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土壤碳库构成研究进展 总被引:35,自引:5,他引:35
土壤碳库是陆地生态系统中最大的碳库。土壤碳库的构成影响其累积和分解,并直接影响全球陆地生态系统碳平衡,同时也影响土壤质量变化。弄清土壤碳库的组分及构成,是进一步研究土壤碳库变化机制的关键。综述了土壤碳库的组分和构成,对有机碳库进行不稳定性有机碳库和稳定有机碳库归类,描述各类碳库的性质,并对各类碳库的分析测定方法进行了评述。提出在土壤碳构成中增加黑碳和煤炭(碳)以完善土壤有机碳构成框架。在未来研究中,应加强土壤无机碳及湿地土壤和新开发新复垦的重构土壤碳库构成及变化,各类碳库化学构成,交叉重叠的定量关系,碳库之间的转化及在土壤中的迁移,黑碳对土壤碳库稳定性及土壤质量的影响,煤开采扰动区煤炭(碳)对土壤质量的影响及环境效应等科学问题的研究。 相似文献
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在高纬度高海拔区域气温增幅更大的背景下,高山亚高山森林土壤有机碳稳定性组分分配比关系以及由于此差异导致对增温的反馈效应均有待深入阐释。天山森林是以雪岭云杉(Picea Schrenkiana)为单优树种的温带针叶林,在天山北坡中山带(海拔约1760—2800 m)呈垂直落差超过1000 m的带状斑块分布,便于排除混交树种的影响,而量化土壤有机碳库稳定性组分分配比关系沿海拔的分异规律,及其对气候变化的响应情况。沿海拔梯度设置森林样地并分层采集土样,研究各土层土壤总有机碳库(CSOC)、活性碳库(Ca)、缓效性碳库(Cs)、惰性碳库(Cp)、微生物量碳(MBC)在海拔梯度上的变化特征,通过碳库活度(A)、碳库活度指数(AI)、碳库指数(CPI)、土壤碳密度(SOCD),探讨天山森林土壤有机碳稳定性组分沿海拔的分异特征。结果表明:(1)随着海拔的升高,天山中段北坡云杉森林土壤Ca占比逐步升高,Cs和Cp占比逐步降低,这意味着天山中段北坡云杉... 相似文献
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葡萄园生态系统是农业生态系统的重要组成部分, 集中连片栽培的葡萄园具有重要的生态价值。开展葡萄园生态系统碳源/汇的研究, 是完整探讨葡萄园生态系统碳循环必不可少的内容。随着葡萄生态学研究的进一步深入, 如何直观地揭示葡萄园生态系统碳循环规律和碳汇功能已经成为葡萄生态学领域关注的热点问题。研究发现, 葡萄园生态系统固定大量碳, 将碳封存在葡萄果实等一年生器官、主干等多年生器官以及土壤碳库中。葡萄园生态系统碳输入量大于碳输出量, 是碳汇; 土壤是葡萄园生态系统最大的碳库, 占总碳储量的70%, 尤其是土藤界面; 覆盖和免耕作为葡萄园的碳减排策略, 可以减少碳排放, 提高葡萄园土壤肥力。基于此, 为了阐明葡萄园生态系统的碳汇价值, 该文围绕葡萄生态学最新研究进展, 系统回顾了葡萄园生态系统中碳循环规律、碳汇研究进展及碳减排策略, 为葡萄生态学的研究提供理论基础, 并对本领域未来的研究方向和应用前景进行展望。 相似文献
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土壤有机碳分组方法及其在农田生态系统研究中的应用 总被引:18,自引:2,他引:18
农田土壤有机碳成分复杂,活性有机碳对管理措施具有敏感性,而惰性有机碳具有固碳作用.碳分组技术主要包括物理技术、化学技术和生物学技术.物理分组的依据是密度、粒径大小和空间分布,可分离出有机碳的活性组分和惰性组分.化学分组基于土壤有机碳在各种提取剂中的溶解性、水解性和化学反应性从而分离出各种组分:溶解性有机碳是生物可代谢有机碳,包括有机酸、酚类和糖类等;酸水解方法可将有机碳分成活性和惰性成分;利用KMnO4模拟酶氧化可分离出活性碳和非活性碳.利用生物技术可测定出微生物生物量碳和潜在可矿化碳.在不同农田管理措施下,有机碳组分的化学组成和库容会发生不同变化,对土壤有机碳沉积速率产生不同影响.为了探明土壤有机碳组分与碳沉积之间的定性或定量关系,今后应该加强对各种分组方法的标准化研究,探索不同分组方法的整合应用,针对不同农田管理措施,总结出适合的有机碳分组方法或联合分组方法. 相似文献
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Field measures of tree and shrub dimensions were used with established biomass equations in a stratified, two-stage cluster sampling design to estimate above-ground ovendry woody biomass and carbon storage of the eastern deciduous forest of North America. Biomass averaged 8.1 ± 1.4 (95% C.I.) kg/m2 and totaled 18.1 ± 3.1 (95% C.I.) gigatons. Carbon storage averaged 3.6 ± 0.6 (95% C.I.) kg/m2 and totaled 8.1 ± 1.4 (95% C.I.) gigatons. These values are lower than previous estimates commonly used in the analysis of the global carbon budget which range from 17.1 to 23.1 kg/m2 for biomass and 7.7 to 10.4 kg/m2 for carbon storage. These new estimates for the deciduous forest, together with earlier work in the boreal forest begin to reveal a pattern of overestimation of global carbon storage by vegetation in analyses of the global carbon budget. We discuss reasons for the differences between the new and earlier estimates, as well as implications for our understanding of the global carbon cycle. 相似文献
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城市森林及其管理相关政策作为减少CO2排放的有效策略得到了较为广泛的关注。采用材积源生物量方程与净初级生产力方法来定量分析了广州市城市森林碳储量和碳固定量,根据化石能源使用量及其碳排放因子核算了广州城市能源碳排放,最后评估了城市森林碳抵消效果。结果显示广州市城市森林碳储量为654.42×104t,平均碳密度为28.81 t/hm2,而森林碳固定量为658732 t/a,平均固碳率为2.90 t·hm-2·a-1。2005-2010年广州市年均能源碳排放则达到2907.41×104t。广州城市森林碳储量约为城市年均能源碳排放的22.51%,其通过碳固定年均能够抵消年均碳排放的2.27%,不过从城市森林综合效益来看其仍是城市低碳发展重要举措之一。分析了林型组成和林龄结构对于广州森林碳储量和碳固定量的影响,并从森林管理角度为城市森林碳汇提升提出建议。这些结果和讨论有助于评估城市森林碳汇在抵消碳排放中所起的效果。 相似文献
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常绿阔叶林与杉木林的土壤碳矿化潜力及其对土壤活性有机碳的影响 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16
采用室内土壤培养法,比较分析了湖南省会同地区常绿阔叶林、杉木纯林土壤有机碳的矿化速率和累计矿化量,分析了有机碳矿化量与土壤活性有机碳初始含量的关系。结果表明:常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳矿化速率和累计矿化量均显著高于杉木纯林。在培养的第21天,在培养温度为9℃和28℃条件下,常绿阔叶林0~10和10~20cm土层的土壤有机碳累计矿化量为杉木纯林的1.7~2.7倍。常绿阔叶林土壤有机碳矿化释放的CO2-C分配比例高于杉木纯林。林地土壤有机碳矿化量受土壤微生物碳、可溶性有机碳初始含量的影响(P<0.01)。土壤有机碳矿化使土壤微生物碳增加而可溶性有机碳下降,但变化幅度均不大。温度从9℃升高到28℃后,林地土壤有机碳矿化速率提高3.1~4.5倍;2林地有机碳矿化对温度的敏感性无显著差异。 相似文献
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能源对北京市城市碳循环的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
研究城市碳循环过程并阐明能源对碳循环的影响,可为城市节能减排政策的制定和实施提供参考依据。基于城市碳循环模型核算了2005—2014年北京市的碳储量和碳通量,并通过能源碳效应指数来探讨能源对城市碳循环的影响。结果表明人为碳储量是北京市总碳储量增加的主要驱动力。北京市的碳输入主要来自水平方向,表明北京市的发展在很大程度上依赖于外部环境的物质供给;北京市的碳输出主要是能源消耗产生的垂直碳输出。能源活动相关的碳通量占北京市总碳通量的比重,即能源碳效应,在2006年高达79.46%,而后开始呈波动下降的趋势。能源对北京市碳循环影响最大的是垂直输出方向,其次是水平输入方向,因此低碳城市建设需要加强对垂直碳通量和水平碳通量的调节和管理,尤其是与能源活动相关的碳通量,与此同时,保护自然植被和增加生态用地对提高城市碳减排能力也至关重要。 相似文献
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Impact of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition on Carbon Dynamics in Two Scots Pine Forest Soils of Northern Germany 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The impact of atmospheric N deposition on the dynamics of various carbon fractions was investigated in two Scots pine forest
soils (cambisol, podzol) of Northern Germany in microcosm experiments. Total organic carbon (TOC), CO2 emission, microbial carbon (Cmic) as well as organic hot- and coldwater extractable carbon fractions (Chwe, Ccwe) were analyzed before, during, and after soil incubation in microcosms, run in three treatments: 0, +45, and +90 kg N ha−1a−1. On both sites, the N treatment showed no response to total organic carbon (TOC) contents in most of the investigated soil
layers. Microbial carbon (Cmic) was significantly increased in the organic layer of both soil types by the N application. Subsequent to the N application,
the CO2 emission increased in all mineral soil layers of the cambisol but remained almost unaffected in the podzol. After the N application,
a remarkable increase of hotwater extractable C (Chwe) was detected for the organic layer of the cambisol but not for the podzol, whereas coldwater extractable C (Ccwe) concentrations decreased at both sites. The N application did not have a significant impact on the leachate concentrations
of total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and particulate organic carbon (POC) in the podzol, whereas
the concentrations of these C fractions were decreased in the organic layer and the 35–70~cm mineral soil layer of the cambisol.
The N treatment changed the contents of most of the investigated C fractions in both soil types and resulted in a considerable
C~mobilization. But the processes of the C~mobilization between the cambisol and the podzol were completely different. According
to the presented data, the cambisol obtaining moderate atmospheric N loads is much more sensitive to additional N inputs than
the podzol that already received high amounts of atmospheric N. 相似文献
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Carbon budgets of wetland ecosystems in China 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Derong Xiao Lei Deng Dong‐Gill Kim Chunbo Huang Kun Tian 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(6):2061-2076
Wetlands contain a large proportion of carbon (C) in the biosphere and partly affect climate by regulating C cycles of terrestrial ecosystems. China contains Asia's largest wetlands, accounting for about 10% of the global wetland area. Although previous studies attempted to estimate C budget in China's wetlands, uncertainties remain. We conducted a synthesis to estimate C uptake and emission of wetland ecosystems in China using a dataset compiled from published literature. The dataset comprised 193 studies, including 370 sites representing coastal, river, lake and marsh wetlands across China. In addition, C stocks of different wetlands in China were estimated using unbiased data from the China Second Wetlands Survey. The results showed that China's wetlands sequestered 16.87 Pg C (315.76 Mg C/ha), accounting for about 3.8% of C stocks in global wetlands. Net ecosystem productivity, jointly determined by gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration, exhibited annual C sequestration of 120.23 Tg C. China's wetlands had a total gaseous C loss of 173.20 Tg C per year from soils, including 154.26 Tg CO2‐C and 18.94 Tg CH4‐C emissions. Moreover, C stocks, uptakes and gaseous losses varied with wetland types, and were affected by geographic location and climatic factors (precipitation and temperature). Our results provide better estimation of the C budget in China's wetlands and improve understanding of their contribution to the global C cycle in the context of global climate change. 相似文献
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利用第八次森林资源连续清查数据和不同树种的树干密度、含碳率等参数,运用生物量清单法,估算了西藏自治区森林乔木层植被碳储量和碳密度.结果表明: 西藏森林生态系统乔木层植被总碳储量为1.067×109 t,平均碳密度为72.49 t·hm-2.不同林分乔木层碳储量依次为:乔木林>散生木>疏林>四旁树.不同林种乔木层碳储量大小依次为:防护林>特殊用途林>用材林>薪炭林,其中前两者所占比例为88.5%;不同林种乔木层平均碳密度为88.09 t·hm-2.不同林组乔木层碳储量与其分布面积排序一致,依次为:成熟林>过熟林>近熟林>中龄林>幼龄林.其中,成熟林乔木层碳储量占不同林组乔木层总碳储量的50%,并且不同林组乔木层碳储量随着林龄的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势. 相似文献
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Chuancheng Fu Yuan Li Lin Zeng Haibo Zhang Chen Tu Qian Zhou Kuanxu Xiong Jiaping Wu Carlos M. Duarte Peter Christie Yongming Luo 《Global Change Biology》2021,27(1):202-214
Global vegetated coastal habitats (VCHs) represent a large sink for organic carbon (OC) stored within their soils. The regional patterns and causes of spatial variation, however, remain uncertain. The sparsity and regional bias of studies on soil OC stocks from Chinese VCHs have limited the reliable estimation of their capacity as regional and global OC sinks. Here, we use field and published data from 262 sampled soil cores and 181 surface soils to report estimates of soil OC stocks, burial rates and losses of VCHs in China. We find that Chinese mangrove, salt marsh and seagrass habitats have relatively low OC stocks, storing 6.3 ± 0.6, 7.5 ± 0.6, and 1.6 ± 0.6 Tg C (±95% confidence interval) in the top meter of the soil profile with burial rates of 44 ± 17, 159 ± 57, and 6 ± 45 Gg C/year, respectively. The variability in the soil OC stocks is linked to biogeographic factors but is mostly impacted by sedimentary processes and anthropic activities. All habitats have experienced significant losses, resulting in estimated emissions of 94.2–395.4 Tg CO2e (carbon dioxide equivalent) over the past 70 years. Reversing this trend through conservation and restoration measures has, therefore, great potential in contributing to the mitigation of climate change while providing additional benefits. This assessment, on a national scale from highly sedimentary environments under intensive anthropogenic pressures, provides important insights into blue carbon sink mechanism and sequestration capacities, thus contributing to the synchronous progression of global blue carbon management. 相似文献
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可溶性碳(Dissolved carbon,DC)和颗粒碳(particulate carbon,PC)通量作为森林生态系统碳收支的重要组分,在森林固碳功能的评价和模型预测中具有重要意义,但常因认识不足、测定困难等而在森林碳汇研究中被忽略。综述了森林生态系统DC和PC的组成、作用、相关生态过程及其影响因子,并展望了该领域应该优先考虑的研究问题。森林生态系统DC和PC主要包括可溶性有机碳、可溶性无机碳和颗粒有机碳,主要来源于生态系统的净初级生产量。DC和PC是森林土壤的活性碳库,主要以大气沉降、穿透雨和凋落物的形式输入森林土壤系统,并通过土壤呼吸、侧向运输及渗透流失的方式输出生态系统。从局域尺度看,DC和PC通量受根系分泌、细根分解、微生物周转等生物过程的影响较大;从区域尺度看,它们受土壤和植被特性、生态过程耦联关系、气候因子以及全球变化的综合影响。该领域应该优先考虑:(1)探索不同时空尺度下森林生态系统DC和PC通量的控制因子及其耦联关系,揭示其中的驱动机理;(2)探索DC和PC与其它森林生态系统碳组分的相互关系及转化,阐明DC和PC通量与其它养分之间潜在的生态化学计量关系;(3)探索全球变化,特别是人类活动(如森林经营)和极端干扰事件(如林火、旱涝、冰冻、冻融交替等)对森林生态系统DC和PC通量的影响。 相似文献
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秦岭山地碳中和空间服务范围及其模拟预测 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
在当前碳中和背景下,秦岭山地碳中和的量化及其空间服务范围的测算对于碳中和合理规划和快速实现具有重要意义。采用IUEMS (Intelligent Urban Ecosystem Management System)系统对秦岭山地的固碳量进行核算,利用DMSP/OLS (Defense Meteorological Satellite Program/Operational Linescan System)和NPP-VIIRS (Net Primary Productivity-Visible infrared Imaging Radiometer)夜间灯光数据和各地市的能源消耗数据通过模型拟合对秦岭山地碳排放量进行空间量化,基于固碳量和碳排放量得到秦岭山地空间碳中和量。利用PLUS (Patch-generating Land Use Simulation Model)模型模拟了2030和2050年的碳中和空间分布,结合常见气体扩散系数计算得到常温常压下秦岭山地碳中和对周边区域的服务范围。结果表明:2000-2020年秦岭山地固碳量呈现上升的趋势,大部分区域不同时间尺度上的固碳速率呈正向趋势,空间上秦岭山地中西部区域固碳量整体较大;对秦岭固碳量影响较大的地形特征为海拔1200m左右、斜坡、半阳坡和半阴坡;研究区内碳排放量空间上整体较低,碳排放低值区面积占到了秦岭总面积的90%,碳排放较大区域主要位于秦岭北坡的城区区域,时间上碳排放量最大值为先增加后减少的变化趋势;2000-2050年秦岭山地碳汇服务范围为174-262.63km,服务范围在空间上呈逐渐扩大趋势,2030年后其扩大程度将略有减少。 相似文献
17.
农作物生产过程既是碳源,也是碳汇。研究作物生产过程中碳吸收、碳排放特征对区域农业碳减排具有重要意义。以陕北区域为例,采用高分辨率遥感数据,结合GEE遥感云平台和随机森林算法,获取了作物种植分布信息,并建立碳吸收排放测算模型,分析了陕北地区2021年农田作物的碳源/汇效应、碳足迹及其空间分布格局。结果表明:①陕北种植的粮食作物主要为玉米、稻谷、薯类、豆类,经济作物主要为蔬菜、苹果、枣树,这七类作物集中分布在延安南部河谷区域和榆林西北部区域。②除枣类外,陕北地区其余作物的碳吸收量均高于碳排放量,以碳汇功能为主,其中,玉米和苹果分别对该地区碳吸收、碳排放的贡献率最高,碳吸收、排放量分别达到了189.74×104 t和11.41×104 t,苹果、薯类和枣类碳足迹较高,分别达到了9.92×104 hm2、8.77×104 hm2和21.65×104 hm2,其余作物碳足迹处于0.26-1.49×104 hm2之间。③从空间上看,研究区单位面积农田碳吸收量呈现西北高、南部低的分布格局,而碳排放量、碳足迹分布正好相反,南部高、西北低。④研究区可通过培育高产品种、优化施肥量、控制农膜农药用量、调整作物种植结构等措施,提高作物固碳效应,促进农业生产碳减排。 相似文献
18.
小兴安岭4种典型阔叶红松林土壤有机碳分解特性 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
土壤有机碳分解是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分.主要采用土壤有机碳释放速率的室内培养实验的方法,并根据三库一级动力学模型,对小兴安岭地区4种典型阔叶红松林的土壤有机碳分解特征及各组分含量进行研究.实验结果如下:(1)土壤有机碳的分解趋势表现为前期迅速,后期缓慢,并且土壤腐殖质层(A)大于淀积层(B);在4种阔叶红松林中,云冷杉红松林土壤有机碳的分解速率最大,枫桦红松林最小;土壤有机碳的分解速率与土壤总有机碳、活性碳及土壤的C/N呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.05).(2)在土壤A层和B层,4种阔叶红松林的活性碳分别占总有机碳的0.89%-1.78%和1.91%-2.87%,平均驻留时间为12-35 d和27-58 d.缓效性碳占总有机碳的22.58%-28.44%和23.87%-42.63%,平均驻留时间为4-19 a和18-37 a.惰性碳占总有机碳的69.98%-76.24%和54.50%-74.22%,平均驻留时间为173 a;土壤有机碳各组分含量及驻留时间的大小顺序均为:云冷杉红松林>椴树红松林>枫桦红松林>蒙古栎红松林. 相似文献
19.
Frasier L. Liljestrand Thomas A. Laakso Francis A. Macdonald Daniel P. Schrag David T. Johnston 《Geobiology》2020,18(4):476-485
Throughout most of the sedimentary record, the marine carbon cycle is interpreted as being in isotopic steady state. This is most commonly inferred via isotopic reconstructions, where two export fluxes (organic carbon and carbonate) are offset by a constant isotopic fractionation of ~25 (termed ). Sedimentary deposits immediately overlying the Marinoan snowball Earth diamictites, however, stray from this prediction. In stratigraphic sections from the Ol Formation (Mongolia) and Sheepbed Formation (Canada), we observe a temporary excursion where the organic matter has anomalously heavy C and is grossly decoupled from the carbonate C. This signal may reflect the unique biogeochemical conditions that persisted in the aftermath of snowball Earth. For example, physical oceanographic modeling suggests that a strong density gradient caused the ocean to remain stratified for about 50,000 years after termination of the Marinoan snowball event, during which time the surface ocean and continental weathering consumed the large atmospheric CO2 reservoir. Further, we now better understand how C records of carbonate can be post‐depostionally altered and thus be misleading. In an attempt to explain the observed carbon isotope record, we developed a model that tracks the fluxes and isotopic values of carbon between the surface ocean, deep ocean, and atmosphere. By comparing the model output to the sedimentary data, stratification alone cannot generate the anomalous observed isotopic signal. Reproducing the heavy C in organic matter requires the progressively diminishing contribution of an additional anomalous source of organic matter. The exact source of this organic matter is unclear. 相似文献
20.
四川长宁毛竹林碳储量与碳汇能力估测 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
利用生物量法研究了四川长宁毛竹林(Phyllostachys edulis)碳密度、碳储量及其空间分配格局,并对毛竹林碳汇能力进行了估算。结果表明:(1)毛竹立竹各器官的平均含碳率波动范围为462.37—480.68 g/kg,不同龄级毛竹各器官含碳率差异不显著。土壤有机碳含量为15.77 g/kg,不同土层差异极显著;(2)毛竹立竹碳储量为40.92 t/hm2,其中竹竿碳储量所占比例为51.49%,竹杆、竹枝、竹叶地上部分碳储量为26.76 t/hm2,占立竹碳储量的65.39%,地上碳储量为地下碳储量的1.89倍;(3)毛竹林总碳储量为156.57 t/hm2,其中土壤是其最大的碳库,为113.54 t/hm2,占总碳储量的72.52%,立竹碳储量所占比例为26.14%,林下植被碳库最小,为0.52 t/hm2,只占总碳储量的0.33%,可忽略不计;(4)毛竹林年生产量为20.28 t/hm2,年固碳量为9.43 t/hm2,相当于每年固定CO2量34.57 t/hm2,固碳能力较强。 相似文献