吡效隆对花生光合作用及产量的影响

花生结荚期施用０．１～１０ｍｇ／Ｌ吡效隆（４ＰＵ３０）溶液，能增加叶片的厚度，提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率，促使叶片中的同化物向荚果运输和积累增多，从而促进了荚果生长和发育，使结荚率、饱果率以及百果重和百仁重增加，最终使单株荚果产量增产１２６％左右，吡效隆的最适浓度为１ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

不同生育时期断根对花生光合特性及产量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以青花5号花生品种为材料,研究了不同生育时期断根对花生功能叶片光合特性及产量的影响。结果表明:适期断根(花后20d)可促进花生叶片生长,显著提高叶面积指数,且维持较高的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量的时间较长;植株功能叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率较高,胞间CO2浓度较低,光合效率显著提高;可增加花生结果数量和果重,提高单株生产力,显著提高荚果产量和经济系数。过早断根(花后5d至10d)叶面积增长慢、峰值低、后期下降快,叶绿素含量低;功能叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率峰值低且峰值过后下降速度快,而胞间CO2浓度一直维持在较高水平;断根时间越早,产量越低。过晚(花后25d)断根不利于叶面积指数的发展和较高叶绿素含量的维持,基本不影响花生叶片各光合性能指标,对产量影响较少。研究认为,开花后20d断根可作为花生栽培中的一项技术措施。     

栽培方式对夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以青花7号花生品种为材料,研究了不同栽培方式对麦后夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明:与传统栽培方式相比,采用夏直播高产保护性栽培方式可促进花生叶片生长,显著提高叶面积指数,且维持较高的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量的时间较长;植株功能叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较高和胞间CO2浓度较低,光合效率显著提高.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式下花生单株生产力较高,荚果产量显著增加,经济系数明显提高.地膜覆盖和秸秆还田均可改善夏直播花生叶片光合特性,提高花生产量.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式能够有效缓解夏直播花生生育期较短、单株生产力低等不利因素,是一项实用的夏直播花生高产栽培方法.     

单粒精播对花生冠层微环境、光合特性及产量的影响

在大田条件下,以大粒型花生品种‘花育22’为材料,研究了22.5万株·hm^-2(S₁)、19.5万株·hm^-2(S₂)、16.5万株·hm^-2(S₃)3个密度单粒精播条件下,花生冠层微环境、光合特性及产量的差异.结果表明: 与传统双粒穴播15万穴·hm^-2相比,3个密度的单粒精播模式均提高了花生生育期内的冠层透光率、冠层温度、CO₂浓度,降低了冠层相对湿度,改善了生育中后期的冠层微环境;单粒精播模式下花生叶片的光合色素含量、光合速率均高于传统双粒穴播,其中,S₂和S₃处理的效果显著.综合冠层微环境特征、光合特性及产量等因素分析,单粒精播模式S₂(19.5万株·hm^-2)处理的群体大小适宜,个体分布均匀一致,不仅缓解了群体与个体间的矛盾,而且优化了冠层微环境,提高了花生不同层次叶片的光合特性,增加了后期光合产物的合成与积累,实现了产量的最大化.     

栽培方式对夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响

在田间试验条件下,以青花7号花生品种为材料,研究了不同栽培方式对麦后夏直播花生叶片光合特性及产量的影响.结果表明: 与传统栽培方式相比,采用夏直播高产保护性栽培方式可促进花生叶片生长,显著提高叶面积指数,且维持较高的叶面积指数和叶绿素含量的时间较长;植株功能叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率较高和胞间CO₂浓度较低,光合效率显著提高.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式下花生单株生产力较高,荚果产量显著增加,经济系数明显提高.地膜覆盖和秸秆还田均可改善夏直播花生叶片光合特性,提高花生产量.夏直播高产保护性栽培方式能够有效缓解夏直播花生生育期较短、单株生产力低等不利因素,是一项实用的夏直播花生高产栽培方法.
     

伤根对谷子叶片光合速率及其产量的影响

利用谷子盆栽试验,研究了伤根措施对谷子叶片光合速率及其产量的影响,试验结果表明：1．苗期适度伤根能够提高叶片光合速率,而拔节期和孕穗期的处理则会降低叶片光合速率;2．伤根对谷子生物量的影响与土壤水分条件有关。在80％田间持水最条件下,谷子地上部生物最可提高1．5％～24．7％,而在50％田间持水量下,地上部生物量降低2．9％～19．0％。3．80％田间持水量时,随着伤根程度的加剧和伤根时间的后移,谷子籽粒产量下降;在50％田间持水量时,前期适度伤根处理有助于谷子籽粒产量的提高,而伤根量较为严重的处理和孕穗期伤根的处理都降低了谷子籽粒产量。     

多效唑对不同品质类型花生产量、品质及相关酶活性的影响

选用高蛋白品种KB008（KB008）、高脂肪品种花17(H17)和高油酸/亚油酸（O/L）品种农大818（818）,在大田栽培条件下,研究了盛花后期叶面喷施多效唑(PBZ)对不同品质类型花生产量、品质及相关碳、氮代谢酶活性的影响.结果表明：喷施PBZ显著增加了3种品质类型花生荚果产量,原因是增加了单株结果数,降低了千克果数而提高了双仁果率.喷施PBZ不同程度地提高了3种类型花生籽仁脂肪和可溶性糖含量,降低了蛋白质含量,显著增加了高脂肪品种H17的O/L值.PBZ使高O/L值品种818的脂肪含量增加显著,同时其蛋白质含量显著降低,而对其他两品种的蛋白质和脂肪含量影响较小.喷施PBZ均降低了3种类型花生结荚期叶片硝酸还原酶（NR）活性及结荚期和饱果期叶片谷氨酰胺合成酶和谷氨酸脱氢酶活性,818的3种酶活性降低幅度最大,KB008和H17的酶活性降幅较小;喷施PBZ均降低了3种类型花生结荚期和饱果期叶片谷草转氨酶和谷丙转氨酶活性.说明氮代谢酶活性的降低是喷施PBZ降低3种类型花生籽仁蛋白质含量的主要原因.喷施PBZ均提高了3品种结荚期和饱果期叶片蔗糖合成酶和磷酸蔗糖合成酶活性,其中显著提高了818的2种酶活性,而对KB008和H17的活性提高不显著;喷施PBZ提高了3品种结荚期和饱果期的磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶和1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶活性,其中对818在结荚期的活性提高最显著,对H17活性提高较小.碳代谢酶活性的增强是喷施PBZ提高花生籽仁脂肪含量的生理基础.     

模拟酸雨对大豆、花生生长和产量的影响

大豆(Glycine max)、花生(Arachis hy-pogaea)是我国主要油料作物,国内外均曾用大豆作为模拟酸雨的试验材料。本文对大豆作了较详细的观察。在大田中进行了花生试验,研究酸雨对其产量的影响。     

保水剂对露地栽培花生产量和品质的影响

该研究设置覆膜和露地施用不同量保水剂处理(75kg·km~(-2)、150kg·km~(-2)、225kg·km~(-2)),以露地栽培为对照,研究不同保水剂用量和覆膜对花生荚果成熟饱满度、产量和营养品质的影响,为旱地花生合理使用保水剂及开发新型节水栽培技术提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)保水剂施用量在75～225kg·hm~(-2),花生荚果产量较对照提高3.48%～16.01%,且随施用量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中150kg·hm~(-2)保水剂处理的花生产量最高,但与覆膜处理差异不显著。(2)覆膜显著增加了花生成熟饱满度,饱果率和饱仁率分别比对照增加14.62%和14.11%;成熟饱满度随保水剂用量增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,且150kg·hm~(-2)保水剂处理最高,饱果率和饱仁率分别比对照增加10.99%和15.99%。(3)覆膜和保水剂均增加了花生脂肪、油酸含量和油酸/亚油酸(O/L)比值,普通样品(能够形成产量的籽仁)的增幅显著大于标准样品(饱满一致的籽仁),且150kg·hm~(-2)处理的普通样品分别比露地栽培提高了9.66%、12.27%和23.08%,但与覆膜处理差异不显著。研究表明,施用150kg·hm~(-2)保水剂可显著提高花生成熟饱满度、产量和品质,主要通过提高普通样品的营养成分来改善品质,与覆膜效果基本一致。     

玉米花生间作对玉米光合特性及产量形成的影响

为了进一步揭示玉米花生间作体系中玉米间作产量优势的光合机理,于2010—2011年在河南科技大学试验农场研究了间作玉米功能叶的光-光响应曲线和光-CO2响应曲线特点、荧光参数、叶绿素含量与构成、干物质积累及灌浆速率。结果表明:间作提高了玉米功能叶片的叶绿素含量,改变了叶绿素构成,显著提高了净光合速率,延缓衰老;间作提高了玉米光补偿点、光饱和点、光饱和时的最大净光合速率、表观量子效率和羧化效率,显著降低了CO2补偿点;PSⅡ的实际光化学效率、PSⅡ的最大光化学效率和光化学猝灭系数变化不明显。间作明显提高玉米生育后期单株干物质,主要在于促进了籽粒的生长,显著提高玉米产量,偏土地当量(PLER-M)高于其所占面积比例的106.6%—120.3%,表现出明显的间作产量优势。这说明间作玉米产量间作优势主要来源于其生育后期净光合速率的提高,促进光合物质向籽粒的分配,净光合速率的提高是通过羧化效率和表观量子效率的提高,增强CO2的固定能力实现的,而非是光能传递、转化效率的提高。     

4PU-30对水稻叶片衰老与内源激素的调控

4PU－30能显著地延缓水稻叶片衰老。根据叶片衰老过程中内源激素含量的变化,可明确减缓水稻叶片衰老期间内源ABA含量的增加和内源ZRs、GAs和IAA含量的减少,使叶片中保持有较低水平的ABA与较高水平的ZRs、GAs和IAA,是4PU－30延缓水稻叶片衰老的主要调控机理。     

4PU—30提高水稻花药培养的效率

4PU-30是Takahashi等首先合成的一种具有细胞分裂素活性的生长调节物质,化学名称为N-苯基-N′-(2-氯-4-吡啶基)脲,属苯脲类衍生物。它在多种生理反应中的活性高于嘌呤类衍生物。在田间试验中,应用4PU-30可明显地增加小麦、大麦等多种作物的产量,在烟草和菜豆等组织培养中,4PU-30也表现出较高的活性。本试验(1987～1991)探索了4PU-30对水稻花药培养的效应。     

Effects of Allelochemicals on Root Growth and Pod Yield in Response to Continuous Cropping Obstacle of Peanut

Continuous cropping (CC) obstacle is a major threat in legume crops production; however, the underlying mechanisms concerning the roles allelochemicals play in CC obstacle are poorly understood. The current 2-year study was conducted to investigate the effects of different kinds and concentrations of allelochemicals, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (H), cinnamic acid (C), phthalic acid (P), and their mixtures (M) on peanut root growth and productivity in response to CC obstacle. Treatment with H, C, P, and M significantly decreased the plant height, dry weight of the leaves and stems, number of branches, and length of the lateral stem compared with control. Exogenous application of H, C, P, and M inhibited the peanut root growth as indicated by the decreased root morphological characters. The allelochemicals also induced the cell membrane oxidation even though the antioxidant enzymes activities were significantly increased in peanut roots. Meanwhile, treatment with H, C, P, and M reduced the contents of total soluble sugar and total soluble protein. Analysis of ATPase activity, nitrate reductase activity, and root system activity revealed that the inhibition effects of allelochemicals on peanut roots might be due to the decrease in activities of ATPase and NR, and the inhibition of root system. Consequently, allelochemicals significantly decreased the pod yield of peanut compared with control. Our results demonstrate that allelochemicals play a dominant role in CC obstacle-induced peanut growth inhibition and yield reduction through damaging the root antioxidant system, unbalancing the osmolytes accumulation, and decreasing the activities of root-related enzymes.

     

Influence of ABA and 4PU-30 on the Growth, Proteolytic Activities and Protein Composition of Maize Seedlings

The experiments were carried out with germinating maize seeds (Zea mays L.), grown 6 d in the dark at 26°C. Before germination the seeds were soaked for 4 h in solutions containing 1 mM abscisic acid (ABA), 0.1 mM N₁-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N₂ phenylurea (4PU-30) and their combination. The influence of plant growth regulators on the length, fresh (FM) and dry (DM) masses, proteolytic activities and soluble protein fractions in shoots, roots and endosperm were studied. As compared to control the seedlings treated with ABA showed lower length, FM and DM of shoots and roots, and lower proteolytic activities. As a consequence of suppression of both growth and protein breakdown, these seedlings possessed higher protein content in endosperm. 4PU-30 partially decreased the ABA suppressing effects.     

外源GA和ABA对花生籽仁皱缩变异品系荚果生长的影响

以荚果和籽仁生长发育正常的花生品系‘05D610’及其籽仁皱缩变异系‘05D677’为材料,在荚果膨大阶段初期滴加赤霉素(GA,20mg·L~(-1))和脱落酸(ABA,15 mg·L~(-1))处理幼果,检测荚果生长期间幼果或籽仁内源GA、ABA、ZT(玉米素)和IAA(生长素)含量的变化以及荚果和籽仁的生长量特征,以明确激素含量与荚果和籽仁生长发育的关系和‘05D677’籽仁皱缩的原因。结果显示:(1)外源施加GA处理,可显著提高‘05D610’和‘05D677’的内源GA和ZT含量,并推迟内源IAA含量峰值出现的时间,显著提高‘05D610’荚果和籽仁的鲜重、干重,极显著提高了‘05D677’荚果干重。(2)外源施加ABA处理,使‘05D610’内源GA含量显著降低,‘05D677’内源GA和ABA含量显著提高,同时两品系内源IAA含量峰值出现的时间推迟,使‘05D610’和‘05D677’籽仁干重分别显著和极显著提高。研究表明,用适宜浓度外源GA和ABA处理荚果膨大阶段的初期果针,可以调控荚果膨大阶段幼果或者籽仁中内源激素水平,从而提高花生荚果、籽仁产量;荚果膨大阶段内源GA、ABA和ZT含量不足是导致‘05D677’籽仁皱缩的重要原因。     

Peanut Photosynthesis Under Drought and Re-Watering

The photosynthetic response of three Arachis hypogaea L. cultivars (57-422, 73-30, and GC 8-35) grown for two months was measured under water available conditions, severe water stress, and 24, 72, and 93 h following re-watering. At the end of the drying cycle, all the cultivars reached dehydration, relative water content (RWC) ranging between 40 and 50 %. During dehydration, leaf stomatal conductance (g _s), transpiration rate (E), and net photosynthetic rate (P _N) decreased more in cvs. 57-422 and GC 8-35 than in 73-30. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE_i) and photosynthetic capacity (P _max) decreased mostly in cv. GC 8-35. Except in cv. GC 8-35, the activity of photosystem 1 (PS1) was only slightly affected. PS2 and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCO) were the main targets of water stress. After re-watering, cvs. 73-30 and GC 8-35 rapidly regained g _s, E, and P _N activities. Twenty-four hours after re-watering, the electron transport rates and RuBPCO activity strongly increased. P _N and P _max fully recovered later. Considering the different photosynthetic responses of the studied genotype, a general characterisation of the interaction between water stress and this metabolism is presented.     

Effects of the growth regulator 4PU-30 on growth,K+ content,and alkaloid production in tobacco callus cultures

Growth, K⁺ content, and alkaloid production were compared in nonorganogenetic callus cultures ofNicotiana tabacum cv. Burley 21 grown at 25°C in the dark on two different media: a basal medium with 1 M -naphthaleneacetic acid and 1 M kinetin, and one with 1 M -naphthaleneacetic acid and 1 M 4PU-30 (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea). These callus tissues behaved differently not only in growth and K⁺ content but also in alkaloid production. In comparison to cultures grown with kinetin, those grown with 4PU-30 showed a significantly higher fresh weight and dry weight and K⁺ content during the growth period studied. The data clearly indicate a positive correlation between K⁺ uptake rate stimulated by 4PU-30 and cell enlargement rate. However, the alkaloid biosynthesis in the callus tissues was activated by the supply of kinetin and diminished by that of 4PU-30. It thus appears that cellular enlargement of meristematic tissue stimulated by 4PU-30 limited alkaloid production.     

开花期土壤短期干旱和复水对大豆光合作用和产量的影响

以大豆(Glycine max)为材料, 研究开花期土壤水分变动对叶片光合生理以及产量形成的影响, 以期为大豆的节水栽培和水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现, 大豆叶片气孔导度(Gs)对土壤水分的匮缺更加敏感。干旱胁迫降低了叶片的净光合速率(Pn), 但复水后, 叶片水势和净光合速率等在实验过程中都可以得到迅速恢复, 并且蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度和胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)在复水后的第3 天与对照相比显著提高, 表现出一定的超补偿效应。研究发现, 在开花期即使短期的土壤干旱, 也会对大豆后期的生物量及其分配产生较大的影响, 开花期干旱和复水, 显著降低了大豆叶片和茎的生物量, 使根茎比提高16.7% (P<0.05), 收获指数增加26.3%(P<0.05)。     

开花期土壤短期干旱和复水对大豆光合作用和产量的影响

以大豆(Glycine max)为材料,研究开花期土壤水分变动对叶片光合生理以及产量形成的影响,以期为大豆的节水栽培和水分高效利用提供理论依据。研究发现,大豆叶片气孔导度(Gs)对土壤水分的匮缺更加敏感。干旱胁迫降低了叶片的净光合速率(Pn),但复水后,叶片水势和净光合速率等在实验过程中都可以得到迅速恢复,并且蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)在复水后的第3天与对照相比显著提高,表现出一定的超补偿效应。研究发现,在开花期即使短期的土壤干旱,也会对大豆后期的生物量及其分配产生较大的影响,开花期干旱和复水,显著降低了大豆叶片和茎的生物量,使根茎比提高16.7%(P<0.05),收获指数增加26.3%(P<0.05)。