土地利用类型的变化呈现明显的分布规律,且其月变化比较明显,7—8月达到最大值,占总量NPP的52.2%;植被净初级生产力随海拔和坡度的增加整体呈下降趋势,但随海拔增加植被NPP出现3次波动.这些波动主要由地表植被覆盖类型和环境因素所引起.     

2000-2015年宁夏草地净初级生产力时空特征及其气候响应

草地是宁夏陆地生态系统的重要组成部分,估算其净初级生产力（NPP）对宁夏草地可持续利用与管理至关重要。采用MODIS数据和CASA模型对2000-2015年间宁夏草地生态系统NPP进行了估算,通过一元线性回归趋势分析、Hurst指数等方法研究草地NPP的时空变化规律及未来演变趋势,并分析草地NPP与气象因子的相关性。结果表明：（1）基于CASA模型的宁夏草地NPP模拟精度高,其估算值与实测多年草地NPP均值具有良好的线性关系（R=0.93,P < 0.01）,与MOD17产品的草地NPP空间分布基本一致。（2）近16 a宁夏草地年均NPP为148.28 g C m^-2 a^-1,且存在波动上升的趋势,其线性增长率为3.84 g C m^-2 a^-1（P < 0.01）。（3）宁夏草地NPP整体处于上升趋势,草地NPP增长的草地面积达98%,且其增率自南向北递减;宁夏草地NPP的Hurst指数在0.27-0.81之间,均值为0.53,大部分草地的NPP变化趋势具有较强同向持续性。（4）在年时间尺度上,宁夏草地NPP主要受降水量的影响,与气温的相关性较弱;在月时间尺度上,生长季草地NPP与月总降水量的相关性高,且不存在时间滞后响应现象,而与月均温的响应则存在1个月的时间滞后性,宁夏大面积分布的干草原与荒漠草原NPP对气温响应滞后是导致这一现象发生的主要原因。     

2000—2015年中国东北森林生产力和碳素利用率的时空变异

中国东北森林生态系统是重要的碳汇功能区,也是对环境变化响应的敏感区,分析其植被生产力和碳素利用效率的变化特征及其对气候变化的响应对于区域碳收支的准确评估和预测具有重要意义.本研究利用MODIS的长期监测数据,结合植被类型分布数据,对中国东北森林生态系统2000—2015年生产力(净初级生产力NPP、总初级生产力GPP)和碳素利用率(NPP/GPP)时空变化特征进行分析.结果表明: 研究期间,东北森林生态系统平均NPP和GPP分别为346.4和773 g C·m^-2·a^-1,平均NPP/GPP为0.45.不同森林类型的NPP和GPP依次为针阔混交林>落叶阔叶林>针叶林,NPP/GPP在不同森林类型间无显著差异.NPP和GPP呈现出东南高、西北低的空间分布特点.2000—2015年间,东北森林生态系统NPP、GPP和NPP/GPP呈波动增加趋势,固碳能力逐步增强.NPP、GPP和NPP/GPP的变化趋势和变化速率表现出空间差异性,在大兴安岭南部地区显著增加,在大兴安岭北部地区显著下降,其余区域呈微弱增加趋势.与气候因子的相关性分析表明,年降水量的增加是驱动东北森林生态系统NPP、GPP和NPP/GPP波动增加的主要因素.     

气候波动和土地覆盖变化对广东省植被净初级生产力的相对影响

为深入理解人类活动对陆地生态系统的影响,采用CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型估算广东省2000、2005和2010年实际植被净初级生产力(Net primary productivity,NPP),并基于情景模拟法估算气候和土地覆盖类型稳定条件下的植被NPP,对气候波动和土地覆盖变化在植被NPP变化中的相对贡献进行了研究。结果表明:太阳辐射对植被NPP具有显著的正向控制作用,气温与植被NPP表现为显著负相关,降水不是该区域植被生长的限制性因子;各气候因子与植被NPP的相关性具有季节和区域差异性。在气候不变条件下,土地覆盖变化整体上增加了NPP,对NPP变化的相对贡献与城市扩张格局相类似,不同生态区存在差异性,以珠三角区的贡献最大。总之,气候波动对NPP变化的相对贡献较为复杂,取决于气候因子的波动特征以及与NPP的相关性;其它因子(城市热岛、农耕活动和园林管理等)对NPP变化的相对贡献存在很多不确定性,整体上增加了NPP。     

Assessing the Response of Seasonal Variation of Net Primary Productivity to Climate Using Remote Sensing Data and Geographic Information System Techniques in Xinjiang

Net pdmary productivity (NPP) is a key component of energy and matter transformation in the terrestrial ecosystem, and the responses of NPP to global change locally and regionally have been one of the most important aspects in climate-vegetation relationship studies. In order to isolate causal climatic factors, it is very important to assess the response of seasonal variation of NPP to climate. In this paper, NPP in Xinjiang was estimated by NOAA/AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. The impact of climatic factors (air temperature, precipitation and sunshine percentage) on seasonal variations of NPP was studied by time lag and serial correlation ageing analysis. The results showed that the NPP for different land cover types have a similar correlation with any one of the three climatic factors, and precipitation is the major climatic factor influencing the seasonal variation of NPP in Xinjiang. It was found that the positive correlation at 0 lag appeared between NPP and precipitation and the serial correlation ageing was 0 d in most areas of Xinjiang, which indicated that the response of NPP to precipitation was immediate. However, NPP of different land cover types showed significant positive correlation at 2 month lag with air temperature, and the impact of which could persist 1 month as a whole. No correlation was found between NPP and sunshine percentage.     

Spatiotemporal patterns and drivers of net primary production in the terrestrial ecosystem of the Dajiuhu Basin,China, between 1990 and 2018

Net primary production (NPP) plays a vital role in both the evolution of ecosystems and the terrestrial carbon cycle and is influenced by geographical conditions and climate change. Understanding the terrestrial carbon balance requires an in-depth knowledge of the relationships between NPP and geographical and climatic conditions. This study aimed to simulate and map the daily spatiotemporal features of terrestrial NPP in the Dajiuhu Basin (DB), China, using the BEPS-TerrainLab V2.0 model. This area is highly sensitive to climate change and is a water source in the central path of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. Changes in the distribution of daily and seasonal NPP between 1990 and 2018 were examined using the Mann-Kendall (MK) test, the moving t-test (MTT), and multiple regression analyses. It was found that: 1) The model explained 79% of the variation in eddy covariance (EC)-tower-measured NPP, and could thus be applied to the DB; 2) The mean annual NPP in the DB between 1990 and 2018 was 705 g C/m²/yr, with the terrestrial NPP decreasing before 1999 (−31.8 g C/m²/yr) and increasing after 1999 (0.87 g C/m²/yr); 3) The NPP first increased and then decreased with increasing altitude, with higher NPP values mainly found in the mountains on the periphery of the basin and lower NPP values in the central basin;4) Changes in NPP during autumn and summer contributed the most to the annual NPP trend. Temperature and NPP were positively correlated in summer and autumn, whereas they were negatively correlated in spring and winter. Precipitation and NPP were positively correlated in spring, autumn, and winter; 5) The sensitivities of NPP to temperature and precipitation differed across the different seasons. The sensitivities of the annual NPP to temperature and precipitation decreased and increased, respectively, compared with those before 1999. Although the contribution of precipitation to the NPP trend became more significant after 1999, that of temperature decreased. This study proposes an approach for a detailed study of daily changes in NPP and for examining the link between environmental factors, climatic conditions, and NPP distribution.     

锡林郭勒盟净初级生产力时空变化及其气候影响

净初级生产力(NPP)是表征生态系统质量与功能的核心指标,监测生态工程区NPP的时空变化是生态建设成效评估的重要内容。本文利用2000—2015年时序遥感数据与光能利用效率模型(CASA),分析了锡林郭勒盟NPP的时空变化以及气温与降水的影响。结果表明:2000—2015年锡林郭勒盟的NPP为108.66~359.74 g C·m^-2·a^-1,多年平均值为254.18 g C·m^-2·a^-1,年均增加13.47 g C·m^-2;锡林郭勒盟的NPP由东向西递减趋势明显,40.13%的区域NPP高于280 g C·m^-2·a^-1,且集中在太仆寺旗、多伦县、西乌珠穆沁旗和东乌珠穆沁旗等地区;相比2000年,2015年锡林郭勒盟有94.56%的区域NPP升高,其中33.95%的区域NPP增幅高于120 g C·m^-2;锡林郭勒盟的NPP与降雨量呈显著正相关,31.18%的区域NPP与气温呈正相关,NPP与年均气温及降水量的复相关系数为0.59。综合来看,锡林郭勒盟约55%的区域NPP明显受气候因素驱动,其生态修复治理应充分利用气候变化的积极影响,而其他区域则需注重施加生态工程措施。     

利用CASA模型模拟西南喀斯特植被净第一性生产力

基于SPOT NDVI遥感数据并结合数字高程模型、气象数据和植被参数,利用实测植被生产力计算和修正最大光能利用率,通过改进CASA过程模型,本文估算了中国西南喀斯特地区1999—2003年的植被净第一性生产力（NPP）。结果表明：1）改进后的CASA模型模拟的植被NPP与实测值相关性显著,可较好用于西南喀斯特植被的NPP估算;2）西南8省市区1999—2000年喀斯特和非喀斯特植被的NPP有轻度增加,但空间变化不显著,2001年低值区范围增加,2002年NPP高值区的范围明显扩大,随后在2003年又降低,但仍高于2001年;3）5年间西南喀斯特地区年NPP的变化范围是381.7—439.9 gC m-2 yr-1,平均值为402.34 gC m-2 yr-1,逐年NPP波动中呈现总体增长趋势,平均增加值为9.93 gC m-2 yr-1,5年总增加量为11TgC,但非喀斯特地区的年NPP平均值和增加值都大于喀斯特地区;4）5年间喀斯特地区的热带森林、亚热带森林、灌丛和草地的逐年NPP均小于非喀斯特地区,温带森林和农业植被则相反;这6种典型植被年NPP均呈增加趋势,热带森林的增加值最大,草地最小,非喀斯特地区植被NPP的增长趋势相似,但每种植被的年NPP增加值均大于喀斯特地区。西南喀斯特地区植被NPP的时空变化与气温、降水和太阳辐射的变化有关,而喀斯特植被NPP低于非喀斯特地区,则主要由喀斯特地区水分匮缺、土壤贫瘠等恶劣条件而抑制植物生长造成的。     

毛乌素沙地海流兔河流域植被净初级生产力估算

采用CASA(Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach)模型,结合TERRA MODIS卫星数据和气象数据,对毛乌素沙地海流兔河流域2015年各月的植被净初级生产力(NPP)进行估算,并对植被NPP月平均值的时空分布规律及其与气象因子和地下水位埋深的关系进行了分析.结果表明:毛乌素沙地海流兔河流域2015年植被NPP总量为2.88×1011 g,生长季(4月份至10月份)的植被NPP总量达2.81×1011 g,占全年植被NPP总量的97.57%.随着时间推移,植被NPP月平均值和归一化差分植被指数(NDVI)月平均值呈"缓慢增加—急剧增加—急剧下降"的变化趋势.植被NPP月平均值季节变化明显,春季、夏季、秋季和冬季植被NPP月平均值之和分别为20.55、69.39、20.46和0.48 g·m-2.从空间分布上看,中部河谷和滩地的植被NPP月平均值总体上高于东南部、西部和西北部等沙丘荒漠区.月平均气温对植被NPP月平均值变化的影响最大,其次为平均实际日蒸散发量和地表月太阳辐射.植被NPP月平均值随着地下水位埋深的增加而减小,最大值出现在地下水位埋深1~2 m之间.上述研究结果显示:采用CASA模型可以较好地估算毛乌素沙地海流兔河流域植被NPP值,月平均气温和地下水位埋深对该流域植被NPP值的影响较大.     

天然草原净初级生产力变化监测与驱动力分析——以锡林郭勒草原为例

草地是陆地生态系统重要的组分,利用遥感技术在宏观尺度分析天然草原长势变化与其驱动力是了解草地生态状况的重要手段。本研究基于气候模型和光能利用率模型分别模拟2000—2018年锡林郭勒草原植被潜在植被净初级生产力(NPP)和实际NPP,以它们的差值作为由人类活动导致的NPP残损值,并利用最小二乘法在像元尺度分析锡林郭勒草原NPP时空变化规律以及气候和人类活动对NPP的驱动作用。结果表明: 2000—2018年间,锡林郭勒草地NPP在空间上呈由西向东递增分布规律,年均NPP为271.54 g C·m^-2·a^-1,NPP上升(草地恢复)面积为3.65万km²,NPP下降(草地退化)面积为5.99万km²;潜在NPP在温度和降水的驱动下趋于上升趋势,年均上升6.5 g C·m^-2·a^-1,表明研究期间区域气候(降水和温度)对锡林郭勒草原NPP的提升具有积极作用,草地退化的驱动力主要来自人类活动;人类活动导致的研究区NPP残损值呈由东向西、由南向北递减分布,其中,乌珠穆沁草甸草原及南部典型草原残损值最高;采矿、开垦等人类活动对草地NPP的影响最明显。     

近20年来西南地区植被净初级生产力时空变化与影响因素及其对生态工程响应

植被净初级生产力（NPP）是研究陆地生态系统中物质和能量转换的重要指标,NPP的空间分布与区域气候、植被生长以及人类活动等因素息息相关,其变化能反映植被群落的生产能力,是生态系统功能和结构变化的重要表征。近20年来,中国西南地区植被NPP呈现增长趋势。然而,目前对NPP时空变化格局及潜在原因尚不清楚。因此,利用2001-2018年间MODIS-NPP、岩性、气候、土地利用、造林面积和石漠化治理情况等数据,对西南地区植被NPP的时空变化趋势及其成因进行了分析。结果发现：（1）2001-2018年间,中国西南地区植被NPP总体呈增长趋势,突变分析结果显示,2012-2018年间NPP的增长速度（5.13 gC m^-2a^-1）比2001-2011年更快（1.78 gC m^-2a^-1）,在两个时段,岩溶区NPP增长速度都高于非岩溶区;（2）对西南地区植被NPP变化与气候因子的相关分析结果显示,2001-2011年与2012-2018年两个时间段内NPP与温度的平均相关性（R=0.19,0.26）要高于NPP与降水的平均相关性（R=0.07,0.05）,表明西南地区植被NPP更容易受到温度的影响;（3）对两个时期土地利用变化下NPP总量的变化情况的研究结果显示,2001-2011年期间城市用地面积增加使得NPP总量下降,而2012-2018年未利用地面积增长造成了NPP总量下降;（4）2001-2018年西南地区累计造林面积与NPP存在显著正相关性（R=0.7,P<0.05）,说明"退耕还林"工程实施促进了西南地区NPP增长。对石漠化面积统计结果表明,2011年后石漠化面积显著减少,这与NPP的突变点一致,表明石漠化治理对西南地区NPP增长有重要促进作用。