七叶树小孢子发生及雄配子体发育研究

用石蜡切片法观察了七叶树花药的发育过程.结果表明:(1)雄蕊花药四室,花药壁完全分化时,从外到内依次是表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,花药壁发育为基本型.表皮细胞1层,发育过程中始终存在;药室内壁在花药成熟时形成带状纤维层加厚;幼小花药壁的中层3~4层细胞,在花药发育成熟时退化消失;绒毡层1层细胞,发育类型为分泌型,小孢子母细胞减数分裂时绒毡层开始退化解体,花药成熟完全消失,仅剩1层绒毡层膜.每一花药中有多列雄性孢原细胞,发生于幼小花药表皮下方;(2)小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体多呈正四面体排列;减数分裂过程中,小孢子母细胞外方被胼胝质壁所包被,小孢子形成后胼胝质壁逐渐消失.成熟花粉二细胞型,外形呈圆三角状,具三孔沟.     

A COMPARATIVE LIGHT- AND ELECTRON-MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF MICROSPOROGENESIS IN MALE-FERTILE AND CYTOPLASMIC MALE-STERILE SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS ANNUUS)

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in sunflower anthers is compared with its normal (N) line by using light and electron microscopy. Degeneration and disintegration of CMS tapetum and microspore tetrads occur after meiosis II, resulting in sterility. At the onset of meiosis, the CMS tapetum enlarges radially and shows signs of disorganization of organelles and walls. The developing CMS meiocytes and tetrads of microspores do not show these abnormalities when compared with their N counterparts. The CMS microspore tetrads remain viable until a rudimentary exine forms around each microspore. At this time, the radially enlarged tapetum disintegrates, followed by disintegration of the tetrads. In N-line microsporogenesis, a peripheral, dense tapetum is present at the tetrad stage, and as each locule enlarges, free spaces occur around the tetrads. After a rudimentary exine with associated spines and colpi is formed around each microspore, the callose holding each tetrad together dissolves, freeing the microspores for further development. Eventually the binucleate tapetum becomes plasmodial, persisting until the vacuolate pollen stage.     

A Comparative Study of Anther and Pollen Development in Male Fertile and Male. Sterile Green Onion (Allium fistulosum L.)

Anther and pollen development in male-fertile and male-sterile green onions was studied. In the male-fertile line, both meiotic microspore mother ceils and tetrads have a callose wall. Mature pollen grains are 2-celled. The elongated generative cell with two bended ends displays a PAS positive cell wall. The tapetum has the character of both secretory and invasive types. From microspore stage onwards, many oil bodies or masses accumulate in the cytoplasm of the tapetal cells. The tapetum degenerates at middle 2-celled pollen stage. In male-sterile line, meiosis in microspore mother cells proceeds normally to form the tetrads. Pollen abortion occurs at microspore with vacuole stage. Two types of pollen abortion were observed. In type I, the protoplasts of the microspores contract and gradually disintegrate. At the same time the cytoplasm of microspores accumulates oil bodies which remain in the empty pollen. The tapetal cells behave normally up to the microspore stage and early stage of microspore abortion, but contain fewer oil bodies or masses than those in the male-fertilt line. At late stage of microspore abortion, three forms of the tapetal ceils can be observed: (1) the tapetal cells with degenerating protoplasts become flattened, (2) the tapetal cells enlarge but protoplasts retractor, (3) the cells break down and tile middle layer enlarges. In type Ⅱ, the cytoplasm degenerates earlier than the nucleus of the microspores and no protoplast is found in the anther locule. There are fibrous thickenings iii the endothecium of both types. It is difficult to verify whether the tapetum behavior and pollen abortion is the cause or the effect.     

山麦冬大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育研究

采用石蜡切片技术对百合科植物山麦冬大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育进行了观察研究。结果表明:(1)山麦冬花药具有4个花粉囊,花药壁的发育方式为基本型,花药壁完全分化时由表皮、药室内壁、中层及绒毡层组成。(2)绒毡层发育类型为分泌型,到四分体孢子彼此分离形成单细胞花粉阶段,绒毡层细胞开始解体退化,花粉成熟时绒毡层细胞完全消失;花粉母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体为左右对称形排列,成熟花粉为3-细胞花粉,单萌发沟。(3)子房3室,每室2枚胚珠,胚珠倒生型,双珠被,薄珠心,雌性孢原细胞不经过平周分裂而直接发育而成大孢子母细胞。(4)减数分裂后四分体大孢子呈线型或T型排列,合点端大孢子分化为功能大孢子,胚囊发育为蓼型;花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中,二分体、四分体细胞外方被胼胝质壁所包被,小孢子形成后胼胝质壁逐渐消失。该研究结果丰富了百合科植物生殖生物学研究的内容,也为探讨百合科植物的系统学研究提供了参考。     

Microsporogenesis and exine structure in Trochodendron aralioides Siebold and Zuccarini (Trochodendraceae)

This study aimed to elucidate the anther wall development, pollen wall development, and exine structure of Trochodendron aralioides Siebold and Zuccarini, a tree with primitive vessels but long considered to lack vessel elements in its wood. The anther wall is the basic type: epidermis, endothecium layer, three middle layers, and tapetum. The anther tapetum is glandular and cells are uniseriate. Microspore mother cells undergo meiosis with simultaneous cytokinesis to produce tetrahedral tetrads enclosed within a callose wall. Before development of the protectum, primexine is inserted against the callose, and the plasma membrane is invaginated. Then, the probacula are elongated under the protectum and arise basally from the plasma membrane. The foot layer formation is concomitant with callose wall dissolution. The foot layer is thick, and the endexine is thin. The foot layer and the endexine are both continuous. The intine is initially formed in the vacuolated microspore stage. Hollow Ubisch bodies are observed on the inner surface of the tapetum in free microspore stage. Pollen grains are tricolporate and 2-celled at the time of shedding. The numerous anthers of a single flower are at different development stages in both protandrous and protogynous individuals.     

铁皮石斛花粉块结构及发育过程的解剖学特征研究北大核心CSCD

兰科植物的有性生殖特殊,每朵花只有1个花药,且花粉有聚集成块发育的特征。为了揭示铁皮石斛花粉块的发育特征,该研究以野生铁皮石斛不同时期的花药为材料,采用半薄切片和植物组织化学方法对其发育过程进行解剖学观察分析,并对成熟花粉块进行离体培养,观察花粉管的萌发状况。结果表明:(1)铁皮石斛花药壁由1层表皮细胞,2层药室内壁细胞,1层中层细胞和1层绒毡层细胞组成。开花时,绒毡层细胞退化,中层细胞没有退化,药室内壁细胞则形成纤维状细胞壁;药室中的小孢子母细胞没有明显的胼胝质壁结构。(2)小孢子发生属同时型,减数分裂后四分体小孢子不分散,以四合花粉状态发育,并进一步连接形成花粉块。(3)在小孢子发育中,孢粉素覆盖在整个花粉块表面形成花粉外壁,但花粉块内部的花粉没有花粉外壁结构;在花粉块表面的花粉外壁上未见花粉萌发孔。(4)在花粉离体萌发实验中,具有花粉外壁的花粉块表面花粉未见萌发,仅由花粉块内部的花粉萌发出花粉管。     

獐牙菜小孢子发生及雄配子体发育(英文)

用石蜡切片法对獐牙菜小孢子发生及雄配子体发育过程进行首次观察研究。主要结果如下:花药四室,药壁发育为基本型;绒毡层异型起源,属于腺质型绒毡层,药室内具有的退化绒毡层核是早期该层细胞有丝分裂凸入药室中央并原位退化形成的;中层细胞2层;药室内壁同表皮同时宿存,细胞柱状伸长,纤维状加厚。小孢子母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式主要为四面体形,少数为左右对称形和十字交叉形;成熟花粉多为2-细胞类型,偶见3-细胞型,具三萌发孔。     

垂花悬铃花雌雄配子体发育研究

对垂花悬铃花雄配子体发育观察表明,其花药由表皮(1层)、药室内层(1层)、中层(2层)、绒毡层(1层)及造孢细胞组成,花药四室,药壁发育为双子叶型。雄配子体发育经由花粉母细胞减数分裂形成四分体,该四分体胞质分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式为四面体型,十字交叉型及左右对称型;小孢子再经有丝分裂形成营养核和生殖核,生殖核再经有丝分裂形成3-核花粉。花药壁层的变化,在单核小孢子期,表皮细胞解体,仅留下痕迹;中层在花粉母细胞期逐渐消失;药室内壁在单核小孢子期开始纤维化;绒毡层在单核小孢子期消失,属变形绒毡层。雌配子体发育观察表明,其子房上位,5室,每室1个胚珠,胚珠弯生,中轴胎座,大多数胚珠发育停留在珠心形成阶段,极少数珠心形成一群孢原细胞及单核、双核胚囊。     

川东獐牙菜小孢子发生和雄配子体形成

报道了川东獐牙菜（Swertia davidii Franch.）小孢子发生和雄配子体形成的过程。主要结果如下：花药四室,药壁发育为基本型;绒毡层异型起源,属于腺质型绒毡层,药室内具有的退化绒毡层核是早期该层细胞有丝分裂凸入药室中央并原位退化形成的;中层细胞3层;药室内壁退化;花药壁表皮宿存,细胞柱状伸长,纤维状加厚。小孢母细胞减数分裂为同时型,四分体排列方式主要为四面体形和左右对称型,少数为“T”形和十字交叉形;成熟花粉为2-细胞类型。     

光(温)敏核不育水稻花药和小孢子发生的细胞化学

利用细胞化学方法,对光（温）敏核不育水稻农垦585和W6154S的花药和小孢子发生过程的观察结果表明,在可育条件下,其花药组织和小孢子发生过程不论形态结构还是细胞化学变化都基本一致。小孢子母细胞时期的药隔薄壁组织、药壁中层及药室内壁中分布了一些多糖颗粒,但到进入减数分裂时多糖颗粒基本消失。绒毡层在解体前一直富含细胞质,从染色反应看,它表现为小孢子母细胞时期的蛋白质向减数分裂开始后的多糖物质的转变过程。在不育条件下,农垦585在小孢子母细胞时期就出现异常,其败有时间比W6154S要稍早一些。两者最后都表现为典败,但W6154S的花药壁解体较为彻底,只剩下干皱的表皮和药室内壁,而农垦585的花药壁还有多层细胞结构。     

A contribution to the embryology of Desmodium motorium (Houtt.) Merr. (= D. gyrans (L.f.) DC.) (Fabaceae)

Abstract

The anthers are tetrasporangiate. The anther wall comprises epidermis, fibrous endothecium, middle layer and tapetal layer. The tapetum is of the Glandular type and its cells remain uninucleate. Meiosis in pollen mother cells is normal and simultaneous cytokinesis leads to the formation of tetrahedral and decussate microspore tetrads. The pollen grains are shed at 2-celled stage. The ovule is campylotropous, bitegmic and crassinucellate. Meiosis in megaspore mother cell results in the formation of linear or occasionally T-shaped megaspore tetrad. The chalazal megaspore develops into Monosporic Polygonum type of embryo sac. Endosperm development is of the Nuclear type.     

紫斑牡丹的花药发育和小孢子发生

紫斑牡丹的花药是在花芽发育的第３个年周期中,从雄蕊原厚基发育而来,花药壁按特有方式发生,主要特点是绒毡层与次生造孢细胞同源。花药由４个花粉囊组成,绒毡层属分泌型,中层３－４层,其中１－３层与药室内壁同步发育出纤维素壁加厚,并在花药成熟时宿存。小包子母细胞减数分裂同时开始,但不同时结束,分裂过程高度不同步。胞质分裂为同时型,四分体中小孢子排列呈正四面体形,减数分裂前期Ⅰ通常有Ｂ－染色体和染色体桥形。     

华北驼绒藜大小孢子的发生及雌雄配子体发育过程的解剖学研究

运用石蜡切片技术对华北驼绒藜大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体的发育进行了研究.结果表明:(1)花药4室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、1~2层中层及1层绒毡层组成,药壁发育为基本型,腺质绒毡层,发育后期为二核或三核;(2)四分体胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体多数为四面体型,偶见十字交叉型;(3)成熟花粉2-细胞型,单核小孢子时期存在不同比例的空壳花粉,从0%~80%不等;(4)胚珠倒生,双珠被,厚珠心,大孢子四分体直线型排列,合点端为功能大孢子,蓼型胚囊.     

Cellular organisation and differentiation of organelles in pre-meiotic rice anthers

Pre-meiotic cellular organisation of rice anthers has a great significance in pollen formation. We have used a combination of confocal laser and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to characterise and differentiate organelles in pre-meiotic rice anthers. Along with the characteristic organelles in the cytoplasm the epidermal cells of the pre-meiotic rice anther are coated on their outer surface by a conspicuous bi-lamellate cuticle. Chloroplasts of the endothecium contain immature grana, thylakoids and also starch granules. These plastids clearly contain photosynthetic pigments as shown by autofluorescence in confocal microscope studies. Both confocal and TEM studies reveal clusters of mitochondria in the middle layer. The tapetum contains electron opaque ribosomes, bundles of mitochondria and plastids. The nuclei of the tapetum occupy a large volume of the cytoplasm indicating the onset of mitotic prophase. Intense Rhodamine 123 staining reveals that a major portion of the structurally indistinguishable organelles that were seen throughout the densely ribosomic cytoplasm of sporogenous cells are mitochondria.     

Pollen Wall Development in Gibasis (Commelinaceae)

The development of the one and-inline of the pollen wall aredescribed for Gibasis karwinsk yana and G. venustula. Duringthe tetrad stage the appearance of electron-opaque depositionsor tri-partite plates at discrete sites between the plasma membraneof the spore and the inward surface of the callose special wallare the first indications of exine development. The sulcus rapidlydifferentiates being composed of discrete exine granules ona thin foot layer. Probacula in non-apertural areas developin an electron-opaque granular layer situated between the plasmamembrane, which is highly convoluted, and the callose specialwall. A foot layer is formed from electron-opaque lamellae atthe plasma membrane. Exine pattern is clearly established withinthe tetrad. After release of the spores from the tetrad an intimate associationis rapidly developed between the plasma membrane of the periplasmodialtapetum and the newly-formed exine. Compacted electron-opaquematerial is found at the interface between membrane and theexine and vesicular material is added from the tapetum. Theincrease in volume that occurs in both spore and anther is accompaniedby considerable vacuolation. Intine development begins just prior to pollen grain mitosisand continues rapidly at the aperture. The thin foot layer becomesdiscontinuous. Further intine deposition takes place after mitosisand a bilayer is apparent in mature grains. The matrix of thislayer contains conspicuous electron-opaque platelets. The exineof the mature spore stains less intensely than in the youngspore and the interbacula spaces are filled with material fromthe degenerate tapetum. Gibasis karwinskyana, Gibasis venustula, Commelinaceae, exine, intine, tapetum, pollen wall, ultrastructure     

Anther structure and pollen development in Melicoccus lepidopetalus (Sapindaceae): An evolutionary approach to dioecy in the family

Anther and pollen development in staminate and pistillate flowers of dioecious Melicoccus lepidopetalus (Sapindaceae) were examined by light and electron microscopy. Young anthers are similar in both types of flowers; they consist of epidermis, endothecium, two to four middle layers and a secretory tapetum. The microspore tetrads are tetrahedral. The mature anther in staminate flowers presents compressed epidermal cells and endothecium cells with fibrillar thickenings. A single locule is formed in the theca by dissolution of the septum and pollen grains are shed at two-celled stage. The mature anthers of pistillate flowers differ anatomically from those of staminate flowers. The epidermis is not compressed, the endothecium does not develop fibrillar thickenings, middle layers and tapetum are generally persisting, and the stomium is nonfunctional. Microspore degeneration begins after meiosis of microspore mother cells. At anthesis, uninucleate microspores and pollen grains with vegetative and generative nuclei with no cytokinesis are observed. Some pollen walls display an abnormal exine deposition, whereas others show a well formed exine, although both are devoid of intine. These results suggest that in the evolution towards unisexuality, the developmental differences of anther wall tissues and pollen grains between pistillate and staminate flowers might become more pronounced in a derived condition, such as dioecy.     

江浙獐牙菜的小孢子发生和雄配子体形成及其系统学意义

采用常规石蜡切片技术,对江浙獐牙菜(Swertia hickinii Burk)花药壁形成、小孢子发生和雄配子体形成过程进行了研究。结果表明:(1)花药四室,花药壁由表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层组成,药壁发育为双子叶型。绒毡层异型起源,腺质型。花粉成熟时药室内壁径向加长并纤维状加厚,表皮宿存。(2)小孢子母细胞在减数分裂过程中胞质分裂为同时型;小孢子四分体排列方式主要为四面体型,也有左右对称型和"T"型等其他类型;成熟花粉为3-细胞型,具三萌发沟。另外,对獐牙菜属的雄性胚胎学特征进行了全面总结,并与龙胆属、蔓龙胆属及双蝴蝶属进行比较归纳出其共性。研究认为,花药表皮宿存或退化,是獐牙菜属与双蝴蝶属的重要区别之一。     

革苞菊胚胎学研究 Ⅰ.大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育

革苞菊为雌雄异株。在雄花中 ,花药 4室 ,药壁发育为双子叶型 ,由表皮、药室内壁 ,一层中层和绒毡层组成。绒毡层于小孢子四分体时期开始变形 ,其细胞原生质体向药室中移动 ,为变形绒毡层。小孢子孢原为多细胞 ,小孢子母细胞减数分裂产生四面体型的小孢子四分体。四分体胞质分裂为同时型。成熟花粉 3-细胞型。单核期的小孢子出现壁发育不良和巨大及空花粉现象。在雌花中 ,胚珠是倒生的 ,单珠被 ,薄珠心 ,珠被于孢原期已发育完整。大孢子孢原单细胞。由孢原细胞直接发育形成大孢子母细胞。 4个大孢子直线型 ,蓼型胚囊。于成熟胚囊期观察到发育异常的胚囊。通过对胚囊发育过程中营养物质消长规律的研究 ,讨论了环境与发育的相关性问题。     

华北落叶松花粉发育过程中的钙动态分布

运用焦锑酸钾沉淀法研究了华北落叶松(Larix principis-rupprechtii Mayr)小孢子发育过程中不同阶段Ca2 的分布情况.减数分裂时期,小孢子囊壁表皮和中层细胞的细胞壁及细胞间隙Ca2 分布较多,绒毡层只有外切向面的细胞膜有Ca2 分布,小孢子母细胞的各部位则很少有Ca2 ;四分体时期,包围四分小孢子的胼胝质壁上有大量的Ca2 分布,在四分孢子壁上也有较多沉淀;游离小孢子时期,钙离子在小孢子壁的分布较四分体时期有所减少,而到花粉成熟时又逐渐增多;从四分体到花粉成熟,乌氏体周围的Ca2 有增多的趋势.对四分体外壁Ca2 的大量分布与花粉壁的形成及信号物质在花粉表面贮存的关系,以及小孢子囊的外壁、绒毡层和乌氏体在Ca2 向花粉运输中所起的作用进行了讨论.     

彩色马蹄莲大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育的研究

选用石蜡切片法观察了彩色马蹄莲品种‘Majestic Red’的大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育的过程。研究结果表明：彩色马蹄莲的胚珠为倒生,具双珠被、厚珠心和珠被绒毡层。大孢子母细胞的减数分裂后形成的四分体为直线型或T型排列,合点端的大孢子发育成为功能大孢子,其余3个大孢子则退化,表明胚囊发育方式为单孢子发生的蓼型胚囊。观察到每个雄花花药多数,花粉囊呈蝶形,每侧有2个小孢子囊。花药壁由外到内分别为表皮、药室内壁、中层和绒毡层,其中绒毡层为变形绒毡层类型。在小孢子形成时,胞质分裂属于连续型,小孢子排列成十字形的四分体,成熟花粉则为二胞花粉粒。