Comparative field study to evaluate the performance of three different traps for collecting sand flies in northeastern Italy

Three standard methods for collecting sand flies (sticky trap, CDC light trap, and CO₂ trap) were compared in a field study conducted from June to October, 2012, at a site located in the center of a newly established autochthonous focus of canine leishmaniasis in northeastern Italy. Six traps (two sticky traps, two CDC light traps, and two CO₂ traps) were activated at the same time for a single night every two weeks during the season of sand fly activity. A total of 5,667 sand flies were collected and 2,213 identified, of which 82.1% were Phlebotomus perniciosus, 17.4% P. neglectus, 0.3% Sergentomya minuta, and 0.2% P. mascitti. The performances of all traps were influenced by their position inside the site, increasing with proximity to the animal shelters. CO₂ traps were more attractive for females of P. perniciosus and P. neglectus. CDC light traps showed an intermediate efficiency and were more attractive for P. neglectus, compared to other two traps. Results suggest that in northern Italy the CO₂ trap is a suitable sampling method for sand fly monitoring programs that include transmitted pathogen surveillance.     

Performance of light‐emitting diode traps for collecting sand flies in entomological surveys in Argentina

The performance of two light‐emitting diode traps with white and black light for capturing phlebotomine sand flies, developed by the Argentinean Leishmaniasis Research Network (REDILA‐WL and REDILA‐BL traps), were compared with the traditional CDC incandescent light trap. Entomological data were obtained from six sand fly surveys conducted in Argentina in different environments. Data analyses were conducted for the presence and the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis, Migonemyia migonei, and Nyssomyia whitmani (106 sites). No differences were found in presence/absence among the three types of traps for all sand fly species (p>0.05). The collection mean of Lu. longipalpis from the REDILA‐BL didn´t differ from the CDC trap means, nor were differences seen between the REDILA‐WL and the CDC trap collection means (p>0.05), but collections were larger from the REDILA‐BL trap compared to the REDILA‐WL trap (p<0.05). For Mg. migonei and Ny. whitmani, no differences were found among the three types of traps in the number of individuals captured (p>0.05). These results suggest that both REDILA traps could be used as an alternative capture tool to the original CDC trap for surveillance of these species, and that the REDILA‐BL will also allow a comparable estimation of the abundance of these flies to the CDC light trap captures. In addition, the REDILA‐BL has better performance than the REDILA‐WL, at least for Lu. longipalpis.     

Comparative efficacy of three suction traps for collecting phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) in open habitats

The efficacy of three suction traps for trapping phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) was compared. Traps were baited with Co₂ and used without any light source. CO₂‐baited CDC traps were evaluated either in their standard downdraft orientation or inverted (iCDC traps). Mosquito Magnet‐X (MMX) counterflow geometry traps were tested in the updraft orientation only. Both updraft traps (iCDC and MMX) were deployed with their opening ～10 cm from the ground while the opening of the downdraft (CDC) trap was ～40 cm above ground. Comparisons were conducted in two arid locations where different sand fly species prevail. In the Jordan Valley, 3,367 sand flies were caught, 2,370 of which were females. The predominant species was Phlebotomus (Phlebotomus) papatasi, Scopoli 1786 (>99%). The updraft‐type traps iCDC and MMX caught an average of 118 and 67.1 sand flies per trap night, respectively. The CDC trap caught 32.9 sand flies on average per night, significantly less than the iCDC traps. In the Judean desert, traps were arranged in a 3×3 Latin square design. A total of 565 sand flies were caught, 345 of which were females. The predominant species was P. (Paraphlebotomus) sergenti Parrot 1917 (87%). The updraft traps iCDC and MMX caught an average of 25.6 and 17.9 sand flies per trap per night, respectively. The CDC trap caught 7.8 sand flies on average per night, significantly less than the iCDC traps. The female to male ratio was 1.7 on average for all trap types. In conclusion, updraft traps deployed with their opening close to the ground are clearly more effective for trapping sand flies than downdraft CDC traps in open habitats.     

Mosquito fauna of the Guapiaçu Ecological Reserve,Cachoeiras de Macacu,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil, collected under the influence of different color CDC light traps

The objective of the present study was to identify mosquito fauna and to evaluate whether different light bulb colors influence the attraction of light traps in the Guapiaçu Ecological Reserve. Samples were obtained monthly during the period of February, 2012 to January, 2013. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) light traps with incandescent light bulbs and LED (ultraviolet, blue, green, and red) bulbs were utilized. In total, 8,170 specimens were captured, including 59 species. The presence of Anopheles nimbus (Theobald 1902) and Orthopodomyia fascipes Coquillet 1906 were recorded for the first time in the state of Rio de Janeiro. The green LED trap attracted the highest number of specimens and presented the highest diversity and mosquito average. The blue and green LED traps attracted the highest number of species. However, the differences between lights were not significant. The most common species were Coquillettidia juxtamansonia (Chagas 1907), Culex declarator Dyar and Knab 1906, and Culex ribeirensis Forattini and Sallum 1985.     

Phlebotomus sergenti (Parrot, 1917) identified as Leishmania killicki host in Ghardaïa, south Algeria

Since 2005, an outbreak of human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Gharda?a, south Algeria, was studied and one output of these investigations was the identification of two Leishmania species, Leishmania major and Leishmania killicki, as the CL causative agents. In the present study, we were curious to focus on sand fly fauna present in this area and detection of Leishmania-positive sand fly females. Sand flies (3717) were collected during two seasons using sticky papers and CDC light traps in urban, rural and sylvatic sites. Twelve Phlebotomus species were identified. Phlebotomus papatasi was dominant in the urban site while Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus riouxi/chabaudi were dominant in the sylvatic site. Out of 74 P. sergenti females captured by CDC light traps in the sylvatic site populated by Gharda?as' Gundi (Massoutiera mzabi), three ones were hosting Leishmania promastigotes. PCR-RFLP and sequencing of seven single-copy coding DNA sequences identified the promastigotes as L. killicki. Furthermore, laboratory experiments revealed that L. killicki isolate sampled from a CL patient inhabiting the studied region develop well in P. sergenti females. Our findings strongly suggest that the human cutaneous leishmaniases caused by L. killicki is a zoonotic disease with P. sergenti sand flies acting as hosts and vectors and gundi rodents as reservoirs.     

The role of Palmyra palm trees (Borassus flabellifer) and sand fly distribution in northeastern India

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), known as Kala-azar in India, is a parasite transmitted by the bite of the sand fly vector Phlebotomus argentipes. Published information on the species indicates it is a poor flyer, mainly hopping and gliding. This study describes the vector as more arboreal than previously documented. Data collected indicate the ability of P. argentipes and Sergentomyia spp to attain vertical heights in Palmyra palm trees Borassus flabellifer up to 18.4 m above ground level. To determine if sand flies were either climbing the tree trunk to rest in the canopy or flying, sticky traps were set around the tree trunk and checked for captures overnight. CDC traps set in the palm tree canopy resulted in the capture of 5,067 sand flies, 3,990 of which were P. argentipes. Traps were set during daylight hours to determine if sand flies remained and rested in the canopy. A total of 128 sand flies were trapped over 29 trap days in the palm trees. With the CDC traps, 130 P. argentipes and no Sergentomyia spp were captured. The converse was true for the sticky traps set around tree trunks 3 m below the CDC traps. Of the 105 sand flies collected, only one was P. argentipes and 104 were Sergentomyia spp. As reported elsewhere, this indicates Sergentomyia spp tend to climb and hop, wheareas P. argentipes are capable of longer and more sustained flight. Data presented herein suggest that P. argentipes is more exophylic and exophagic than previously reported. These findings have implications for sand fly control.     

Study on phlebotomine sand fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) fauna in Belo Horizonte, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil

A study on the phlebotomine sand fly fauna in Belo Horizonte city, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, was carried out. From April 2001 to March 2003, monthly systematic collections were performed in three houses from each of the nine regions of the city, using CDC light traps for four consecutive days. The traps were set into the houses and in peridomestic areas totaling 54 traps. A number of 3871 sand fly specimens of the genera Lutzomyia and Brumptomyia were collected. Sixty eight percent of the specimens were L. longipalpis and 16% L. whitmani, insect vectors of visceral and American cutaneous leishmaniasis, respectively. Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and frequency of precipitation suggest that the number of insects increases after rainy periods. During the same period mentioned above, seasonal captures were carried out in parks and green areas of Belo Horizonte, using Shannon trap. A total of 579 phlebotomine sand flies were collected from which 398 (68.7%) were females with the predominance of L. whitmani and L. monticola. Those specimens were used for natural infection examination, by polymerase chain reaction. No Leishmania DNA was present in any of the specimens tested.     

Comparison of sand fly trapping approaches for vector surveillance of Leishmania and Bartonella species in ecologically distinct,endemic regions of Peru

BackgroundIn Peru, the information regarding sand fly vectors of leishmaniasis and bartonellosis in the Amazon region is limited. In this study, we carried out sand fly collections in Peruvian lowland and highland jungle areas using different trap type configurations and screened them for Leishmania and Bartonella DNA.Methodology/Principal findingsPhlebotomine sand flies were collected in Peruvian Amazon jungle and inter Andean regions using CDC light trap, UV and color LED traps, Mosquito Magnet trap, BG Sentinel trap, and a Shannon trap placed outside the houses. Leishmania spp. screening was performed by kDNA PCR and confirmed by a nested cytochrome B gene (cytB) PCR. Bartonella spp. screening was performed by ITS PCR and confirmed by citrate synthase gene (gltA). The PCR amplicons were sequenced to identify Leishmania and Bartonella species.UV and Blue LED traps collected the highest average number of sand flies per hour in low jungle; UV, Mosquito Magnet and Shannon traps in high jungle; and Mosquito Magnet in inter Andean region. Leishmania guyanensis in Lutzomyia carrerai carrerai and L. naiffi in Lu. hirsuta hirsuta were identified based on cytB sequencing. Bartonella spp. related to Bartonella bacilliformis in Lu. whitmani, Lu. nevesi, Lu. hirsuta hirsuta and Lu. sherlocki, and a Bartonella sp. related to Candidatus B. rondoniensis in Lu. nevesi and Lu. maranonensis were identified based on gltA gene sequencing.Conclusions/SignificanceUV, Blue LED, Mosquito Magnet and Shannon traps were more efficient than the BG-Sentinel, Green, and Red LED traps. This is the first report of L. naiffi and of two genotypes of Bartonella spp. related to B. bacilliformis and Candidatus B. rondoniensis infecting sand fly species from the Amazon region in Peru.     

Recent findings of Phlebotomus neglectus Tonnoir, 1921 in Italy and its western limit of distribution

During the sand fly season of 2001, sand flies were collected in two different regions of Italy to investigate the northern distribution of Phlebotomus neglectus. The study areas were two provinces of northern Italy, Ivrea and Verona, in Piedmont and Veneto regions respectively. Sticky traps and CDC miniature light traps were used both inside and outside domestic and peri-domestic environments. Sand flies were also collected in domestic resting sites with mouth and electric aspirators. Of 1,295 sand fly specimens collected, 855 were from the Veneto region and 440 were from the Piedmont region. Five species of the genera Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia were identified. S. minuta (66.3%) was the most abundant sand fly followed by P. perniciosus (22.2%), P. neglectus (10.3%) and P. papatasi (1.2%). Only one specimen of P. mascittii was caught in Piedmont region. P. neglectus was found in 9 out of 15 (60%) of the sites where sand flies were found with a prevalence of 1.5% to 45.8%; the highest value was recorded in Piedmont region. P. neglectus was mostly associated with peridomestic and domestic sites. The results confirm previous observations on the presence of P. neglectus in northern Italy and suggest that this species is probably widespread in the area. From a review of all previous published and unpublished records of P. neglectus, it appears that this species is present in only two areas of the country, namely in the regions of Friuli Venezia Giulia, Veneto and Piedmont in northern Italy and the regions of Calabria, Apulia and Sicily in southern Italy. The apparent absence of P. neglectus in Central Italy is discussed and the resulting settlement through two probable migration routes from the East is analysed.     

Attraction of stink bugs to rocket traps with different combinations of wing and landing board color

The stink bugs, Halyomorpha halys and Riptortus pedestris, are two of the most economically important pests of leguminous crops and fruits in Korea. Here we present the results from a field monitoring test that evaluated the effect of variation in rocket trap type and color on stink bugs captures. We tested various types of rocket traps, along with wing combinations and landing boards of various colors. The test was run in soybean fields in Miryang, Korea. We developed a modified rocket trap intended to enhance the capture efficacy of stink bugs. We evaluated traps including (1) yellow rocket trap with a solar fan and blue LED lamp, (2) a yellow trap with solar fan but no light, (3) rocket traps with black, green, yellow, white, red, brown, and blue color stimuli, (4) different color combinations of trap wings, and (5) traps with a landing board were evaluated. Our results showed that yellow winged rocket traps with solar fans and blue LED lamps attracted significantly more stink bug species than other traps, in both soybean fields. Use of these improved traps such as a yellow trap with a solar fan and blue LED lamp, and a yellow trap with a solar fan would therefore enhance the monitoring and capture of stink bugs in diversified agro-ecological landscapes. The potential use of traps with a specific hue, combination of features, and modifications to monitor stink bugs accurately is discussed. Continuing improvements to traps to meet the demands of a changing pest landscape and agricultural mechanization are needed.     

Seasonal abundance, number of annual generations, and effect of an entomopathogenic fungus on Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae)

The monthly density of the sand fly, Phlebotomus Papatasi Scopoli (Diptera: Psychodidae), was monitored during 2009 at Burg El-Arab, a rural district located close to the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. The number of annual generations and the efficacy of microbial control by the entomopathogenic fungus, Metrahizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok (Ma79), were determined in the laboratory under atmospheric conditions, simulating those of the animal shelters in the study area. We used two collecting techniques; CDC light traps and oiled paper traps, to quantify sand fly density inside houses and in the open field. Adult flies exhibited a seasonal range from April to December. The seasonal pattern was bimodal, with one peak in July and the second one in October. Calculations of the correlation coefficient (r) revealed a significant role of temperature and relative humidity in the monthly abundance of the sand flies in the study area. P. papatasi colony completed seven annual generations under semifield conditions, but the mean developmental time of each immature stage and the mean total duration of development from egg to adult for each generation varied according to the prevailing temperature. The longest generation time was observed in winter (the mean ± SD was 118 ± 11.70 d), and the shortest one occurred at the highest temperatures in summer (the mean ± SD was 25.21 ± 2.04 d). In microbial control studies, the entomopathogenic fungus, M. anisopliae, was used at 15 × 10(8) spores/g food as a standard dose against the second-instar larvae of P. papatasi at the different seasons during 2009. Mortality reached 100% in winter and decreased to 56.0% as the prevailing temperature increased during the summer season.     

Performance of painted plywood and cloth Nzi traps relative to Manitoba and greenhead traps for tabanids and stable flies

Experiments were conducted to adapt the cloth Nzi trap to a format suitable for fixed applications in biting fly sampling or control. Catches of tabanids [Tabanus L., Chrysops (Meigen), and Hybomitra Enderlein], and stable flies [Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)] in painted plywood traps were compared with those in standard phthalogen blue cloth traps, and in similarly painted cloth traps. The Manitoba horse fly trap and the Tabanus nigrovittatus Macquart "greenhead" box trap were used as additional standards during one tabanid season. Shiny features of traps reduced catches, e.g., paint on cloth instead of wood, or use of aluminum screening instead of netting. Nevertheless, appropriately painted plywood Nzi traps caught as many biting flies as did standard cloth Nzi traps, if paint finishes were matte, and with the use of phthalogen blue colorants. Nzi traps collected about the same tabanid fauna as the Manitoba and T. nigrovittatus traps, but with improved catches of Chrysops and Tabanus. Recommendations are provided on appropriate color matching, and selection of readily-available materials for trap construction.     

Evaluation of light-emitting diodes as attractant for sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in northeastern Brazil

Hoover Pugedo light traps were modified for use with green and blue-light-emitting diodes to trap phlebotomine sandflies in northeastern Brazil. A total of 2,267 specimens belonging to eight genera and 15 species were sampled. The predominant species were Nyssomyia whitmani(34.41%) and Micropygomyia echinatopharynx(17.25%).The green LED trap prevailed over the blue and control lights; however, no statistically significant difference could be detected among the three light sources. Even without statistical significance, we suggest using LEDs as an attractant for the capture of sandflies because of several advantages over the conventional method with incandescent lamps.     

Effectiveness of portable solar-powered light-emitting diode insect trap: Experimental investigation in a groundnut field

Pest control is a major challenging component in agricultural and horticultural crops. Recently, the light-emitting diode (LED) trap driven by solar energy is a growing eco-friendly technology in pest control. The study was aimed to design, fabricate and investigate the effectiveness of a portable solar-powered LED trap for monitoring insect pests. The trap is compressed into a photovoltaic panel, battery, LED array, solar rectifier, insect collection tray, and PVC legs. Four different coloured LEDs viz., ultraviolet (UV)-405 nm, blue-470 nm, green-525 nm and red-630 nm were studied. The study was conducted in a groundnut field during the autumn season for 15 days. The results showed that the UV LED trap captured significantly more insects than the blue, green, and red LED traps except for Helicoverpa armigera. The average attraction of Spodoptera litura, Aproaerema modicella, Amsacta albistriga, Scirtothrips dorsalis, Aphis craccivora, and Empoasca kerri population to UV LED trap was 77.17 ± 18.89, 64.67 ± 12.91, 39 ± 16.80, 43.33 ± 18.30, 38.33 ± 17.08 and 33.17 ± 10.94, respectively. The red LED trap captured the least number of insects; however, the attraction of A. albistriga to the red LED was higher than the blue and green LED traps. Arcsine transformation (AT) was applied to transform experimental trap efficiency. UV LED trap had a significantly higher AT value than other LED traps. Overall mean AT values for UV, green, blue, and red LED traps were 34.98, 31.06, 29.87 and 22.87, respectively. The proposed portable solar-assisted LED trap could be a promising and effective pest control tool in areas where inconsistent electricity supply.     

Effect of light colours and weather conditions on captures of Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)

To study the phototactic responses of white‐backed planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) to different wavelengths, four colours of light traps (blue, green, yellow and red light‐emitting diodes) were placed in the same rice field along with a traditional black light trap. This study revealed that S. furcifera and N. lugens are more attracted to blue and green lights than that to yellow and red lights. During the 24 nights, compared with the black light trap, the blue LED trap could catch more rice planthoppers at 17 nights. Furthermore, catches of other species (moths and beetles) were substantially reduced in blue LED light traps. Multiple regression models were developed to assess the effect of weather factors on light trap catches of rice planthoppers. Rainfall and mean air temperature at a night mainly affected light trap catches of S. furcifera. Higher rainfall and lower temperature increased light trap catches of S. furcifera. However, wind speed was the main factor affecting the catches of N. lugens, and the lower incidence of catches was found in the night when wind speed exceeded 3.08 m/s. S. furcifera may be flying against wind at light wind nights by 0.3–1.5 m/s, whereas N. lugens may be flying down at strong wind nights by 1.5–3.08 m/s. Relative humidity did not significantly influence on trap catches. Consequently, light wavelengths, precipitation, average temperature and wind should be considered when monitoring rice planthoppers by light traps. Therefore, the blue LED light traps are worth using for monitoring planthoppers.     

瓢虫的趋光性反应研究

以六斑月瓢虫Menochilus sexmaculata Fabricius和狭臀瓢虫Coccinella transversalis Fabricius为例,研究了瓢虫对不同光质(波长)的趋光性反应。在室内分别测定了六斑月瓢虫和狭臀瓢虫对5种发光二极管(LED)光波的趋性,以及在田间挂板(佳多)测定了瓢虫对色板的选择趋性。室内测定结果表明,瓢虫对黄色和白色LED光波的选择趋性显著高于与其它颜色;田间挂板试验表明,黄色对瓢虫的诱杀作用最强。综合分析,黄色对瓢虫有强烈的吸引作用,建议在使用黄板进行田间监测和防治时应考虑对天敌瓢虫的诱杀作用。     

Improving the selectivity of water traps for monitoring populations of the cabbage root fly

Traps placed within brassica crops to monitor changes in cabbage root fly activity could be made more selective by painting black the inner wall of the standard fluorescent yellow water-traps. Traps could also be made more selective by covering them with cylinders of Netlon mesh, although this procedure reduces the numbers of cabbage root fly caught by about 70%. Of the single-coloured traps tested, those painted “marigold” yellow were the most selective in capturing female cabbage root flies. Although white and certain blue traps were as effective as the best yellow traps at capturing cabbage root flies, such traps should be avoided, as they catch 4–5 times as many of the closely-related bean seed fly. The presence of bean seed flies makes cabbage root fly identification more difficult and adds considerably to the time required to sort trap catches.     

Richness and diversity of sand flies (Diptera,Psychodidae) in an Atlantic rainforest reserve in southeastern Brazil

Our objective was to study and evaluate the richness and diversity of Phlebotominae fauna in the Duas Bocas Biological Reserve (DBBR) in the state of Espírito Santo, in southeastern Brazil. Sand fly collections were carried out during four consecutive nights each month between August 2007 and July 2008 at DBBR by using CDC automatic light traps and an illuminated Shannon trap. Specific richness (S) and Shannon diversity index (H) was calculated for each trap. We collected 18,868 sand flies belonging to 29 species and 13 genera. Nyssomyia yuilli yuilli was the most abundant species followed by Psychodopygus ayrozai, Ps. hirsutus, Psathyromyia pascalei, and Ps. matosi. We recorded Brumptomyia cardosoi, Br. troglodytes, and Ps. geniculatus for the first time in the state of Espírito Santo. We discuss the differences in diversity and richness of the sand flies in both traps and in relation to other Brazilian localities and biomes. We also discuss the possibility of wild transmission of Leishmania in the DBBR and the influence of the sand fly species in leishmaniasis transmission to the adjacent areas of the reserve.     

The photokinesis of oriental fruit flies,Bactrocera dorsalis,to LED lights of various wavelengths

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel (Diptera: Tephritidae), is an invasive pest of orchards around the world, particularly in Asian countries such as China. Light traps offer a potential means for pest monitoring and management. This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of the fly to light and investigate the impact of monochromatic light in the sensitivity spectrum on B. dorsalis. Six light wavelengths in LEDs – green (522 nm), yellow (596 nm), blue (450 nm), red (633 nm), purple (440 nm), and white (compound light) – were adapted to test responses of 5‐, 10‐, and 20‐day‐old B. dorsalis adults kept in laboratory conditions. We also tested the effects of green and red lights on pupal development and adults’ life activities. The results indicated a phototaxis preference rank in B. dorsalis adults to monochromatic LEDs with, in decreasing order, green, yellow, purple, blue, and red. Moreover, positive phototaxis significantly increased with age. Male adults are more sensitive than female adults to test lights, mainly at the age of 10 and 20 days. Emergence rates of pupae exposed to 12 and 24 h green light daily were 42 and 67%, respectively, whereas controls held in red light emerged at 33 and 37%, respectively. Furthermore, body weight, female fecundity, and mortality of B. dorsalis in night‐time exposure of green light (from 21:00 to 09:00 hours; during daytime flies were illuminated by white LED light) were significantly higher than in red‐light test groups and dark controls. In conclusion, B. dorsalis displayed preference toward green light, and fly age and gender seemed to significantly impact the phototactic behavior. Green LED light exposure during nighttime remarkably improved the emergence rates of B. dorsalis, and it enhanced growth, development, and ovipositing peak period, but decreased adult lifespan. This research lays a foundation for the development of new trap models, e.g., with green sticky cards or green light, for monitoring and control of B. dorsalis in the field.     

Are light traps baited with kairomones effective in the capture of Lutzomyia longipalpis and Lutzomyia intermedia? An evaluation of synthetic human odor as an attractant for phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)

Phlebotomine sand flies are often captured with human bait and/or light traps, either with or without an animal bait. More recently, synthetic attractants have been used as bait in traps to improve the capture of phlebotomine sand flies as well as other insects of medical and veterinary importance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the kairomone 1-octen-3-ol (octenol) and the synthetic human odor BG-Mesh LureTM (BGML - lactic acid, caproic acid and ammonia) baited in modified CDC light traps on the capture of phlebotomine sand flies. The experiments followed the 5x5 Latin square design. Among the species caught, Lutzomyia intermedia apparently presented a dose-dependent response to octenol. The response obtained with the BGML, alone or in combination with octenol (5 mg/h), indicated some degree of attractiveness of these baits to different phlebotomine sand fly species. Octenol seems to be more attractive to L. intermedia than to Lutzomyia longipalpis, while the BGML presented a higher success in capturing L. longipalpis. When the components of the BGML were used separately, there was no increase in catching the female of L. intermedia. Apparently, there was no synergistic effect between the octenol and the BGML. In conclusion, the octenol and the BGML were demonstrated to be possible baits to attract some phlebotomine sand fly species.